scholarly journals Stress in Obesity and Associated Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disorders

Scientifica ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Holvoet
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Cardiovascular Disorders ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Complex Disorder ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

Obesity has significant implications for healthcare, since it is a major risk factor for both type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. This syndrome is a common and complex disorder combining obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance. It is associated with high atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk, which can only partially be explained by its components. Therefore, to explain how obesity contributes to the development of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders, more and better insight is required into the effects of personal and environmental stress on disease processes. In this paper, we show that obesity is a chronic inflammatory disease, which has many molecular mechanisms in common with atherosclerosis. Furthermore, we focus on the role of oxidative stress associated with obesity in the development of the metabolic syndrome. We discuss how several stress conditions are related to inflammation and oxidative stress in association with obesity and its complications. We also emphasize the relation between stress conditions and the deregulation of epigenetic control mechanisms by means of microRNAs and show how this impairment further contributes to the development of obesity, closing the vicious circle. Finally, we discuss the limitations of current anti-inflammation and antioxidant therapy to treat obesity.

scholarly journals The role of metabolic syndrome in Alzheimer’s disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gláucia Maria Senhorinha ◽  
Arlys Emanuel Mendes da Silva Santos ◽  
Douglas Daniel Dophine
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Alzheimer Dementia ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
The Brain

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) leads to the deposits formation of insoluble protein aggregates, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, neuronal insulin resistance, progressive insulin resistance, desensitization and β-amyloid amyloidosis in the brain, besides direct ischemic effects which are closely associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD).1 Objectives: The present study seeks to understand the role of the metabolic syndrome in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease and to describe preventive and therapeutic interventions. Methods: PUBMED and Web of Science were the databases used, the following descriptors were used to search the articles: “Alzheimer Disease” OR “Alzheimer Dementia” AND “Metabolic Syndrome”. Results: The studies in general have shown that MS is related to AD through brain insulin resistance, triggered by oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. It is related to the progressive atrophy of brain regions involved in the progression of AD. Insulin resistance in the brain is related to the progressive atrophy of the brain regions from initial progression of AD. These regions are cingulate cortices, medial temporal lobe, prefrontal gyri and other regions.³ Thus, there is an inhibition of the mechanisms of beta-amyloid removal, leading to its accumulation, which generates neuroinflammation, that in turn potentiates insulin resistance in the central nervous system, contributing to the genesis and progression of cognitive damage.2,3 Conclusions: Insulin resistance plays a major role in the initiation and perpetuation of cognitive impairment in AD. Furthermore, the components of the MS associated with AD, when treated with preventive and therapeutic measures, break this association by promoting rebalancing of the metabolism.

Inflammation and the metabolic syndrome: Role of angiotensin II and oxidative stress

2006 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
León Ferder ◽  
Felipe Inserra ◽  
Manuel Martínez-Maldonado
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

scholarly journals Exercise in the Metabolic Syndrome

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeid Golbidi ◽  
Azam Mesdaghinia ◽  
Ismail Laher
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Induce Insulin Resistance ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Pathophysiological Role ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Global Population ◽  
Muscular Metabolism

The metabolic syndrome is a clustering of obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension that is occurring in increasing frequency across the global population. Although there is some controversy about its diagnostic criteria, oxidative stress, which is defined as imbalance between the production and inactivation of reactive oxygen species, has a major pathophysiological role in all the components of this disease. Oxidative stress and consequent inflammation induce insulin resistance, which likely links the various components of this disease. We briefly review the role of oxidative stress as a major component of the metabolic syndrome and then discuss the impact of exercise on these pathophysiological pathways. Included in this paper is the effect of exercise in reducing fat-induced inflammation, blood pressure, and improving muscular metabolism.

scholarly journals Metabolic syndrome and Cancer: Do they share common molecular pathways?

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-15
Author(s):  
E. Veniou ◽  
I. Sofatzis ◽  
I. Kalantzis ◽  
M. Karakosta ◽  
M. Logothetis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Risk Of Cancer ◽  
Clustering Of Risk Factors

Abstract Metabolic syndrome, a clustering of risk factors including obesity, has emerged as a global health plague. A lot of epidemiological and clinical evidence suggests that the metabolic syndrome is linked not only to cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus type 2 but also to cancer development and progression. In this review the potential mechanisms tying the metabolic syndrome with cancer are presented. The role of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, the activation of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) pathway, and the induction of cytotoxic products are highlighted. Subsequent effects leading to oxidative stress, release of lipokines with signaling properties by adipocytes, development of a sustained systemic inflammation, production of inflammatory cytokines, and establishment of a tumorigenic environment are also discussed. The importance of the metabolic syndrome and obesity coupled with the deeper understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms has trigger intensive clinical research with an aim to prevent the risk of cancer and improve outcomes. Moreover, the need for lifestyle changes with increased physical activity and improved dietary quality has been emerged as urgent health priority.

scholarly journals DISORDER OF INTERCELLULAR CORRELATIONS IN PATHOGENESIS OF FATTY TISSUE INFLAMMATION IN METABOLIC SYNDROME

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 144-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Osikhov ◽  
I. D. Bespalova ◽  
V. A. Bychkov ◽  
N. V. Ryazantseva ◽  
V. V. Kalyuzhin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Scientific Review ◽  
Tissue Inflammation ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Symptom Complex ◽  
Main Component

Due to the fact that nowadays mechanisms of syntropy of pathological conditions and nosological units, united within the metabolic syndrome, remain unclear, the scientific review attempts to summarize data on the role of fatty tissue inflammation in pathogenesis of this symptom complex. The results of recent major foreign studies on evaluation of pro-inflammatory activity of adipocytes and macrophages of the fatty tissue, as well as the data on peculiarities of their interactions in abdominal obesity, which is the main component of the metabolic syndrome, were analyzed. Studing pathogenesis of fatty tissue inflammation from the perspective of evaluation of disorders in cell cooperation will allow to more deeply understand cellular and molecular mechanisms of this process as well as open new avenues for developing new pathogenetically justified approaches to metabolic syndrome treatment.

scholarly journals microRNAs as a New Mechanism Regulating Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Obesity and as a Novel Therapeutic Strategy in the Metabolic Syndrome

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Ge ◽  
Sonia Brichard ◽  
Xu Yi ◽  
QiFu Li
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Inflammatory Mediator ◽  
Primary Site ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Metabolic Endotoxemia ◽  
Mediate Inflammation

Obesity is associated closely with the metabolic syndrome (MS). It is well known that obesity-induced chronic inflammation plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of MS. White adipose tissue (AT) is the primary site for the initiation and exacerbation of obesity-associated inflammation. Exploring the mechanisms of white AT inflammation and resetting the immunological balance in white AT could be crucial for the management of MS. Several prominent molecular mechanisms have been proposed to mediate inflammation in white AT, including hypoxia, endoplasmic reticulum stress, lipotoxicity, and metabolic endotoxemia. Recently, a growing body of evidence supports the role of miRNAs as a new important inflammatory mediator by regulating both the adaptive and innate immunity. This review will focus on the implication of miRNAs in white AT inflammation in obesity, and will also highlight the potential of miRNAs as targets for therapeutic intervention in MS as well as the challenges lying in miRNA-targeting therapeutics.

scholarly journals Effect of Resveratrol on Metabolic Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 408-413
Author(s):  
N. A. Markhon ◽  
◽  
V. М. Baibakov ◽  
V. A. Kosse ◽  
I. V. Lyulko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Prevention And Treatment

The purpose of the study is to analyze the sources of modern literature of domestic and foreign researchers on the prospects of resveratrol in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a clinical manifestation characterized by many comorbidities, including hyperglycemia, abdominal obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. All components of metabolic syndrome are involved in the induction of low-quality inflammation and oxidative stress, characteristic of this symptom complex. Metabolic syndrome is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and early mortality, which has a significant impact on health care costs. Finding an effective and alternative therapeutic strategy, which is natural and has no side effects, can be a useful tool in the fight against metabolic syndrome. This review focuses on the potential beneficial effects of a polyphenolic natural compound – resveratrol – on various molecular targets with programming for the development of disorders associated with metabolic syndrome and its comorbidities. A number of data on the effects of resveratrol on body weight, insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, lipid profile, blood pressure, oxidative stress indicate that this compound has a wide range of beneficial effects on human health, and also has a beneficial effect on metabolic syndrome. A numerous data on the improvement of homeostasis, glucose, lipids, fat reduction, blood pressure, oxidative stress may demonstrate how resveratrol may be useful in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome and related disorders due to its anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet and antioxidant properties. Resveratrol can be used either early as a reprogramming agent or later as a part of the treatment of metabolic syndrome. A few of the main molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of resveratrol on metabolic syndrome are given in the article. Conclusion. Presented review of literature outlined the potential of resveratrol as supplementary or alternative medicine. Thus, resveratrol could be a useful regimen for the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome and its related conditions. The article considers some molecular level targets for resveratrol in terms of its effect on the metabolic syndrome, such as adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, SIRT1 protein, the main switch of the cellular defense system (Nrf2), nuclear factor-kappa B, estrogen receptor and the like

scholarly journals Role of Uric Acid Metabolism-Related Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Metabolic Syndrome Components Such as Atherosclerosis and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akifumi Kushiyama ◽  
Yusuke Nakatsu ◽  
Yasuka Matsunaga ◽  
Takeshi Yamamotoya ◽  
Keiichi Mori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Inflammasome Activation ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Novel Strategy

Uric acid (UA) is the end product of purine metabolism and can reportedly act as an antioxidant. However, recently, numerous clinical and basic research approaches have revealed close associations of hyperuricemia with several disorders, particularly those comprising the metabolic syndrome. In this review, we first outline the two molecular mechanisms underlying inflammation occurrence in relation to UA metabolism; one is inflammasome activation by UA crystallization and the other involves superoxide free radicals generated by xanthine oxidase (XO). Importantly, recent studies have demonstrated the therapeutic or preventive effects of XO inhibitors against atherosclerosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, which were not previously considered to be related, at least not directly, to hyperuricemia. Such beneficial effects of XO inhibitors have been reported for other organs including the kidneys and the heart. Thus, a major portion of this review focuses on the relationships between UA metabolism and the development of atherosclerosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and related disorders. Although further studies are necessary, XO inhibitors are a potentially novel strategy for reducing the risk of many forms of organ failure characteristic of the metabolic syndrome.

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