scholarly journals Drinking water and rural schools in the Western Amazon: an environmental intervention study

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maura Regina Ribeiro ◽  
Luiz Carlos de Abreu ◽  
Gabriel Zorello Laporta
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Schools ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Environmental Intervention ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Significant Difference

Although water and sanitation are considered as a human right, about three out of ten people (2.1 billion) do not have access to safe drinking water. In 2016, 5.6 million students were enrolled in the 33.9% of Brazilian schools located in rural areas. Only 72% of them have a public water supply network. Herein, we proposed to evaluate the effectiveness of environmental intervention for water treatment in rural schools of the Western Amazonia. The study is characterized by an experimental design with environmental intervention for the treatment of water for human consumption, through the installation of a simplified chlorinator, in 20 public schools in the rural area of Rio Branco municipality, Acre state. Before the intervention, the results revealed 20% (n = 4), 100% (n = 20) and 70% (n = 14) of schools having water outside the potability standards for Turbidity, Faecal coliforms, and Escherichia coli, respectively. There was no significant difference in the turbidity results after the intervention (p = 0.71). On the other hand, there was a very significant difference in the results of Faecal coliforms and Escherichia coli after the intervention (p<0.001). The actions carried out in this intervention have considerably improved schools water quality, thus decreasing children’s health vulnerability due to inadequate water provided to the school community in the rural area. The activities such as training, educational lectures, installation of equipment, supply of materials and supplies (65% calcium hypochlorite, and reagents) were fundamental to obtain the results.

scholarly journals Drinking water and rural schools in the Western Amazon: an environmental intervention study

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maura Regina Ribeiro ◽  
Luiz Carlos de Abreu ◽  
Gabriel Zorello Laporta
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Schools ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Environmental Intervention ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Significant Difference

Although water and sanitation are considered as a human right, about three out of ten people (2.1 billion) do not have access to safe drinking water. In 2016, 5.6 million students were enrolled in the 33.9% of Brazilian schools located in rural areas. Only 72% of them have a public water supply network. Herein, we proposed to evaluate the effectiveness of environmental intervention for water treatment in rural schools of the Western Amazonia. The study is characterized by an experimental design with environmental intervention for the treatment of water for human consumption, through the installation of a simplified chlorinator, in 20 public schools in the rural area of Rio Branco municipality, Acre state. Before the intervention, the results revealed 20% (n = 4), 100% (n = 20) and 70% (n = 14) of schools having water outside the potability standards for Turbidity, Faecal coliforms, and Escherichia coli, respectively. There was no significant difference in the turbidity results after the intervention (p = 0.71). On the other hand, there was a very significant difference in the results of Faecal coliforms and Escherichia coli after the intervention (p<0.001). The actions carried out in this intervention have considerably improved schools water quality, thus decreasing children’s health vulnerability due to inadequate water provided to the school community in the rural area. The activities such as training, educational lectures, installation of equipment, supply of materials and supplies (65% calcium hypochlorite, and reagents) were fundamental to obtain the results.

scholarly journals Drinking water and rural schools in the Western Amazon: an environmental intervention study

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maura Regina Ribeiro ◽  
Luiz Carlos de Abreu ◽  
Gabriel Zorello Laporta
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Rural Schools ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Environmental Intervention ◽  
Calcium Hypochlorite

Background Although water and sanitation are considered human rights, worldwide approximately three of 10 people (2.1 billion) do not have access to safe drinking water. In 2016, 5.6 million students were enrolled in the 34% of Brazilian schools located in rural areas, but only 72% had a public water supply network. The objective was to evaluate effectiveness of environmental intervention for water treatment in rural schools of the Western Amazonia, and determine the efficacy of water treatment using a simplified chlorinator on potability standards for turbidity, fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli. Methods A simplified chlorinator was installed for treatment of potable water in 20 public schools in the rural area of Rio Branco municipality, Acre state, Brazil. Results Before the intervention, 20% (n = 4), 100% (n = 20) and 70% (n = 14) of schools had water that failed to meet potability standards for turbidity, fecal coliforms and E. coli, respectively. However, after intervention, 70% (p = 0.68), 75% (p < 0.001) and 100% (p < 0.001) of schools complied with potability standards. Discussion This intervention considerably improved schools’ water quality, thus decreasing children’s health vulnerability due to inadequate water. Ancillary activities including training, educational lectures, installation of equipment, supply of materials and supplies (65% calcium hypochlorite and reagents) were considered fundamental to achieving success full outcomes. Installation of a simplified chlorinator in rural schools of the Western Amazon is therefore proposed as a social technology aiming at social inclusion, as well as economic and environmental sustainability.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Escherichia coli and faecal coliforms in drinking water at source and household point-of-use in Rohingya camps, Bangladesh

Gut Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahid Hayat Mahmud ◽  
Md Shafiqul Islam ◽  
Khan Mohammad Imran ◽  
Syed Adnan Ibna Hakim ◽  
Martin Worth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Risk Category ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Quality Of Water

Abstract Background Safe water is essential for life but unsafe for human consumption if it is contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms. An acceptable quality of water supply (adequate, safe and accessible) must be ensured to all human beings for a healthy life. Methods We collected and analyzed a total of 12,650 drinking water samples, for the presence of Escherichia coli and faecal coliforms, from a large habitation of the displaced Rohingya population comprising of about 1.16 million people living within 4 km2. Results We found that 28% (n = 893) water samples derived from tubewells were contaminated with faecal coliforms and 10.5% (n = 333) were contaminated with E. coli; also, 73.96% (n = 4644) samples from stored household sources (at point of use—POU) were found contaminated with faecal coliforms while 34.7% (n = 2179) were contaminated with E. coli. It was observed that a higher percentage of POU samples fall in the highest risk category than that of their corresponding sources. Conclusions From our findings, it appears that secondary contamination could be a function of very high population density and could possibly occur during collection, transportation, and storage of water due to lack of knowledge of personal and domestic hygiene. Hence, awareness campaign is necessary, and the contaminated sources should be replaced. Further, the POU water should be treated by a suitable method.

scholarly journals The Practice of School-Based Management in Ondo State Public Secondary Schools: Implication of School Location

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-93
Author(s):  
Olaseni Vivian Morenike
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Secondary Schools ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
School Location ◽  
School Based ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ondo State ◽  
School Based Management

The practice of School-Based Management (SBM) has been widely liked to variety of wide positives in schools and increasingly acceptable in major developed and developing nations, however, the disposition and acceptance of the SMB policy remained unclear in Ondo State, Nigeria. In Nigeria, there is paucity of literature addressing the role of school location in the practice of SBM policy. This study, therefore examined the practicality of SBM in public secondary schools in Ondo State and the implication of school location. Descriptive survey design was adopted by the study. Key players from sixty (60) public secondary schools in Ondo State participated in the current study using purposive sampling techniques. In determine the efficiencies and effectiveness of School-Based Management Committees, participant were opened to Effective School-Based Management Index (E-SBM-INDEX). The instrument reported a strong overall Cronbach alpha of 0.97, while the subscales factors entails, power decentralization (α =.92); facilities obligation (α =.73); monitoring and evaluation (α =.65); recruitment and retrenchment (α =.85); and financial obligation (α =.71). Information on socio-demographic factors and geographical location of schools were also obtained from the participants. Descriptive analysis and T-Test of independent sample were used to analyze data and accepted at P < 0.05. Respondents’ mean age was 49.5±11.5 years. It was revealed that 35% of the public schools engaged practice effective SBM in Ondo State, while 65% of public schools engaged were practicing ineffective SBM. Furthermore, It was revealed that there was significant difference in the practice of SBM in rural and urban public secondary schools in Ondo State (T (58) = 26.60; P < 0.01), such that, public secondary schools located in the rural area ( = 75.20, SD = 1.80) practice effective SBM’s policy than counterparts located in the urban area ( = 34.97, SD = 02.67). Majorly the practice of SBM in public secondary school remained ineffective in Ondo State. The practice of SBM in rural and urban public secondary schools in Ondo State is significantly different. Public secondary schools located in the rural area of Ondo State practice effectively SBM’s policy than public secondary schools located in the urban area of Ondo State. It is recommended that the government should be pro-active in creating an enabling environment in terms of policy upon which SBM can be practice effectively and efficiently.

Principal’s Administrative Effectiveness with respect to their Institutional Academic Performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohan Lal Arya ◽  
Rajkumari Singh
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Urban Schools ◽  
Rural Schools ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Government ◽  
Academic Level ◽  
Administrative Effectiveness ◽  
Selection Of

This research paper is a description of the Principal’s Administrative Effectiveness and his Institutional Academic Performance in the important salient aspect of School Administration and Management. The study under this division: Urban Government, Rural Government, Urban Public and Rural Public. This division is done to keep proper representation of schools from all areas whether Government or Public schools, Urban or Rural areas. It has been decided to select the final sample consists of 27 principals and 154 teachers and 8803 students. The prepared lists are useful for other categories such as Government and Public schools, urban and rural schools. Under all these categories 14 Government and 13 Public schools, 15 Urban and 12 rural schools were selected from U.P. Board and C.B.S.E. The selection of the schools indicates the selection of principals and academic performance of that school. To get data on Principal’s Administrative Effectiveness, “Administrative Effectiveness Scale” was administered on teachers of that school. All students of X and IIX classes were selected from 27 secondary and senior secondary schools for getting scores on ‘Institutional Academic Performance’. The paper finally recommended that that schools those are located in urban areas show high academic performance and rural schools keep low academic performance. The academic standards of urban schools are high then that of rural schools. It is regarded by this finding that students those are studying in urban schools perform better academic level. The students of rural schools show low academic performances.

Assessment of access to water, sanitation and hygiene in rural schools of Central Kazakhstan

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Z Bolatova ◽  
B Toleubekov ◽  
D Kulov ◽  
K Sukhanberdiyev ◽  
K Tussupova
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Schools ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Universal Coverage ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Joint Monitoring

Abstract Background The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) call for universal coverage and access to drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) for all by 2030. Access to WASH in schools is one of the priority areas, considering Joint Monitoring Program is lacking the data from many developing countries, particularly, rural areas including Kazakhstan. The aim of the paper is to assess the access to WASH at schools in rural regions of central Kazakhstan. Methods The study was conducted in three rural schools using focus group discussion with school heads, the observation of drinking water and sanitation units, and a questionnaire survey among 166 pupils. All tools cover the set of questions about the availability and the privacy of WASH facilities, accessibility, acceptability to pupils, functionality. Results Results of the study show that the main water source of Algabas and Kerney schools is a centralized piped water supply provided into the school building and 85,91% of pupils from these schools report the uninterrupted availability of water from this source. However, Sartau has its well, and only 51,72% of pupils from this school indicate that water from the main source is continuously available. All toilets are flushing toilets inside of schools and not connected to the centralized sewage system. The maximum number of the toilet is 6 in the Kerney school; however, this amount of toilets is not enough for the number of pupils by the national norms. Majority of pupils (89,15%) report that the school toilets are always available. Nevertheless, 34,87% of pupils indicate no toilet paper as a reason for not using the school toilet. Handwashing facilities are located near the toilets and in classrooms. Only 53,02% have soap available and 42,77% have access to hand drying facilities after handwashing. Conclusions The current study shows rural schools of Central Kazakhstan are not provided with sufficient materials for pupils to manage personal hygiene appropriately. Key messages The study is essential for mapping the situation of WASH in schools. This study provides the baseline data for JMP; consequently, it is crucial to plan the UN SDGs in Kazakhstan.

The Research on the Provision of the Safety Drinking Water in the Rural Area — The Case of Zhejiang Province

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 3748-3753
Author(s):  
Yan Bing Cai ◽  
Peng Liu
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Zhejiang Province ◽  
Existing Problems

Abstract: As the living standarda are improving constantly, people are paying more attention to the supplying of safety drinking water. In the rural areas, people are worried about the problem of drinking water supplying. This thesis is taking the rural areas in Zhejiang province as an example to discuss the existing problems of the supplying of drinking water and the options to deal with these problems.

scholarly journals Foreign language education in rural schools: Struggles and initiatives among generalist teachers teaching English in Mexico

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-156
Author(s):  
Jesús Izquierdo ◽  
Silvia Patricia Aquino Zúñiga ◽  
Verónica García Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Education ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Rural Schools ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Language Education ◽  
Teaching Experience ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Rural School System ◽  
Generalist Teachers

In many countries, English as a foreign/second language (L2) teaching has become compulsory in urban and rural public schools. In rural areas, the challenges for the implementation of this state-sanctioned policy have been explored among L2 teaching specialists. However, this mixed-methods study considered a different teacher group and examined the struggles and initiatives of generalist teachers who are obligated to teach English in rural schools. To this end, data were collected from 115 teachers in 17 rural secondary schools in the Southeast of Mexico. First, the participants completed a survey with closed-ended questions that elicited information about teacher education, teaching experience and knowledge of the rural school system. Then, a subsample of participants completed an individual thematized semi-structured interview. They were selected on the basis of L2 teacher education involvement. In the survey data, response patterns were identified using frequency analyses. The interview data were analyzed using categorical aggregation. The data revealed that the generalist teachers struggle with L2 professionalization, sociocultural and instructional challenges. Nonetheless, only few participants have been engaged in L2 teacher education which could help them overcome these challenges. Instead, they rely upon limited strategies to counteract the day-to-day challenges at the expense of effective L2 teaching practices.

scholarly journals EDUKASI MASYARAKAT PEDULI AIR BERSIH DALAM UPAYA PENINGKATAN PENGETAHUAN MASYARAKAT TENTANG CARA PENGELOLAAN AIR MINUM DI DESA PEMURUS RT 3B KECAMATAN ALUH-ALUH BERBASIS DARING

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 560
Author(s):  
Nadia Hildawati ◽  
Meliyana Meliyana ◽  
Rizka Elma Selviana ◽  
Asrina Magfiroh ◽  
Atikah Rahayu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Knowledge And Attitudes ◽  
The People ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test

ABSTRAKAir merupakan kebutuhan bagi setiap kehidupan, semua makhluk hidup memerlukan air dalam kehidupannnya sehingga tanpa air dapat dipastikan tidak akan ada kehidupan. Sebagian besar masyarakat yang mengalami kesulitan memperoleh air bersih untuk digunakan sebagai air minum tersebut adalah masyarakat yang tinggal di perdesaan. Kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan sikap masyarakat tentang cara pengelolaan air minum di Desa Pemurus RT.3B Kecamatan Aluh-Aluh. Sasaran kegiatan ini adalah masyarakat Desa Pemurus RT.3B Kecamatan Aluh-Aluh yang berjumlah 15 orang. Kegiatan ini sebagai salah satu bentuk untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan sikap masyarakat tentang cara pengelolaan air minum. Metode pelaksanaan kegiatan intervensi berupa penyuluhan yang dilakukan melalui media whatsApp group. Hasil pre dan post test dilakukan analisis statistik menggunakan uji wilcoxon untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat perbedaan sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan intervensi. Hasil penyuluhan ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan hasil pre test dan post test pengetahuan sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan penyuluhan (p-value=0,038). Namun pada sikap didapatkan hasil tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara sikap masyarakat sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan penyuluhan (p-value=1,000). Diharapkan masyarakat bisa mengelola air minum agar nantinya dapat menciptakan derajat kesehatan yang lebih baik. Kata kunci: air bersih; pengelolaan air minum; penyuluhan ABSTRACTWater is a necessity for every life, all living things need water in their life so that without water it is certain that there will be no life. Most of the people who have difficulty obtaining clean water to use as drinking water are people who live in rural areas. This activity aims to increase public knowledge and attitudes about how to manage drinking water in Pemurus Village RT.3B, Aluh-Aluh District. The target of this activity is the Pemurus Village community, RT.3B, Aluh-Aluh District, totaling 15 people. This activity is a form of increasing community knowledge and attitudes about how to manage drinking water. The method of implementing intervention activities is in the form of counseling carried out through whatsapp group media. The results of the pre and post tests were statistically analyzed using the Wilcoxon test to determine whether there were differences before and after the intervention. The results of this counseling showed that there were differences in the results of the pre-test and post-test of knowledge before and after the counseling (p-value 0.038). However, in attitudes, the results showed that there was no significant difference between the attitudes of the community before and after the counseling (p-value 1,000). It is hoped that the community can manage drinking water so that later it can create a better health degree. Keywords: clean water; drinking water management; counseling

scholarly journals Lifelong Learning in the County

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald N. Roberson, Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Life ◽  
Rural County ◽  
Positive Aspect ◽  
Personal Learning ◽  
Continued Education ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this study was to understand more about the impact of living in a rural area on personal learning with older adults. This is important to consider because of the higher concentration of older adults in rural areas. This qualitative research was based on twenty interviews with older adults. All of the participants lived in the same rural county in south Georgia (USA). One of the results from this research was the positive description of living in a rural area. Despite literature that often describes rural areas in a negative light; all of the  participants spoke about the positive aspect of living in a rural area. These positive characteristics were discussed as simplicity, quiet, community, and nature. Negative aspects of rural life were mentioned as lack of resources and fewer people. Ten participants were purposefully chosen who were identified as active older adults who continue to learn. Two interviews with each person were conducted and the interviews were transcribed verbatim. The findings were based on recurring themes as a result of comparative analysis throughout the process. Public schools can contribute to the continued education of older adults by holding various classes as well as incorporating volunteerism.  

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