scholarly journals An Analysis of Human Survival Strategies in Difficult Environments: A Case Study of the Kom Highlands in Cameroon

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Solange Akhere Gwan ◽  
Victor Konfor Ntoban ◽  
Jude N. Kimengsi
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Survival Strategies ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
Difficult Terrain ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

Mountainous regions and other difficult terrains, the world over, present significant challenges to communities as they strive to carry out their daily activities. In spite of these difficulties, strategies have been employed by communities to cope with such difficulties, yielding diverse outcomes. The extent and outcomes of survival strategies employed by communities, still beg for scientific and policy edification, in the context of the Western Highlands of Cameroon. This paper contributes to bridge the knowledge gap, by examining the survival strategies employed by locals in the Kom Highlands to confront the challenges presented by the harsh physical environment. 10 key informant interviews were conducted accompanied by a representative survey of 60 farming household heads, drawn from 5 villages in Fundong. The data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical tools, including the Chi-square analysis. The results reveal that Kom displays a plethora of harsh physical environmental characteristics, prominent among them are the hilly and difficult terrain, the poor soil quality and the generally cold weather conditions witnessed here. Faced with these challenges, the population employed a number of survival strategies in the agricultural sector, housing and transport. These strategies are unfortunately inadequate and such inadequacy is accounted for by their low level of technology, poverty, ignorance and other cultural factors, among others. The study therefore recommends the need to improve and modernize agriculture through the provision of fertilizers at subsidized rates to the farming population, the encouragement of effective slope stabilization and terracing and also for rigorous government intervention in terms of road and fly over constructions.

scholarly journals Sustainable infrastructure provision through awareness in selected medium-sized towns in Kwara State

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (25) ◽  
pp. 7-14
Author(s):  
Ganiyu Popoola Afolayan ◽  
Afolabi Monisola Tunde
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Physical Development ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Infrastructure Provision ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
Basic Infrastructure ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

Abstract Infrastructure is a basic structure required for sustainable socio-economic and physical development of any human settlement. The issue of sustainable development has recently been linked to infrastructure sustainability. Required to achieve this is the acquisition of appropriate education. Different skills, understanding the complexities that threaten the survival of our system, critical and systematic thinking, building capacity and partnership in decision-making, which are essential tools for Education for Sustainable Development (ESD), are required to provide adequate, appropriate and functional infrastructure. This study therefore examines the awareness/knowledge with reference to various skills employed in the provision of infrastructure through communal efforts in ten selected medium-sized towns in Kwara State. These towns are with a population of between 5,000 and 20,000. A total of 400 household heads were sampled systematically through the administration of a questionnaire in the ten selected medium-sized towns. Tabulations, cross tabulations, percentages and chi-square analysis were employed to analyse the gathered data. The findings revealed a significant relationship between awareness/knowledge and the provision of infrastructure with a calculated value of 219.23 greater than the tabulated value 34.41 at alpha level 0.05. Indigenous knowledge coupled with the ideas brought home by indigenes that have travelled far from their immediate communities and some professional skills acquired through community participation in infrastructure provision were employed to provide basic infrastructure required for socio-economic and physical development. Among the infrastructure provided are water, roads, health centres and electricity. The study recommends the improvement of basic education, a review and re-orientation of our educational system to address sustainability for proper collaboration of community efforts with the Community Development division of various local governments. This could be through training of the local communities and promotion of partnership zeal with Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in infrastructure provision.

scholarly journals Food Quality Certificates and Research on Effect of Food Quality Certificates to Determinate Ignored Level of Buying Behavioral: A Case Study in Hitit University Feas Business Department

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Hulya CAGIRAN KENDIRLI ◽  
Gürkan ULUSOY
Keyword(s):  
Food Quality ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Food Shopping ◽  
Quality Certification ◽  
The World ◽  
Effect Of Food ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
Reliable Scale

Nowadays, food and food industry has become one of the most important sectors for manufacturers and consumers.  Many countries of the world including Turkey have been developed and implemented many standards for food safety and presentation of food to ensure safe consumption. In this study, we studied on the most common of these standards through HACCP and ISO 22000 standards.The purpose of this study is, to determine students' awareness and ignores of level of food quality and food quality certification during their food shopping. This research has conducted with survey in the Hittite University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Business Administration by 256 students are attending to this department. Department student number is 775 in totally. We have determined some hypotheses in the context of research and we applied cluster analysis, chi-square analysis and correlation analysis to the research. According to results of a significant relationship was found between hypotheses.We considered 260 students. After calculating with 0,95 confidence interval and 0,05 tolerance we have to reach 258 students. We used the Cronbach’s Alfa for testing the reliability of survey. Cronbach’s Alfa is settled between 0 and 1 and for reliability of scale and it must be over 0,60 for acceptance to survey. Our survey’s scale has been 0,79 and we can said that, it is a reliable scale for this survey study.According to result of research, there is no relationship between demographic specialties of students and ignored of food and quality legislation. But there is relationship between sexuality and ignored of food and quality legislation.

A survey of Sigatoka leaf disease (Mycosphaerella musicola Leach) of banana and soil calcium levels in North Queensland

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (9) ◽  
pp. 1157 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Fitz Gerald ◽  
S. D. White ◽  
A. A. Dickinson ◽  
B. Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Production Region ◽  
Leaf Disease ◽  
The North ◽  
Soil Calcium ◽  
Model Combining ◽  
Mycosphaerella Musicola ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

Annual averages of lesion development of yellow Sigatoka caused by Mycosphaerella musicola were calculated from surveys conducted at 14-day intervals for 57 banana sites in the North Queensland production region situated in the wet tropics between Cardwell and Innisfail. Soil up to 250 mm depth was sampled from sites between March 2000 and September 2001. Soil parameters were compared with 12 months of leaf disease data averaged centrally about the time the soil sample was taken. The 4 different formulas for calcium expression tested all proved to be significant predictors of disease levels. The strongest relationship (r2 = 0.229) between soil calcium levels and disease levels was obtained from a formula based on an Albrecht interpretation of the soil test data, which includes a pH-derived estimation of exchangeable hydrogen in the denominator. A Chi square analysis on a model incorporating calcium and soil boron was statistically significant (P<0.001). The model combining calcium and boron levels explained more variation in disease levels than calcium alone. Variation in other factors influencing disease such as fungicide program, weather conditions, soil moisture conditions and crop stage may account for variation in disease levels at low calcium sites.

scholarly journals A Case Study of Media Growth and its Impact on Socio-Political Development of Pakistan (1999-2009)

2021 ◽  
Vol VI (I) ◽  
pp. 192-200
Author(s):  
Muhammad Altaf Khan ◽  
Taj Moharram Khan ◽  
Muhammad Nisar
Keyword(s):  
Political Development ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Media ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
The Impact

The dawn of the 21st Century brings with itself a greater power, "The Media". Media is growing all around and has a major impact on all the spectra of life. The present study is about the impact of media growth on the social and political development of Pakistan during the period 1999 to 2009. This research study is based on the objectives to know about what impact and up to what extent has the media growth put on the different factors of Social and Political Development in Pakistan during the study period. The questionnaire was developed after a thorough review of the literature. It was validated by three concerned field experts, and pilot testing of the research instrument was conducted. One hundred and fifty university faculty and students were selected as a sample from different districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa among the respective groups. The findings of Chi-Square analysis suggest that respondents view the impact of media growth on all the indicators of social and political development in Pakistan. It is recommended that media needs to play a more positive role in the development of thinking of people and politics, which can uplift society as a whole.

scholarly journals Gender Issue in Transportation Sector of Nigeria: A Case Study of Lokoja, Kogi State

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-61
Author(s):  
Shaibu Hasssan Richard ◽  
Emmanuel Okokondem Okon
Keyword(s):  
Road Transport ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
National Union ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Transport Worker ◽  
The Government ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

This paper aimed at finding out what constraint women in transport sector in Lokoja and why employers are reluctant in employing women in the sector? The null hypothesis is that women constraints have no significant effect in transportation sector in Lokoja. Information for the paper was basically from the questionnaire survey method Data generated were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, simple percentages and graphical illustrations. Chi-square analysis was used to test the formulated hypothesis. The result reveals that women constraints have significant effect in transportation sector in Lokoja. Transport business in Lokoja is so dominated by male counterpart and yet some routes are not adequately covered. Based on the aforementioned findings, it is recommended that social attitude in Lokoja, Kogi state and Nigeria in general should be changed in favour of women employment in transport sector. The government of Kogi state should establish driving schools and transport scheme meant to enhance the livelihood of women. The National Union of Road Transport Worker (NURTW) should encourage women to invest in the sector.

scholarly journals Assessing the Land Consolidation Projects from the Perspective of Farmers (A Case Study in Artova District of Tokat Province in Turkey)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1775-1781
Author(s):  
Esra Kaplan ◽  
Hayriye Sibel Gülse Bal
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Land Consolidation ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Registration System ◽  
Project Area ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
Land Consolidation Project

Land consolidation is a powerful and effective tool in solving the fragmentation problem of agricultural lands to form a larger, more rational and efficient land for the farmers. The benefits of land consolidation projects are providing access to parcels, efficient use of water resources, real location of parcels, and reducing the costs of irrigation and drainage projects. Although not sufficiently successful, the land consolidation projects in Turkey had been initiated in 1961. This study was aimed to measure and assess the knowledge, expectation and attitudes of farmers on the land consolidation project planned to be implemented for some villages in Artova District of Tokat Province, Turkey. The study was carried out in Taşpınar and Aşağı Güçlü villages which were included in the consolidation program. In these villages, 62 farmers were selected by proportional sampling method out of 175 producers registered in the Farmer Registration System (FRS) and, face to face questionnaires were carried out with them. The results indicated that the producers support the project primarily due to the convenience in irrigation and increasing the efficiency of mechanization. Chi-square analysis revealed that the problems caused by disadvantages of fragmented land structure, importance of land integrity and the experience on a previous consolidation project area are important for the producers supporting the land consolidation project.

scholarly journals Assessment of the choice of malaria diagnostic methods among household heads of the Nkwen village in Bamenda-3 municipality

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-95
Author(s):  
Omarine Nlinwe Nfor
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Religion And Health ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Randomized Sampling ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
Threat To Life ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Malaria remains a major threat to life in Bamenda in particular and Cameroon in general. Despite numerous and relatively affordable malaria diagnostic and treatment methods, accurate choice of diagnosis remains a major challenge to the inhabitants of the almost 14,285 households in the Nkwen village of the Bamenda 3 municipality. This study was designed to investigate the key determinants of the choice of malaria diagnostic methods (demand side analysis) in the Nkwen village of the Bamenda 3 municipality. A purposive and randomized sampling method was employed to recruit of 560 household’s heads from the 46 quarters of the Nkwen village. The Multinomial Logistic Regression Model and Chi-Square analysis were used to analyze the collected data. The findings reveal that gender, marital status, educational level, income, household size, age, religion and health insurance policy contribute to the choice of malaria diagnostic methods in the study area. Therefore, the integration of socio-economic factors into malaria control policies will feasibly contribute to malaria decrease in the study area.

HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES DURING COLD WEATHER OIL SPILL RESPONSES

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-114
Author(s):  
William Edward Hazel ◽  
Michael J. Rancilio
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Extensive Training ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Standard Operating

ABSTRACT Oil spill operations present responders with the difficult task of establishing site safety protocols during emergency conditions. Often these safety protocols must be established when standard operating procedures have either broken down, as is the case during disasters at sea, or are nonexistent, as occurs when spills happen in remote areas. To perform oil spill operations in a safe and effective manner, recovery technicians on the management and field level must initially prepare themselves for dangerous operations by an extensive training program (including that training required of hazardous materials workers by OSHA 1910.120). Beyond this, oil spill responders must develop, implement, and monitor safety protocols at the outset and through the conclusion of each response operation. This paper will present a case study of an operation where these principles were successfully implemented despite the fact that weather conditions on the site were extremely harsh.

scholarly journals Use of monolingual, bilingual, and bilingualised dictionaries and EFL learners’ vocabulary learning strategies: A case study

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdorreza Tahriri ◽  
Zeinab Ariyan
Keyword(s):  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Vocabulary Learning ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Bilingual Dictionary ◽  
Vocabulary Learning Strategies ◽  
Bilingual Group ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
Dictionary Use

This study investigated the effect of dictionary use on the vocabulary learning strategies used by elementary level EFL learners. Seventy-five female EFL learners were randomly assigned to one of three groups (25 members each): the monolingual dictionary, the bilingual dictionary, and the bilingualised dictionary groups. Students' responses on the vocabulary learning strategies were collected through a questionnaire which dealt with the vocabulary learning strategies the participants used to understand each target item in a reading passage selected based on readability formula. The results of Chi-square analysis indicated that the participants in the bilingual group consulted their dictionaries more frequently to solve their lexical problems than those in the monolingual and the bilingualised dictionary groups. The bilingualised group reported the least use of other strategies (e.g., analysing morphemes, and using cognates), while guessing was rarely reported by the bilingualised dictionary group. The results also revealed that the participants in the bilingualised and the bilingual dictionary groups were more willing to consult their dictionaries when reading the text than the monolingual dictionary group. In fact, guessing the meaning from the context as well as using other strategies was more common for the monolingual dictionary group.

scholarly journals Mechanisms for Financing Incremental Housing in Nigeria: Case study of Ibadan, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
D.O Adeoye
Keyword(s):  
Primary Data ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
The People ◽  
Default Risks ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
Incremental Housing ◽  
Incremental Process ◽  
Ibadan Nigeria

Access to housing finance by all income groups is essential for the provision of adequate shelter for all. The study examined the mechanisms for financing incremental housing for the low and moderate income households in Ibadan, Nigeria and their effectiveness with a view to providing information that could inform policy towards effective incremental housing delivery in the study area. Primary data was collected with the use of questionnaire from 742 respondents from 4 randomly selected suburban local government areas of Ibadan, Nigeria. Two sets of questionnaires were used to obtain the data needed for the study. The results of the quantitative data were presented in both descriptive and inferential statistics while qualitative data were contextually reported. The results for housing development of the low and moderate income groups occurred in phases with the incremental process taking as much as 8-12 years for construction while improvement of the existing structure took about five and a half years. Chi-square analysis with values being significant at p<0.05indicated the financing mechanisms for incremental housing construction at the level of foundation (0.007), main structure (0.0005), roofing (0.002) and internal fixtures (0.000) vary significantly with the exception of land purchase and drainage cum sewage stages. Funding for the incremental housing process can be improved if the socio-economic and traditional attributes of the people in the area are promoted. This needs to be encouraged as a way of directing the financing mechanisms devoid of interest rate and default risks to incremental housing.

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