scholarly journals Dynamics of activity of energy supply enzymes of rat brain against the background of exposure to stress factors

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-32
Author(s):  
A. M. Rashidova
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
The Body ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Functional Relations ◽  
Metabolism Enzymes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

Aim. The aim of this work was to give a review of own studies of dynamics of the activity of energy metabolism enzymes in the brain during postnatal ontogenesis which characterizes the functional relations within the analysers, the destruction of their functions and the impact of adverse environmental factors on the body as well. Methods. The methods for the determination of the activity of energy metabolism enzymes in the brain of animals under the impact of adverse environmental factors and dysfunction of the analysers have been used. Results. It has been stated that the enzyme activity is regionally different in the tissues and sub cellular fractions of the brain depending on the animal species and the degree of the intensity of the stress factors, age and sex of the animal, circadian rhythms, season andmoreover, the resulting changes in the enzyme activity in most casesare irreversible. Conclusions. The data allow the dynamics of the activity of the energy supply enzymes to be considered as a determinant of cell reaction in response to exposure to adverse environmental factors and disturbance of sensory impulsation, which results in temporary increasing in the protection of intracellular energy metabolism through the development of an adaptive brain response.Key words: ontogenesis, brain, analysers, enzymes, environmental factors.

scholarly journals CHRONIC STRESS AND ITS METABOLIC SUPPORT

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 123-129
Author(s):  
A.I. Gozhenko ◽  
Yu.M. Hryshko
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Regulatory Systems

Adaptation of the body to the action of stress factors occurs as a result of changes in physiological constants while maintaining the level of metabolic processes, is provided by simultaneous changes in the biochemical, primarily energy supply of tissues. Regardless of the nature of the stress-inducing effect, it is versatile. The body responds to stress with a stereotypical set of biochemical and physiological processes, the course of which provides non-specific or urgent adaptation. Environmental factors, to which the body adapts, acting in different ways, ultimately lead to the same general set of disorders - a lack of energy supply, an increase in the phosphorylation potential and the mobilization of energy resources. Chronic psychoemotional stress causes prolonged peroxidation of heart lipids, activation of lipases and phospholipases, and also contributes to the development of vascular atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, and hypertension. In chronic stress, a situation arises when stressful influences, primarily psycho-emotional ones, are not always accompanied by an increase in function. At the same time, the stereotypicity of the stress response is in the simultaneous, but not adequate function of the change in metabolism, because the same regulatory systems work simultaneously. A state arises that we previously described as a somato-regulatory imbalance. One of the main manifestations of which is the inadequacy of the energy biochemical support of the body, i.e., a violation of the functional-metabolic continuum (FMC). It is this (hyperglycemia, hyperlipemia, activation of peroxidative metabolism) that acts as the main pathogenetic factors that are responsible for a number of pathophysiological disorders in chronic stress.  

scholarly journals The "selfish brain" hypothesis for metabolic abnormalities in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 121-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Barbachan Mansur ◽  
Elisa Brietzke
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Metabolic Abnormalities ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Brain Theory ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Energy

Metabolic abnormalities are frequent in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (BD), leading to a high prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome in this population. Moreover, mortality rates among patients are higher than in the general population, especially due to cardiovascular diseases. Several neurobiological systems involved in energy metabolism have been shown to be altered in both illnesses; however, the cause of metabolic abnormalities and how they relate to schizophrenia and BD pathophysiology are still largely unknown. The "selfish brain" theory is a recent paradigm postulating that, in order to maintain its own energy supply stable, the brain modulates energy metabolism in the periphery by regulation of both allocation and intake of nutrients. We hypothesize that the metabolic alterations observed in these disorders are a result of an inefficient regulation of the brain energy supply and its compensatory mechanisms. The selfish brain theory can also expand our understanding of stress adaptation and neuroprogression in schizophrenia and BD, and, overall, can have important clinical implications for both illnesses.

Basic mechanisms of, and treatment targets for, stress-related disorders

2020 ◽  
pp. 829-839
Author(s):  
Bruce S. McEwen
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Allostatic Load ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wear And Tear ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Social And Physical Environment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

The response to the social and physical environment involves two-way communication between the brain and the body and epigenetic adaptation (‘allostasis’) via mediators of the cardiovascular, immune, metabolic, neuroendocrine, and neural mechanisms. Chronic stress causes wear and tear on the brain and body (‘allostatic load and overload’), reflecting also the impact of health-damaging behaviours and lasting effects of early life experiences interacting with genetic predispositions. Hormonal and other mediators of allostasis promote adaptation in the short run but cause allostatic load/overload when they are overused or dysregulated. The brain is key because it determines what is threatening and the physiological and behavioural responses, while showing structural remodelling that affects its function. Besides pharmaceuticals, there are ‘top–down’ interventions, like physical activity, that engage ‘the wisdom of the body’ to change itself, as well as the impact of policies of government and business that encourage individuals to manage their own lives and promote increased ‘healthspan’.

scholarly journals Regulatory Roles of Bone in Neurodegenerative Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengran Yu ◽  
Zemin Ling ◽  
Lin Lu ◽  
Jin Zhao ◽  
Xiang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Lymphoid Organ ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

Osteoporosis and neurodegenerative diseases are two kinds of common disorders of the elderly, which often co-occur. Previous studies have shown the skeletal and central nervous systems are closely related to pathophysiology. As the main structural scaffold of the body, the bone is also a reservoir for stem cells, a primary lymphoid organ, and an important endocrine organ. It can interact with the brain through various bone-derived cells, mostly the mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The bone marrow is also a place for generating immune cells, which could greatly influence brain functions. Finally, the proteins secreted by bones (osteokines) also play important roles in the growth and function of the brain. This article reviews the latest research studying the impact of bone-derived cells, bone-controlled immune system, and bone-secreted proteins on the brain, and evaluates how these factors are implicated in the progress of neurodegenerative diseases and their potential use in the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases.

scholarly journals Review of Emerging Japanese Encephalitis Virus: New Aspects and Concepts about Entry into the Brain and Inter-Cellular Spreading

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filgueira ◽  
Lannes
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Human Case ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Latently Infected ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an emerging flavivirus of the Asia-Pacific region. More than two billion people live in endemic or epidemic areas and are at risk of infection. Recently, the first autochthonous human case was recorded in Africa, and infected birds have been found in Europe. JEV may spread even further to other continents. The first section of this review covers established and new information about the epidemiology of JEV. The subsequent sections focus on the impact of JEV on humans, including the natural course and immunity. Furthermore, new concepts are discussed about JEV’s entry into the brain. Finally, interactions of JEV and host cells are covered, as well as how JEV may spread in the body through latently infected immune cells and cell-to-cell transmission of virions or via other infectious material, including JEV genomic RNA.

scholarly journals THE DYNAMICS OF THE RISK OF THE MORBIDITY AND THE ADAPTATION PROCESS AS INDICES OF THE IMPACT OF LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE POPULATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. Prusakov ◽  
Aleksandra V. Prusakova
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Absolute Magnitude ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adaptation Process ◽  
Disease Dynamics ◽  
Local Factors ◽  
The Impact

There were studied: The role of the disease dynamics at the background area in the formation of the risk for childhood morbidity in the study area; the value of indices of the long-term wavelike risk dynamics and the corresponding adaptation process for the identification and classification of mass non-infectious diseases. The waviness dynamics of the children morbidity risk is caused by the wave-like nature of the disease dynamics in the study and background areas. The disease risk level is formed not only by differences in the incidence rates of the background and study areas but also from differences in phases of high and low non-specific resistance of children contingent in these territories. The different character of the dynamics of the risk for the disease and related waviness of the adaptation process among children reflects the existence of differences in exposure to characteristics of local environmental factors in each territory. The average risk of disease, around which there are carried out annual fluctuations risks and phase states of the adaptation process, and the corresponding levels of reactivity and resistance of the body are the result of the absolute magnitude of the impact of local factors on the study area. The average relative risk of the morbidity, around which there are carried out annual fluctuations risks and phase states of the adaptation process is an integral index of the level of mass non-infectious diseases and the degree of severity of the medical and environmental situation, the level of reactivity and work mismatch of the body subsystems of children and the degree of their intensity. This is the measure of the absolute magnitude of the impact of local factors. The waviness to the development of states of high and low resistance is both always an index of antistress activation responses (or non-specifically high resistance state) and relative to the average force of impact factors (for the observed reactivity level). On the basis of the accounting for the level of the risk, there is suggested the classification of infectious diseases, including 1) the background or relatively satisfactory morbidity, 2) mass morbidity with the increased risk, 3) mass incidence of the high-risk, and 4) a mass incidence of the very high risk.

scholarly journals EFFECTIVENESS OF MICROELEMENTS IN THE FORMATION OF MECHANISMS OF PROTECTION OF THE BODY UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS FACTORS

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
V. O. Velichko
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biologically Active Substances ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Enzymatic System ◽  
Antioxidant Protection ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Active Substances

Analysis of literature data and the results of our own research show that even with intensive rearing of animals with the use of balanced feeding and keeping them in accordance with the technology - it is almost impossible to avoid stress. And especially, excessive man-made load on agroecosystems also has a negative impact on animal life. Factors that cause a decrease in immune status and the emergence of immune pathology in animals include: industrial technology of animal husbandry, chemicalization in crop and livestock production, man-made pressure, dietary imbalance in nutrients and biologically active substances. This increases the impact on the body of heavy metals, which displace nutrients from body tissues, in particular trace elements and replace them in metabolic processes, which is a potential prerequisite for the development of oxidative stress. The mechanism of development of stress reaction of an organism is closely connected with activity of POL (lipid peroxidation) and depression of antioxidant potential. Under these conditions, the ability of the organism to mobilize protective and adaptive capabilities in response to the action of negative factors becomes especially important. Keeping productive animals in adverse conditions, unbalanced feeding are components of immobilization stress, which reduces their productivity, affects reproductive function, metabolic and functional disorders, reducing nonspecific and specific resistance of the organism (Fedoruk & Kravtsiv, 2003; Velychko, 2008; Velychko, 2011). Under conditions of man-caused load on the environment, respectively, and animals – it is promising to develop effective methods for regulating the activity of the enzymatic system of antioxidant protection with the help of biologically active substances, in particular trace elements. The results of research confirm that this has a positive effect on the formation of productive and adaptive properties of animals. The system of antioxidant protection is a necessary part of non-specific reactions of the organism, a component of the processes of its adaptation to environmental conditions, a component of normal life, a factor in maintaining homeostasis. Widespread immunodeficiency and elucidation of the main links of their pathogenesis have exacerbated the problem of regulating disorders of the immune system. Therefore, knowledge of the patterns of formation of the immune status of animals, especially in the early postnatal period, is important in the development of methods for the correction of immunodeficiency, antioxidant protection.

scholarly journals Histological study of the effects of aluminum chloride exposure on the brain of wistar rats female

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3-s) ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
Hadjer Bekhedda ◽  
Norredine Menadi ◽  
Abbassia Demmouche ◽  
Abdelaziz Ghani ◽  
Hicham Mai
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Aluminum Chloride ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Weight ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Aluminium Chloride ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

Introduction: Aluminum (Al) has the potential to be neurotoxic in human and animals, is present everywhere in the environment, many manufactured foods and medicines and is also added to drinking water for purification purposes and tooth paste cosmetic products They accumulate in living organisms and disrupt balances, and accumulate in the body biological systems, causing toxic effects (They may affect the nervous system, kidney, liver, respiratory or other functions). Nervous system is a vulnerable target for toxicants due to critical voltages which must be maintained in the cells and the all responses when voltages reach threshold levels. Objective This study aimed to expose the impact of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) on brain architecture. Methods: In our study, twenty healthy female rats were intraperitoneal administered of aluminum chloride (ALCL3) at 10 mg / kg body weight with consecutively for 15 day Result. The results showed a highly significant reduction in body weight (p<0.0001).  This is because aluminum has an anorectic effect contrariwise, there is no significant impact of aluminium exposure has been observed with respect to brain weight and relative brain weight respectively (p<0.912), (p<0.45). The histological study describes the alterations in the brain marked tissue necrosis and cytoplasmic vacuolations and karyopyknosis of neuronal cells of the brain. Conclusion; Aluminum is a toxic heavy metal and a ubiquitous environmental pollutant. It can alter the permeability of the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain, severely affecting the functioning of the nervous system. Keywords: Toxicity, brain, Aluminium chloride, Rats female, necrosis.

The effects of workstation partition heights on employees’ perceptions in open-plan offices

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kemal Yıldırım ◽  
Elif Güneş ◽  
Gülcan Pervan Yilmaz
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
The Body ◽  
Work Experiences ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Office Design ◽  
Older Employees ◽  
Positive Tendency ◽  
Open Plan ◽  
Office Environments ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine the effects of environmental factors in open-plan offices with the same characteristics but with different workstation partition heights (1.10, 1.40 and 1.65 m) on perceptual evaluations of office employees. Design/methodology/approach In this research, the effects of environmental factors on employees’ perceptual evaluations in open-plan offices at the Gölbaşı Region of Ankara were measured with a detailed questionnaire. The research data were obtained from 81 employees who agreed to fill out the questionnaire and who use open-plan offices. Findings It was found that the office environments with 1.65 m workstation partition heights were more favorably assessed for each of the items of planning and of privacy that form the dependent variables compared to the office environments with 1.10  and 1.40 m partition heights. On the other hand, the office environments with the 1.10 and 1.40 m partition heights were more favorable for lighting items than the 1.65 m partition height office environments. In addition, young employees had a more positive tendency toward the perceptions of environmental factors, including different workstation partition heights in open-plan offices, compared to older employees. Research limitations/implications Results of this research provide a fundamental contribution for the impact of various partition heights that have substantial implications on the perceptions of open-plan office environments. At this point, as open-plan offices have important effects on the quality of employees’ work experiences, the influence of various partition heights on the performance of employees should be emphasized in future studies. The diversity of performance (reading comprehension, calculation, design, drawing, etc.) will be an important decision. Originality/value The significant contribution of this research is that it provides valid data and makes a valuable contribution to the body of knowledge in open-plan office design.

Activity of Energy Metabolism Enzymes and ATP Content in the Brain and Gills of the Black Sea Scorpionfish Scorpaena porcus under Short-Term Hypoxia

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-234
Author(s):  
A. A. Soldatov ◽  
I. V. Golovina ◽  
E. E. Kolesnikova ◽  
I. V. Sysoeva ◽  
A. A. Sysoev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Atp Content ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Metabolism Enzymes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Scorpaena Porcus
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