scholarly journals Cortical excitability signatures for the degree of sleepiness in human

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chin-Hsuan Chia ◽  
Xin-Wei Tang ◽  
Yue Cao ◽  
Hua-Teng Cao ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Excitability ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Synaptic Homeostasis ◽  
Mixed Effect Models ◽  
Physiological Homeostasis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Homeostasis Theory

Sleep is essential in maintaining physiological homeostasis in the brain. While the underlying mechanism is not fully understood, a 'synaptic homeostasis' theory has been proposed that synapses continue to strengthen during awake, and undergo downscaling during sleep. This theory predicts that brain excitability increases with sleepiness. Here, we collected transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) measurements in 38 subjects in a 34-hour program, and decoded the relationship between cortical excitability and self-report sleepiness using advanced statistical methods. By utilizing a combination of partial least squares (PLS) regression and mixed-effect models, we identified a robust pattern of excitability changes, which can quantitatively predict the degree of sleepiness. Moreover, we found that synaptic strengthen occurred in both excitatory and inhibitory connections after sleep deprivation. In sum, our study provides supportive evidence for the synaptic homeostasis theory in human sleep and clarifies the process of synaptic strength modulation during sleepiness.

The Impacts of Postdivorce Cohabitation and Relationship Duration on the Early Marital Climate of Remarriages

2021 ◽  
pp. 106648072110541
Author(s):  
J. Scott Crapo ◽  
Joshua J. Turner ◽  
Kay Bradford ◽  
Brian J. Higginbotham
Keyword(s):  
Marital Quality ◽  
Marital Instability ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
First Order ◽  
Relationship Duration ◽  
Mixed Effect Models ◽  
Climate Indicators ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

Postdivorce cohabitation has become increasingly common, but research on the influence of cohabitation on the marital climate of remarriages is limited. Research on first-order marriages suggests that the length (or duration) of the relationship may account for some of the influence of cohabitation. However, there remains a need to understand the influence of cohabitation on the unique experiences of remarriages. Using data from 1,889 newly remarried individuals, we fit mixed-effect models to test the effect of cohabitation and relationship duration on the marital climate indicators of marital quality, marital instability, and remarital problems. Relationship duration, but not cohabitation, was negatively associated with marital quality. Cohabitation, but not relationship duration, was positively associated with marital instability and negatively associated with remarital problems. Results indicate that cohabitation may both benefit and harm remarital climates. This may explain, in part, the inconsistent findings in the literature and highlights the importance of studying remarriages as a unique population.

Tit for tat: burnout as a mediator between workplace incivility and instigated workplace incivility

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M.I. Loh ◽  
Natasha Loi
Keyword(s):  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Workplace Incivility ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Conservation Of Resources ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Tit For Tat ◽  
Integrated Conservation ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of burnout as a mediator in the relationship between workplace incivility (WI) and instigated WI. Design/methodology/approach A survey of 303 white collar employees from small- to medium-size industries in Australia was conducted. Self-reported measures were used to obtain data on WI, burnout, and instigated WI. Mediation analyses with bootstrap via PROCESS was used ascertain the proposed relationship. Findings Results indicated that WI was positively linked to instigated WI. Importantly, results indicated that burnout fully mediated the relationship between WI and instigated WI. Research limitations/implications The correlational and self-report nature of the study exclude inference about causality between variables and may be more prone to bias. However, despite these limitations, pre- and post-cautionary steps were taken to ensure that these biases were kept at bay as much as is possible. Practical implications The study highlights that burnout may be an important underlying mechanism responsible for target’s and perpetrator’s uncivil relationships toward each other. Management should be cognizant of possible burnout among employees who experienced WI and to take appropriate training as preventive measures for WI. Originality/value This study responded to the call for more empirical investigation of WI. This study also integrated conservation of resources and the spiral of incivility theories to develop a theoretical model which linked WI to instigated WI.

scholarly journals Branch Occlusion and Discoloration under the Natural Pruning of Mytilaria laosensis

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 892
Author(s):  
Guoming Qin ◽  
Jian Hao ◽  
Jinchang Yang ◽  
Rongsheng Li ◽  
Guangtian Yin
Keyword(s):  
Radial Increment ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Branch Diameter ◽  
Occlusion Time ◽  
Wood Discoloration ◽  
Mixed Effect Models ◽  
Dead Branch ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mytilaria Laosensis

The production of knot-free and high-quality wood can be a vital issue in silviculture and forest management. In this study, knot properties, branch occlusion, and wood discoloration were investigated in an 11-year-old Mytilaria laosensis plantation in Guangxi, China, to examine the effectiveness of natural pruning in reducing knot-related defects. A total of 1513 occluded branches from 20 trees were sampled and dissected. Occluded branches were most common at heights of 2–6 m, and the mean diameter of the occluded branches gradually increased with height from the base to 6 m. Linear and generalized linear mixed-effect models were developed to reveal the relationship between branch occlusion and discoloration. The mortality of branches was highest in the third and fourth year and it took roughly three to six years to occlude. The mixed-models indicated that the branch occlusion time was positively correlated with the occluded branch diameter and dead branch stub length, and negatively correlated with the stem radial increment during branch occlusion. Branch discoloration was positively correlated with the occluded branch diameter and branch occlusion time, and was negatively correlated with the branch angle. The probability of wood discoloration also increased with the branch occlusion time. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the spatiotemporal allocation and internal characteristics of occluded branches, and provide a reference for growing high-quality M. laosensis wood.

scholarly journals Fast and Powerful Genome Wide Association Analysis of Dense Genetic Data with High Dimensional Imaging Phenotypes

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Habib Ganjgahi ◽  
Anderson M. Winkler ◽  
David C. Glahn ◽  
John Blangero ◽  
Brian Donohue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Models ◽  
Multiple Testing ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
High Dimensional ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Mixed Effect Models ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Linear Mixed Effect Models

ABSTRACTGenome wide association (GWA) analysis of brain imaging phenotypes can advance our understanding of the genetic basis of normal and disorder-related variation in the brain. GWA approaches typically use linear mixed effect models to account for non-independence amongst subjects due to factors such as family relatedness and population structure. The use of these models with high-dimensional imaging phenotypes presents enormous challenges in terms of computational intensity and the need to account multiple testing in both the imaging and genetic domain. Here we present method that makes mixed models practical with high-dimensional traits by a combination of a transformation applied to the data and model, and the use of a non-iterative variance component estimator. With such speed enhancements permutation tests are feasible, which allows inference on powerful spatial tests like the cluster size statistic.

scholarly journals Pain and the Emotional Brain: Affective Rather than Cognitive Processes Drive the Cortical Encoding of Pain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrid Mayr ◽  
Anne Stankewitz ◽  
Stephanie Irving ◽  
Viktor Witkovsky ◽  
Enrico Schulz
Keyword(s):  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cold Pain ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Mixed Effect Models ◽  
Motivational Aspect ◽  
Pain Ratings ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Linear Mixed Effect Models

The experience of pain has been dissociated into two interwoven aspects: a sensory-discriminative aspect assessed in ratings of pain intensity and an affective-motivational aspect assessed in ratings of unpleasantness. In a pain attenuation paradigm, participants were asked to evaluate applied cold pain. The majority of the trials showed a distinct rating: Some trials were rated higher for unpleasantness, others were rated higher for intensity. Using linear mixed effect models on single trials, we related the variable difference between unpleasantness and intensity ratings to functional MRI data. The direct comparison revealed a stronger relationship between cortical data and pain ratings for unpleasantness. No region showed a stronger effect for pain intensity. The present study underlines the importance of the emotional-affective aspects of pain-related cortical processes in the brain. These findings reflect the biological function of the pain system to prevent harm and to preserve the physical integrity of the body.

scholarly journals Depressive Symptoms After PCB Exposure: Hypotheses for Underlying Pathomechanisms via the Thyroid and Dopamine System

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Gaum ◽  
Monika Gube ◽  
André Esser ◽  
Thomas Schettgen ◽  
Natalia Quinete ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Homovanillic Acid ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Dopamine System ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Mixed Effect Models ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Pcb Exposure

Polychlorinated biphenyls’ (PCB) exposure has been reported to be associated with depressive symptoms, which is correlated to lower dopamine- (DA) and thyroxine-concentrations (T4). T4 is necessary for DA-synthesis and it binds to transthyretin (TTR) being transported into the brain. PCBs can displace T4 by binding to TTR itself, being transported into the brain and disturbing DA-synthesis, where depressive symptoms might occur. Consequently, the free T4-concentration (fT4) increases when PCBs bind to TTR. The interaction of PCBs with fT4 and its associations with the main DA metabolite, homovanillic acid (HVA), and depressive symptoms were investigated. In total, 116 participants (91.6% men) were investigated, who took part in three annual examinations (t1–t3) of the HELPcB health surveillance program. Blood was collected for measuring PCBs, hydroxy PCBs (OH-PCBs), and fT4 and urine for HVA. Depressive Symptoms were assessed with a standardized questionnaire. Interactions were tested cross-sectionally with multiple hierarchical regressions and longitudinally with mixed effect models. Related to HVA, an interaction was cross-sectionally found for lower-chlorinated PCBs (LPCBs) and dioxin-like PCBs (dlPCBs); longitudinally only for LPCBs. Related to depressive symptoms, the interaction was found for LPCBs, dlPCBs, and OH-PCBs; longitudinally again only for LPCBs. The results give first hints that a physiological process involving the thyroid and DA system is responsible for depressive symptoms after PCB exposure.

scholarly journals The Longitudinal Assessment of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s disease and their Association with White Matter Hyperintensities in the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center’s Uniform Data Set

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassandra J. Anor ◽  
Mahsa Dadar ◽  
D. Louis Collins ◽  
M. Carmela Tartaglia
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
White Matter Hyperintensities ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Mixed Effect Models ◽  
Severity Scores ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACTIntroductionNeuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are common in all dementias, including those with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). NPS contribute to patients’ distress, caregiver burden, and can lead to institutionalization. White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are a common finding on MRI usually indicative of cerebrovascular disease and have been associated with certain NPS. The aim of this study was two-fold. Firstly, we assessed the relationship between WMH load and NPS severity in MCI due to AD (MCI-AD) and AD. Secondly, we assessed the ability of WMH to predict the development and progression of NPS in these participants. Data was obtained from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center.MethodsWMH were obtained from baseline MRIs and quantified using an automated segmentation technique. NPS were measured using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). Mixed effect models and correlations were used to determine the relationship between WMH load and NPS severity scores.ResultsCross-sectional analysis showed no significant association between NPS and WMH at baseline. Longitudinal mixed effect models, however, revealed a significant relationship between increase in NPI total scores and baseline WMH load (p=0.014). There was also a significant relationship between increase in irritability severity scores over time and baseline WMH load (p= 0.009). Trends were observed for a relationship between increase in agitation severity scores and baseline WMH load (p=0.058). No other NPS severity scores were significantly associated with baseline WMH load. The correlation plot analysis showed that baseline whole brain WMH predicted change in future NPI total scores (r=0.169, p=0.008). Baseline whole brain WMH also predicted change in future agitation severity scores (r= 0.165, p= 0.009). The temporal lobe WMH (r=0.169, p=0.008) and frontal lobe WMH (r=0.153, p=0.016) contributed most to this this change.ConclusionIrritability and agitation are common NPS and very distressful to patients and caregivers. Our findings of an increase in irritability severity over time as well as higher agitation severity scores at follow-up in participants with MCI-AD and AD with increased WMH loads have important implications for treatment, arguing for aggressive treatment of vascular risk factors in patients with MCI-AD and AD.

The Relationship Between Hearing Loss Self-Management and Hearing Aid Benefit and Satisfaction

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Convery ◽  
Gitte Keidser ◽  
Louise Hickson ◽  
Carly Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Hearing Aid Benefit ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose Hearing loss self-management refers to the knowledge and skills people use to manage the effects of hearing loss on all aspects of their daily lives. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-reported hearing loss self-management and hearing aid benefit and satisfaction. Method Thirty-seven adults with hearing loss, all of whom were current users of bilateral hearing aids, participated in this observational study. The participants completed self-report inventories probing their hearing loss self-management and hearing aid benefit and satisfaction. Correlation analysis was used to investigate the relationship between individual domains of hearing loss self-management and hearing aid benefit and satisfaction. Results Participants who reported better self-management of the effects of their hearing loss on their emotional well-being and social participation were more likely to report less aided listening difficulty in noisy and reverberant environments and greater satisfaction with the effect of their hearing aids on their self-image. Participants who reported better self-management in the areas of adhering to treatment, participating in shared decision making, accessing services and resources, attending appointments, and monitoring for changes in their hearing and functional status were more likely to report greater satisfaction with the sound quality and performance of their hearing aids. Conclusion Study findings highlight the potential for using information about a patient's hearing loss self-management in different domains as part of clinical decision making and management planning.

The Relationship Between Narcissism and Personality Traits of the Five-Factor-Model in Adolescents and Young Adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 516-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Allroggen ◽  
Peter Rehmann ◽  
Eva Schürch ◽  
Carolyn C. Morf ◽  
Michael Kölch
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Five Factor Model ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Grandiose Narcissism ◽  
Vulnerable Narcissism ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract.Narcissism is seen as a multidimensional construct that consists of two manifestations: grandiose and vulnerable narcissism. In order to define these two manifestations, their relationship to personality factors has increasingly become of interest. However, so far no studies have considered the relationship between different phenotypes of narcissism and personality factors in adolescents. Method: In a cross-sectional study, we examine a group of adolescents (n = 98; average age 16.77 years; 23.5 % female) with regard to the relationship between Big Five personality factors and pathological narcissism using self-report instruments. This group is compared to a group of young adults (n = 38; average age 19.69 years; 25.6 % female). Results: Grandiose narcissism is primarily related to low Agreeableness and Extraversion, vulnerable narcissism to Neuroticism. We do not find differences between adolescents and young adults concerning the relationship between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism and personality traits. Discussion: Vulnerable and grandiose narcissism can be well differentiated in adolescents, and the pattern does not show substantial differences compared to young adults.

Coping Style as a Mediator of the Relationship Between Depressive Symptoms and Deliberate Self-Harm

Crisis ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 272-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison S. Christian ◽  
Kristen M. McCabe
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Deliberate Self Harm ◽  
Self Blame ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Deliberate self-harm (DSH) occurs with high frequency among clinical and nonclinical youth populations. Although depression has been consistently linked with the behavior, not all depressed individuals engage in DSH. Aims: The current study examined maladaptive coping strategies (i.e., self-blame, distancing, and self-isolation) as mediators between depression and DSH among undergraduate students. Methods: 202 students from undergraduate psychology courses at a private university in Southern California (77.7% women) completed anonymous self-report measures. Results: A hierarchical regression model found no differences in DSH history across demographic variables. Among coping variables, self-isolation alone was significantly related to DSH. A full meditational model was supported: Depressive symptoms were significantly related to DSH, but adding self-isolation to the model rendered the relationship nonsignificant. Limitations: The cross-sectional study design prevents determination of whether a casual relation exists between self-isolation and DSH, and obscures the direction of that relationship. Conclusions: Results suggest targeting self-isolation as a means of DSH prevention and intervention among nonclinical, youth populations.

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