scholarly journals Effect of Variegated Forest Soil Amendments on the Germination and Early Growth of Irvingia gabonensis (O Rorke, Baill)

2020 ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
A. E. Egwunatum ◽  
D. E. Dolor ◽  
C. J. Ofobike
Keyword(s):  
Growth Period ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
River Sand ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Soil Media ◽  
Irvingia Gabonensis ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Germination And Growth ◽  
Range Test

This study evaluated the early germination and growth variables of Irvingia gabonensis under organically primed and thermally amended soil media. Six media were prepared from Gmelina plantation topsoil by amendment with poultry waste (T2), river sand (T3) and combusted forest floor litters for 5 (T4), 10 (T5), 15 (T6) and 20 (T7) minutes respectively to contrast a control topsoil (T1). Soil media were analyzed for critical nutrient properties and engaged in the germination and early growth trial of Irvingia replicated three times, and arranged in a completely randomized design. Data collected were analyzed with ANOVA and significant means separated with the Duncan multiple range test. The results showed that Ca/Mg ratio was widest for T3, least CEC (13.2 meq/100 g soil) by T7 and slightly acidic pH (H2O) for T1 and T2 while T3, T4, T6 and T7 were alkaline. Germination at 6WAS was T4 (100%)> T1=T2=T5 (85.71%) > T3 (71.43%) > T6 (42.86%) > T7 (0%). The growth variables of seedling varied significantly (P<0.05) with T3 and T4 comparing favorably in collar diameter (4.50x10-1± 0.05 mm) and leaf area (35.08±4.85 mm2) although T3 recorded the highest stem height (117.79±0.42 mm). The study recommends the use of least thermally modified media (T4) and primed topsoil-riversand (T3) for fast germination in view of conserving food reserve for the critical early growth period of I. gabonensis in pursuit of its domestication in nutrient degraded soils.

scholarly journals Pemberian Tepung Limbah Udang Yang Difermentasi Dalam Ransum Pakan Buatan Terhadap Laju Pertumbuhan, Rasio Konversi Pakan Dan Kelangsungan Hidup Benih Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus) [The Given Fermentation The Prawn Waste Flour In Artificial Feed On Growth, Feed Convertion Ratio And Survival Rate Of Black Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) ]

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 157
Author(s):  
Agustono, Muhammad Hadi, Yudi Cahyoko
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Nile Tilapia Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
The Given ◽  
Range Test ◽  
Prawn Waste

AbstractThe aim of this research was to find out optimum percentage of given fermentation the prawn waste flour in artificial feed on growth of black nile tilapia. The treatment of this research was giving fermentation the prawn waste flour in artificial feed i.e. 0%, 2,5%, 5%, 7,5%, 10%. Each treatment was repeated 4 times. Feed compositon was made of isoprotein. Fishes weight were about 6.1 – 6.8 g. Fishes were cultured with stocking rate 3 fish per 20 liter water and the fishes were reared for 40 days. Feed amount that consumed by fishes was measured every day to calculate feed conversion ratio. The calculation of fishes amount was done in beginning and end of research to count survival rate of fishes. Water quality was measured on beginning, middle and end of research. The design of this research was Completely Randomized Design. Data analysis used Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to know the effect of the treatment and that difference among the treatment used Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The result of the research showed that the highest growrth rate were attained on feed containing 10% of fermented prawn waste flour. The best feed convertion ratio were attained on feed containing 10% of fermented prawn waste flour.

scholarly journals Cytoprotective effects of garlic on spermatozoa quality and fertilizing ability of extended porcine semen

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 48-57
Author(s):  
O. A. Sokunbi ◽  
O. Alaba ◽  
B. Ogunwumiju ◽  
S. Eboh ◽  
T. Iruo
Keyword(s):  
Design Data ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Insémination Artificielle ◽  
Fertilizing Ability ◽  
Cytoprotective Agent ◽  
Boar Semen ◽  
Acrosome Integrity ◽  
Semen Extender ◽  
Range Test

Fertilizing potential of spermatozoa is pivotal for successful artificial insemination. Preservation of boar semen is associated with the production of reactive oxygen species which leads to decline of spermatozoa quality and decrease in fertilizing ability. The study aimed at investigating the effects of Ethanolic Allium sativum Extracts (EASE) as a cytoprotective agent on the quality and fertilizing potential of spermatozoa in extended boar semen. Semen was collected and aliquot portions were divided into 60 sample bottles comprising of five treatments with replicates. T1 served as the control (Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS) + semen) in ratio 1:3 semen-extender, while other treatments T2 to T5 contained semen-extender at the same ratio, but supplemented with EASE at varying concentrations of 50, 75, 100 and 125 μg/L respectively stored at 17 °C and were evaluated at 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours for pH, normal spermatozoa (NS) (%), liveability (%), acrosome integrity (AI) (%) in a completely randomized design. Data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistics and analysed using one way ANOVA and means were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test. Treated semen samples (75, 100 and 125 μg/L) gave superior (P<0.05) liveability than control, up to 72 hours. Similar (P>0.05) mean values were observed for NS from all treatments except 50 μg/L at 24 hours. At 72 hours, treated samples (75, 100 and 125 μg/L) gave superior (P<0.05) NS. Significant differences (P<0.05) in mean values for pH were observed among treatments through the extension period. However, all values were within accepted range for quality semen. Acrosome integrity were similar (P>0.05) among treatments from 0 to 72 hours, but reduced (P<0.05). Results suggest that the supplementation of BTS with EASE 125 μg/L, gave better cytoprotection to the spermatozoa compared to the control.     L'ablitédes spermatozoïdes de fertiliserest essentiel pour une insémination artificielle réussie. La conservation de la semence de l'our est associée à la production d'espèces réactives de l'oxygène, ce qui entraîne un déclin de la qualité des spermatozoïdes et une diminution de la capacité de fertilisation. L'étude visait à étudier les effets des extraits éthanoliques d'Allium sativum (EEAS) en tant qu'agent cytoprotecteur sur la qualité et le potentiel fertilisant des spermatozoïdes dans le sperme de sanglier étendu. Le sperme a été collecté et les portions aliquotes ont été divisées en 60 bouteilles d'échantillons comprenant cinq traitements avec des répliques. T1 a servi de contrôle (BeltsvilleThawing Solution (BTS) + sperme) dans un rapport 1: 3 sperme-extenseur, tandis que d'autres traitements T2 à T5 contenaient sperme-extenseur au même rapport, mais complété avec EEAS à des concentrations variables de 50, 75 , 100 et 125 μg / L respectivement conservés à 17 ° C et ont été évalués à 0, 24, 48 et 72 heures pour le pH, les spermatozoïdes normaux (SN) (%), l'habitabilité (%), l'intégrité de l'acrosome (IA) (%) dans une conception complètement aléatoire. Les données obtenues ont été soumises à des statistiques descriptives et analyses en utilisant une méthode ANOVA et les moyennes ont été séparées en utilisant le test Duncan Multiple Range. Les échantillons de sperme traités (75, 100 et 125 μg / L) ont donné une habitabilité supérieure (P <0.05) à celle des témoins, jusqu'à 72 heures. Des valeurs moyennes similaires (P> 0.05) ont été observées pour le SN pour tous les traitements, sauf 50 μg / L à 24 heures. A 72 heures, les échantillons traités (75, 100 et 125 ug / L) ont donné une SN supérieure (P <0.05). Des différences significatives (P <0.05) dans les valeurs moyennes du pH ont été observées entre les traitements pendant la période d'extension. Cependant, toutes les valeurs se situaient dans la plage acceptée pour le sperme de qualité. L'intégrité des acrosomes était similaire (P> 0.05) parmi les traitements de 0 à 72 heures, mais réduite (P <0.05). Les résultats suggèrent que la supplémentation en BTS avec EEAS 125 μg / L, a donné une meilleure cytoprotection des spermatozoïdes par rapport au témoin.

scholarly journals Effect of different substrates on adaptation of arrow cane (Gynerium sagitatum Aubl.) micropropagated plants

2020 ◽  
pp. 77-84
Author(s):  
Isidro Elias Suarez Padron ◽  
José Eduardo Yépez Rodríguez ◽  
Claudia Marcela Lopez Diaz
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Ms Medium ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Ex Vitro ◽  
River Sand ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Micropropagated Plants ◽  
Separation Test

To reduce costs associated to ex vitro adaptation of arrow cane (Gynerium sagitatum Aubl.) plants Cv “Criolla”, the effect of three substrate mixes (Peat, peat + river sand and peat + rice husk) on survival, plant height and substrate associated plant cost were evaluated. Plants were micropropagated in semisolid MS medium supplied with 0,5 mg L-1 BAP. After medium removal, plants were transferred on 72-plug plastic trays filled with the respective substrate treatment. Trays were covered with translucent plastic covers during three days. Thereafter, plants were maintained in a 50% light shade house, fog irrigated twice a day for 1 minute each during 8 weeks. Treatments were distributed with a block randomized design. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and means were separated with Tukey´s mean separation test. Results allowed to evidence that peat + sand resulted in significant increase in survival, plant height and >35 decrease in substrate associated plant cost during adaptation to ex vitro conditions.

scholarly journals Germination and Early Growth Assessment ofTamarindus indica Lin Sokoto State, Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Abubakar Gwaram Bello ◽  
Zubairu Yakubu Gada
Keyword(s):  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
River Sand ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Poultry Droppings ◽  
Growth Assessment ◽  
Study Species

Germination and early growth assessment ofTamarindus indica L. were conducted to determine the suitable medium for germination and seedlings establishment of the species in Sokoto State, Nigeria. The viable seeds of the study species were treated with Conc. H2SO4for 30 minutes and boiling water for one hour and by soaking in water at room temperature for 12 hours. The treated seeds were placed in Petri dishes containing filter paper for germination assessment. The results indicated 68–95% germination ofT. indicaseeds within 3–19 days. Conc. H2SO4treatment gave the highest germination percentage of 95%.T. indicaseeds were treated with Conc. H2SO4for 30 minutes and sown into four (4) different potting mixtures for early growth assessment. Collar diameter, seedlings height, and leaf number were the parameters measured. Seedlings grown in the mixture of river sand and cow dung (2 : 1) had the highest seedlings height and leaf number, while the highest collar diameter was obtained from seedlings grown in the mixture of river sand and poultry droppings (2 : 1). However, growingT. indicain the mixture of river sand and cow dung (2 : 1) after 30 minutes pretreatment was recommended.

scholarly journals Influence of urea fertilizer on early growth of African Rose Wood (Pterocarpus erinaceous Poir.) seedlings in Kaduna State, Northern Nigeria

Agro-Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-120
Author(s):  
A.I. Sodimu ◽  
R.K. Olaifa ◽  
G.O. Baba ◽  
O.M. Dahunsi ◽  
F.M. Rasheed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Urea Fertilizer ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Top Soil ◽  
Metrical Character ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Fertilizer Rates

Influence of urea fertilizer on early growth and development of Pterocarpus erinaceous seedlings were investigated. Two hundred (200) uniformly growing seedlings were transplanted into polythene pots filled with top soil. Four urea fertilizer rates (0.035; 0.065; 0.095; 0.0125 g) and control were applied to the seedlings in the pots 20 × 25 × 25 cm, filled with 800 g of top soil collected from forest plantation. Assessment on the metrical character of the seedlings was done fortnightly. The fertilization of the selected seedlings with urea fertilizer was done round the seedlings in the nursery pots using ring method. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design. The data were subjected to analysis of variance, and means were separated using Duncan’s multiple range test at p < 0.05. The results show that fertilizer rates had significant (p < 0.05) effect on the growth and development of seedlings of P. erinaceous. Seedlings treated with 0.095 g of urea produced the highest mean values of 12.00 ± 0.66 cm; 0.33 ± 0.01 mm; 190 cm2 and 12.65 ± 0.67 for stem height, collar diameter, leaf area (LA) and number of leaves respectively. Seedlings fed with 0.125 g had the lowest values of 11.19 ± 0.61cm for height, 0.32± 0.01 mm for collar diameter 11.54 ± 0.70 for number of leaves and 124 cm2 for the LA. Urea fertilizers had significant effect on the early growth of the seedlings, therefore fertilization at 0.095 g per pot is recommended for raising P. erinaceous seedlings.

Effect of hormone on the seed germination of Garcinia kola Heckel.

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-231
Author(s):  
FB Yakubu ◽  
JO Ogunade ◽  
OT Bolanle-Ojo ◽  
DK Yahaya
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Garcinia Kola ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Garcinia Kola Heckel ◽  
And Control

Garcinia kola plays an important socioeconomic role in the Africa culture. Inspite of this, the plant only exists in the wild or as part of left over in the Agroforestry farms. Therefore, this research examined the phenology in seed germination for possible plantation establishment. G. kola seed dormancy and growth was investigated using hormone Napthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) and Benzene Amino Purine (BAP) application to induce quick germination and early growth The experiment was laid in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with seven treatments (0.5mg/ml BAP, 0.5mg/ml NAA, 1mg/ml BAP, 1mg/ml NAA, 2mg/ml BAP, 2mg/ml NAA and Control) in twenty replications. The results showed that Garcinia kola seeds germinated in seven weeks in IBA. Growth were assessed for 19wks and the result showed that Length of Radicle (LR) and Number of Radicle (NR) were significantly affected by the treatments, while 0.5mg/ml IBA gave the best result among the treatments. Length of Plumule, Number of Leaves and Collar diameter were not significantly affected by the treatments.Keywords: Garcinia kola, seed, hormone, dormancy, germination

scholarly journals Some aspect of soil and seed pre-treatments on germination, growth and biomass production of Tamarindus indica seeds in the nursery

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 555
Author(s):  
Noah Alabi Oyebamiji ◽  
Abraham Adikpe Ogor
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Tamarindus Indica ◽  
Untreated Soil ◽  
River Sand ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Breaking Dormancy ◽  
Top Soil ◽  
Soil Media

Tamarind is a multipurpose plant. Hence, the study investigated soil and seed pre-treatments on germination, growth and biomass production of Tamarindus indica seeds in the nursery. Completely Randomized Design with four replicates was adopted and data were analysed using Analysis of Variance. Mechanically scarified seeds (MS) sowed in top soil (S1), river sand (S2), top soil plus river sand plus manure (S3) (S1MS), (S2MS), (S3MS), seeds treated with 60 % concentrated tetraoxosulphate (V1) acid (H2SO4) for 10 minutes (A10) and sowed in S1, S2, S3 (S1A10), (S2A10) and (S3A10) germinated first, 5 days after sowing (DAS), while the untreated soil (C) germinated last, 9 DAS. A10 gave (100 %) germination, while, A10 in an untreated soil (C) was the least (65 %). There was no significant effect among soil media on number of leaves (NL), wet weight of shoot (WWS) and dry weight of shoot (DWS) except on S3 with significant value (1.49) at 12 weeks after planting (WAS). Meanwhile, pre-germination treatment of MS had higher significant values (39, 105, 148, 171) on NL at 2, 6-12 WAS, (1.51) on leaf area (LA) at 12 WAS, (0.38, 0.98, 1.40, 2.56,2.83, 3.35) and (0.39, 0.43, 0.58, 0.97, 1.14, 1.32) on WWS and DWS both at 2-12 WAS respectively. Seeds soaked in water for 24 hours (S24h) had the lowest significant effect (0.80) on LA at 6 WAS. It is concluded and recommended that, mechanically scarified seeds at the micropyle was the effective treatment for breaking dormancy of T. indica seeds.

PENAMBAHAN ENZIM CAIRAN RUMEN LIMBAH RUMAH POTONG HEWAN PADA PAKAN BERBASIS WHEAT POLLARD DENGAN PROSES PENGOLAHAN PADA KOMPOSISI KIMIA PAKAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dadik Pantaya., dkk
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Steam Temperature ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Durability Index ◽  
Feed Moisture ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Enzyme Supplementation ◽  
Range Test ◽  
Basal Ration

The present study was conducted to clarify the effect of addition of enzymes from rumen liquor on performance broiler of pelleting feed with basal ration of wheat pollard with addition of enzymes and processing broiler diets. Ruminal enzymes were extracted from Australian Commercial Cross (ACC) cattles. Application of enzyme on wheat pollard. Enzyme was reacted with wheatpollard and mixed with another feedstuff before steam pelleting process. The combination nine experimental diets were used as follows three levels enzyme supplementation (0, 620 and 1.240 U/kg) and three levels steam temperature at (60, 80 and 100 oC) Feed particles size, hardness, PDI (Pellet Durability Index), moisture content, protein, GE and hemicellulosa were evaluated parameter devided into nine treatmens were used in this research. Data from Completely Randomized Design factorial 3 x 3 were analyzed with Anova, if differences were continued by Duncan’s new multiple range test. Enzyme supplementation decreased feed hardness and PDI. There were interaction beetwen enzyme and temperature for feed moisture content. Hemicellulosa was significantly reduced by steam temperature at 80 and 100 oC and enzyme supplementation 1.240 U/kgKey Words: enzyme liquor rumen, wheat pollard, steam pelleting, feed Chemical composition

Combination of Carbonated Aloe Vera Drink with Lemon Juice

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jefrianta Demu Geri ◽  
Dewi Fortuna Ayu ◽  
Noviar Harun
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Lemon Juice ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Combination Treatments ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Yellow Color ◽  
Range Test

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal ratio of carbonated aloe vera drink and lemon juice. This research used completely randomized design with four treatments and four replications. The treatments performed were L1 (90% carbonated aloe vera and 10% lemon juice), L2 (80% carbonated aloe vera and 20% lemon juice), L3 (70% carbonated aloe vera and 30% lemon juice), and L4 (60% carbonated aloe vera and 40% lemon juice). Data were statistically analyzed by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and followed by duncan new multiple range test (DNMRT) at level 5%. The combination treatments of carbonated aloe vera drinks and lemon juice had a significant effect on acidity (pH), vitamin C, total dissolved solids, and descriptive and hedonic sensory assessment. The best treatment from the research was L3 (70% carbonated aloe vera and 30% lemon juice) with pH of 4.26, vitamin C of 19.97 mg, and total dissolved solids of 14.34°brix. The overall sensory test result preferred by panelists with descriptions of yellow color, lemon flavor, and had a slightly sweet taste.

PENGARUH SUBSTITUSI TEPUNG BUAH LINDUR (Bruguiera Gymnorrhiza) TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK ORGANOLEPTIK, NILAI GIZI DAN AKTVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN BROWNIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wd Wd Sitti Aisyah Nurul Fahlani ◽  
Tamrin Tamrin ◽  
Kobajashi Togo Isamu
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Bruguiera Gymnorrhiza ◽  
Nutritional Values ◽  
Organoleptic Characteristics ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Range Test ◽  
Color Texture

ABSTRACT                     This study aimed to analyze the effect of lindur fruit flour substitution on organoleptic characteristics, nutritional value, and antioxidant activity of lindur fruit flour brownies. This research was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) with various percentages of formulation of substitution of lindur fruit flour:wheat flour, namely M1 = (100%:0%), M2 = (90%:10%), M3 = (80%:20 %), M4 = (70%:30%), and M5 = (60%:40%). The research data were analyzed using analysis of variance, with further testing using Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 95% confidence level. The results show that the HCN content of lindur fruit flour reached 21.81 mg/kg. The M3 treatment was the most preferred treatment by the panelists with hedonic rating scores of color, texture, aroma, and taste reached 4.14 (like), 4.13 (like), 3.79 (like), and 4.30 (like), respectively. The nutritional values of selected M3 brownies show that it contained 30.57% water, 1.20% ash, 3.70% fat, 5.63% protein, and 58.90% carbohydrate. Analysis of antioxidant activity in selected M3 brownies was 465.58 ppm which is categorized as very weak. It can be concluded that the substitution of lindur fruit flour in making brownies had a very significant effect on color, texture, and taste. However, the effect was not significant on the aroma and the analysis of the nutritional value of the selected treatment. The brownie product substituted with lindur fruit flour met the national standards for water, ash, and fat contents.Keyword: Brownies, Lindur Fruit ABSTRAK    Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh substitusi tepung buah lindur terhadap karakteristik organoleptik, nilai gizi, dan aktivitas antioksidan brownies tepung buah lindur. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak  Lengkap  (RAL) dengan berbagai presentase formulasi, substitusi tepung buah lindur: tepung terigu yaitu M1 =  (100% : 0%), M2 = (90% : 10%), M3 = 80% : 20%), M4 = (70% : 30%), dan M5 = (60% : 40%). Data hasil penelitian dianalisis menggunakan sidik ragam (Analysis of Varian), dengan uji lanjut menggunakan Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) pada taraf kepercayaan 95%. Hasil penelitian menunjukan analisis kadar HCN tepung buah lindur yaitu 21,81 mg/kg. Perlakuan M3 merupakan perlakuan yang paling disukai oleh panelis dengan skor penilain hedonik warna 4,14 (suka), tekstur  4,13 (suka), aroma 3,79 (suka) dan rasa 4,30 (suka). Analisis Nilai gizi produk browies tepilih M3 meliputi kadar air (30,57%), kadar abu (1,20), Kadar lemak (3,70%), kadar protein (5,63%) dan kadar karbohidrat (58,90%). Analisis aktivitas antioksidan pada brownies terplih M3 yaitu 465,58 ppm dengan kategori sangat lemah. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa substiusi tepung buah lindur pada pembuatan brownies berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap warna, tekstur, dan rasa. Tetapi berpengaruh tidak nyata terhadap aroma. dan analisis nilai gizi perlakuan terpilih. Berdasarkan standar mutu SNI brownies, bahwa produk brownies substitusi tepung buah lindur sudah memenuhi standar mutu SNI untuk kadar air dan kadar abu serta kadar lemak.Kata kunci:   Brownies, tepung, Buah Lindur

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