Physicochemical Potential of Balanites aegyptiaca Seed Kernel Oil from Northern Cameroon for Biodiesel valorization

This research work reports the physicochemical potentialities of Balanites aegyptiaca kernel oil for biodiesel valorization. Balanites seed was sampling from Pitoa, Maroua and Moutourwa localities located from North Cameroon and the kernel oil was extracted using Soxhlet apparatus. The physicochemical and the free fatty acid composition of kernel oils was determined. Among the three samples, those of Pitoa shows the higher oil yield (56.6 %). All the Refractive index of these oils were ranged in ASTM and their kinematic viscosities were small compared to the EN ISO 3104 standard. The Acid values measured were all less than EN 14104 standard and the iodine values were in accordance with EN 14111 standard, whereas, the saponification value for the samples of Maroua (139.5 ± 0.07) was higher than those of Pitoa (123.6 ± 0.04) and Moutourwa (131.5 ± 0.06) and the Peroxide values measured were lower than 10 meq/Kg. Unsaturated fatty acids were higher for the sample of Maroua (78.8 %) than those of Moutourwa (76.9%) and Pitoa (77.7 %). This research work indicate that B.aegyptiaca kernel oil obtainable from North Cameroon as higher yield (50.7-56.6%). The kernel oil shows good physicochemical properties and fatty acids profile which can be valorised as a feedstock for the production of biodiesel. Place and Duration of Study: School of Chemical Engineering and Minerals Industries - Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ngaoundere – Cameroon work takes place between October 2020 and Jun 2021.

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Study of Fatty Acids Profile in Kernel Oil of Heynea trijuga Roxb. Ex Sims. (syn. Trichilia connaroides (Wight & Arn.) Bentv.)

Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2017/5858720 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-3

Author(s):

Ashutosh K. Mittal ◽

Shishir Tandon

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Forest Products ◽

Seed Oils ◽

Nontimber Forest Products ◽

Kernel Oil ◽

Fatty Acids Profile ◽

Cosmetic Formulations ◽

Fatty Acid Compositions

Seed oils have been used for centuries by communities as food, medicine, cosmetic applications, and fuel. Recently, there has been a renewed interest in these nontimber forest products specifically for use in cosmetic formulations. The fatty acid compositions of kernel oil of Heynea trijuga was analyzed by GC-FID. The results showed that the oil content was 37.61 percent (w/w) in seed. Seed oil was rich in unsaturated fatty acids. Important fatty acids present were palmitic acid (22.12%), stearic acid (7.51%), oleic acid (25.20%), and linoleic acid (11.65%).

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Extraction, Physicochemical Characteristics and Fatty Acids Profile of Kernel Oil from Mangifera indica L. Cultivated in Sudan

Chemical Science International Journal ◽

10.9734/csji/2019/v28i430147 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Ibrahim Yaagoub Erwa ◽

Frank Starch Matenje ◽

Yusuf Mnenula Mwachumu ◽

Omer Adam Omer Ishag ◽

Hamza Mohamed Ahmed

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Physicochemical Properties ◽

Petroleum Ether ◽

Mangifera Indica ◽

Seed Kernel ◽

Soap Industry ◽

Kernel Oil ◽

Solvent Type ◽

Soxhlet Apparatus ◽

Significant Difference

Aims: This study was aimed to investigate the physicochemical properties and fatty acids composition of Mangifera indica L. seed kernel oil; in addition to investigating the effect of solvent type and extraction duration on extracts properties. Study Design: Extraction of Mangifera indica L. seed kernel oil in different trials under the same conditions using two different solvents for different time of extraction, and determining their physicochemical properties and fatty acids constituents. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the Department of Applied and Industrial chemistry International University of Africa (IUA), Khartoum, Sudan, between July and November 2019. Methodology: The oil from Mangifera indica L. seed kernel was extracted using n-hexane and petroleum ether in a soxhlet apparatus for 4 and 7 h. the physicochemical properties of the extracted oils were determined using standard official methods. Fatty acid profile of n-hexane extract was identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) after methylation. Results: n-Hexane exhibits better extraction efficiency (11.40±0.66% for 7 h) than petroleum ether (10.80±0.44% for 7 h). The density and refractive index of the oil were 0.89±0.01 g/cm3 and 1.46 ± 0.01 at 28ºC respectively. The physicochemical properties of n-Hexane and petroleum ether extracts were acid value (3.35±0.54 and 2.52±0.13 mg KOH/g oil), peroxide value (4.32±0.65 and 5.11±1.03 meq O2/kg), saponification value (201.05±0.95 and 198.66±1.04 mg KOH/g oil), ester value (197.59±0.67 and 192.54±0.20 mg KOH/g oil) respectively. The statistical analysis of obtained data revealed no significant difference, at 95% confidence interval, between the standard deviation and the mean of two data sets of physicochemical properties of Mangifera indica L. seed kernel oils extracted with the two solvents used. GC/MS analysis revealed a total of 18 fatty acids were identified in which the majors are stearic acid (39.79%), oleic acid (36.77%), palmitic acid (10.34%), linoleic acid (6.02%) and eicosanoic acid (3.83%). Conclusion: The results suggest that mango seed kernel contains stable oil which can be potentially extracted by n-hexane; however, the solvent type has no significant effect on the physicochemical properties of the extracted oil and has the potential usefulness to be used in soap industry.

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A Study on the Production Process Control ofZanthoxylum bungeanumMaxim Seed Kernel Oil withoutTrans-Fatty Acids

Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2016/6268506 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Zhongyi Yin ◽

Shiyong Yao ◽

Lixia Guo ◽

Xuxu Zheng

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Process Control ◽

Sodium Hydroxide ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Sodium Hydroxide Solution ◽

Seed Kernel ◽

Hydroxide Solution ◽

Kernel Oil ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Zanthoxylum Bungeanum

The process control of the production ofZanthoxylum bungeanumMaxim seed kernel oil (ZSKO) with notrans-fatty acids (TFAs) was investigated. Results revealed that drying temperature and time had a small effect on TFA formation in ZSKO. And high concentrations of sodium hydroxide solution had some effect on TFA formation in ZKSO, but there were no TFAs when the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution was lower than 20% and even at boiling temperature for one hour. The roasting temperature and duration forZanthoxylum bungeanumMaxim seed (ZS) should be properly controlled at 100°C for six hours or 150°C for two hours. ZS, which has a moisture content of 18%, was pressed four times (two hours) at less than 60°C, and ZSKO was obtained by collection through centrifuge separation. This contained 90.84% unsaturated fatty acids, which mainly include 32.49% α-linolenic acid, 29.88% linoleic acid, and 27.52% oleic acids; and there was no TFA. Its acidic value and peroxide value conformed to China standards for edible oil. Therefore, ZKSO could be used as a healthy food for further development.

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Fatty Acids Profile, Physicalchemical Properties and Minerals with Quantify Indicador of Astrocaryum aculeatum Pulp Oil

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v9n12p352 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 352

Author(s):

Bernardo M. Linhares ◽

Ana Marcia D. C. Costa ◽

Herliana D. F. Abreu ◽

Ana Cristina G. Reis de Melo ◽

Pedro R. E. Ribeiro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Physicochemical Properties ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Essential Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acids Profile ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Astrocaryum Aculeatum ◽

Air Circulation ◽

Acid Index

The species Astrocaryum aculeatum (Arecaceae) is known in the Brazilian Amazon as tucumã, whose fruit is much appreciated by the population of the region, where its pulp, oleaginous, is the most consumed. Thus, the aim of this work was to perform a profile of fatty acids by GC-FID and minerals by ICP-OES of the oil of the pulp of the tucumã (A. aculeatum), as well as their physicochemical properties by 1H NMR. The fruits were collected in Alto Alegre city, Roraima, Brazil. These were taken to the laboratory, sanitized and removing your pulp, submitted to the oven with air circulation at 50 °C for 72 h, the dried pulps were milled and sieved between 20-40 mesh. The pulp oil extraction was realized in Soxhlet with hexane for 6 hours (yield of 54.7%). Were identified a total of 10 fatty acids, of these 23.8% are saturated fatty acids and 76.2% are unsaturated fatty acids: palmitic acid (10.4%), stearic acid (4.9%), oleic acid (64.2%), linoleic acid (11%) and linolenic acid (1%). The physicochemical properties have a pulp oil acid index of 0.31 mg KOH g-1, saponification of 190.39 mg KOH g-1, iodine index of 85.97 mg g-1. Minerals such as in their available forms K (70.05 mg L-1) Na (30.30 mg L-1), Ca (20.13 mg L-1) and P (20.07 mg L-1) were observed in high concentrations. The Amazon tucumã is an oleaginous that deserves our attention because it is composed of essential fatty acids that are beneficial to the human health.

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The Impact of Package Type and Temperature on the Changes in Quality and Fatty Acids Profile of Table Eggs during Their Storage

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10092047 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 2047

Author(s):

Kamil Drabik ◽

Tomasz Próchniak ◽

Damian Spustek ◽

Karolina Wengerska ◽

Justyna Batkowska

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Research Work ◽

Storage Period ◽

Specific Weight ◽

Water Conductivity ◽

Shell Weight ◽

Fatty Acids Profile ◽

Lower Permeability ◽

The Impact

The aim of the study was to evaluate the possibility of reducing changes in the quality of consumer hen eggs by storing them in various package type and under various temperature conditions (room and refrigeration). The material consisted of 960 chicken eggs packed in cardboard or plastic boxes, 10 pcs in each. Half of the packages were stored at room temperature (21 °C), the rest in the refrigerator (5 °C). The eggs were stored for 28 days qualitatively evaluated at 14-day intervals. The characteristics of whole egg (weight, specific weight, proportion of morphological elements, air cell depth) as well as of shell (weight, color, crushing strength, thickness, density, water conductivity), albumen (height, Haugh units, weight, pH) and yolk (weight, color, pH) were analyzed. The fatty acids profile of yolks was also evaluated as a freshness indicator. Packaging types available on the market, apart from its marketing and eggs protection function, can also influence the quality and stability of the product during storage. The use of plastic boxes can help to maintain higher eggs quality during the storage period, even after a significant extension of the storage time. Eggs stored in plastic boxes at room temperature had very similar results to those stored under refrigeration using conventional cardboard boxes. This effect is probably related to the lower permeability of plastic boxes in comparison to cardboard ones, but detailed research work in this direction is necessary to verify this relation.

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Characterization of two Moroccan watermelon seeds oil varieties by three different extraction methods

OCL ◽

10.1051/ocl/2020010 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 ◽

pp. 13

Author(s):

Ihssane Ouassor ◽

Younes Aqil ◽

Walid Belmaghraoui ◽

Souad El Hajjaji

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Citrullus Lanatus ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Seed Oils ◽

Total Phenolic Compounds ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Soxhlet Apparatus

The purpose of this study is to assess and evaluate the physicochemical properties of the seed oils of two Moroccan varieties of watermelon “Citrullus lanatus” extracted by three different techniques, a mechanical process using cold press, and two chemical processes using a Soxhlet apparatus and a sonotrode ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) using n-hexane. The total phenolic compounds (TPC) and antioxidant properties against the DPPH radicals (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) were also studied. The seed oils of both varieties of watermelon exhibited high concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids with the predominance of linoleic and oleic fatty acids. The primary sterol was β-sitosterol, and high levels of total tocopherols were observed. Ɣ-tocopherol was the predominant tocopherol in all tested oils. The Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus variety seeds oil exhibited the highest TPC value (89.5 ± 0.06 mg EGA/100 g; EGA: gallic acid equivalent), with 82.4 ± 0.03% DPPH free radical inhibition efficiency. Nevertheless, all tested seeds oils showed a significant amount of total phenolic compounds and a good inhibition against DPPH radicals ranging from 51.1 ± 0.1% to 84.8 ± 0.04%. In addition, the influence of the ultrasonic extraction parameters was studied using two different solvents (n-hexane and the methanol-chloroform mixture), with different particle sizes (500–300 µm), duration (10 and 20 minutes), cycle (1–0.5), amplitude (80–100%) and solvent/seed ratios (1:5 and 1:10), and the seed roasting parameter was also studied. The oil yield was mainly affected by the extraction solvent, then the solvent/seed ratio and the duration, respectively.

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Supplementation of Juçara Berry (Euterpe edulis Mart.) Modulates Epigenetic Markers in Monocytes from Obese Adults: A Double-Blind Randomized Trial

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu10121899 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1899 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Aline Boveto Santamarina ◽

Giovana Jamar ◽

Laís Vales Mennitti ◽

Helena de Cássia César ◽

Verdiana Vera de Rosso ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Double Blind ◽

Epigenetic Markers ◽

Fatty Acids Profile ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Group 5 ◽

Serum Fatty Acids

Nutrigenomics is an emerging field in obesity since epigenetic markers can be modified by environmental factors including diet. Considering juçara composition—rich in anthocyanins, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and fibers—it has the potential for epigenetic modulation. We evaluated the juçara supplementation modulating the serum fatty acids profile and epigenetic markers in monocytes of adult obese humans. It was a randomized double-blind, controlled trial with 27 obese (Body mass index between 30.0 and 39.9 kg/m2) participants of both genders aged from 31 to 59 years, divided into juçara group (5 g juçara freeze-dried pulp) or placebo group (5 g of maltodextrin) for 6 weeks. Before and after supplementation, blood samples were collected. The serum and monocytes cells obtained were cultured and stimulated with lipopolysaccharides as proinflammatory stimulus. After 24 h of incubation, the cells and supernatants were collected and analyzed. Juçara improved the serum fatty acids profile on unsaturated fatty acids levels. The epigenetic markers evaluated were improved post-treatment. Also, the methylated DNA level was increased after treatment. We find that juçara supplementation is a predictor of methyl CpG binding proteins 2 (MeCP2) in monocytes. Concluding, juçara supplementation improved the serum fatty acids profile, modulating the epigenetic markers in monocytes from obese individuals.

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Evaluation of fatty acid composition among selected amaranth grains grown in two consecutive years

Biologia ◽

10.2478/s11756-013-0190-6 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 68 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Andrea Hlinková ◽

Adriána Bednárová ◽

Michaela Havrlentová ◽

Jana Šupová ◽

Iveta Čičová

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Oleic Acid ◽

Oil Content ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Strong Positive Correlation ◽

Amaranthus Cruentus ◽

Amaranthus Hypochondriacus ◽

Fatty Acids Profile ◽

Linoleic Acid Level ◽

Amaranthus Spp

AbstractThe oil of amaranth grain (Amaranthus spp.) is a rich source of poly-unsaturated fatty acids. In this study, we tested 10 amaranth samples representing two species (Amaranthus cruentus and Amaranthus hypochondriacus) in two consecutive years (2010, 2011). Grain oils were analysed by gas chromatography for their fatty acids profile. In 2010, oil content ranged from 6.4–8.2% for A. cruentus and 6.3–7.9% for A. hypochondriacus. In 2011, the level was 7.1–8.2% and 6.6–8.7% for A. cruentus and A. hypochondriacus, respectively. Linoleic, palmitic, and oleic acids were dominant fatty acids in all of the oil samples. The essential linoleic acid level was 33.3–38.7% (A. cruentus) and 31.7–47.5% (A. hypochondriacus) in 2010 and 34.6–39.9% (A. cruentus) and 34–44.5% (A. hypochondriacus) in 2011. The minority fatty acids, i.e. stearic, α-linolenic, and arachidic acids were also observed. Eicosenoic and behenic acids were present in the grain in trace amounts. Statistical evaluation showed a significant effect of year and species of amaranth on the levels of certain fatty acids. There was a strong positive correlation between oil content and oleic acid, and a negative correlation between oleic acid and either of the other two fatty acids, linoleic and α-linolenic ones.

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Fatty acids profile, atherogenic and thrombogenic health lipid indices in the meat of lambs that received canola grain

Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science ◽

10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2021.178023 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 58 ◽

pp. e178023

Author(s):

Mayara Mitiko Yoshiraha Carneiro ◽

Rafael Henrique de Tonissi e Buschinelli de Goes ◽

Beatriz Cervejeira Bolanho Barros ◽

Raquel Tenório de Oliveira ◽

Alexandre Rodrigo Mendes Fernandes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Nutritional Properties ◽

Mean Values ◽

Sensory Acceptance ◽

Fatty Acids Profile ◽

Atherogenicity Index ◽

Qualitative Characteristics

This study evaluated the fatty acid composition and qualitative characteristics of meat from lambs feed in feedlot with increasing levels of canola grain. Meat obtained from 27 lambs fed 0, 8 and 16% inclusion of canola grain were analyzed. There was a reduction in the content of saturated fatty acids (SFA): lauric, heptadecanoic, and stearic; and unsaturated fatty acids (UFA): palmitoleic, oleic, and eicosatrienoic, with the increasing levels of canola grain. There was a linear reduction for the ω3 acid and the ω3: ω6 ratio, while the ω6: ω3 ratio increased. But the values observed for this ratio (ω6: ω3) were lower than 4, which is considered a satisfactory value. There was a slight increase (~2%) for the thrombogenicity index and atherogenicity index with the inclusion of canola grain. There was a reduction in the hypocholesterolemic: hypercholesterolemic ratio, with mean values of 2.09 for the diet with 0% inclusion, and 2.06 for 8 and 16% inclusion of canola. Although the inclusion of canola grain for lambs decreased the content of some UFA, reflecting alterations in the correlated nutritional properties, there is a reduction of SFA. The results for instrumental analysis, proximate composition, and sensory acceptance of the lamb meat were similar among the treatments.

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THE STUDY OF PHYSICO-TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS’ INFLUENCE ON THE OUTPUT OF LIPOPHILIC SUB-STANCES FROM MEDICINAL PLANT MATERIALS

chemistry of plant raw material ◽

10.14258/jcprm.2019035098 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 299-305

Author(s):

Ekaterina Aleksandrovna Degtyareva ◽

Liliya Ivanovna Vyshnevska ◽

Svetlana Vasil'yevna Garnaya ◽

Ekaterina Aleksandrovna Kalko

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Optimal Conditions ◽

Plant Materials ◽

Lipophilic Compounds ◽

Technological Factors ◽

Soxhlet Apparatus ◽

Β Carotene ◽

Lipophilic Substances

Currently, the lipophilic fractions of well-known medicinal plants are still understudied despite of contains of unique groups of BAS (chlorophylls, carotenoids, tocopherols, sterols, unsaturated fatty acids, phospholipids, etc.), what is the actual task of modern pharmaceutical science. The aim of our work was to perform experimental studies for the choice of optimal conditions of the extraction of lipophilic compounds from the meal of pumpkin pulp. Extraction of lipophilic substances from the meal of pumpkin pulp was carried out in laboratory conditions in the Soxhlet apparatus by the method of circulation extraction. The weight loss on drying, the content of extractive lipophilic substances and the amount of carotenoids (in terms of β-carotene) were determined by compendial procedures. According to the results of the experimental work, the optimum humidity (not more than 7%) and drying temperature (+ 60 °C) of pumpkin pulp meal containing carotenoids were established. The obtained data are necessary for the development of technology of lipophilic pumpkin extract.

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