Linguistic Image of a TV Hostess in Chat and Portrait Interviews

The present study featured the image of a TV hostess in such genres as chat interview and portrait interview. The speech genre is a factor that affects the linguistic image of a media personality. The linguistic image explicates various linguistic means used by TV hostesses to achieve the main goal of the speech genre. The research objective was to demonstrate the interrelation between the TV hostess image and the chat / portrait interview speech genres. The study involved the descriptive method, the qualitative and quantitative content analysis, and the discourse analysis. The linguistic image was analyzed at four levels. Each level revealed units that served as markers of the linguistic image of a TV hostess during chat and portrait interviews. The research results can be applied in theoretical and practical courses of media discourse theory, as well as in special courses of media linguistics, linguistic imagology, and communicative genreology. Further research is required to identify the nonverbal means of the image of a TV hostess in these speech genres.

REQUEST AS ONE OF THE SPEECH GENRES OF RELIGIOUS COMMUNICATION

The article is devoted to the study of such a speech genre as a request, which is actively used in interpersonal religious communication. The material for the study was the prayers, psalms of King David and the Book of Proverbs of Solomon, which are based on this form of communication. The study shows that the request belongs to the imperative speech genres, is an independent type of motivation, and has a set of specific properties. The specific situation of communication determines the choice of language forms of expression of the semantics of the request, and the addresser's intentions, which are implemented in it, make it possible to distinguish several types of requests. Statements have a spiritual component and are dialogical in nature. Their context directs the addressee to perform a post-communicative action, which is directly related to the addresser's desire to satisfy the necessary request. The paper uses a communicative-pragmatic approach, which allows us to explore the speech genre, taking into account all possible language means, special properties, aimed at implementing the semantics of the request in a communication situation. The results of the study are important for understanding the essence of religious communication.

Kultura wysoka na służbie, czyli o mitologizmach we współczesnych stylach i odmianach polszczyzny

High Culture on Duty or Mythology-Based Expressions in Contemporary Styles and Varieties of Polish The purpose of this article is to outline the stylistic and varietal extent of mythology-based expressions (of Graeco-Roman provenance), which include mythologically motivated linguistic units with varying formal (single words and polywords) and semantic (primary and secondary meanings) status. Due to their conventional origin, these units primarily belong to the literary variety of Polish. Additionally, they form the basis of numerous academic terms. To a much lesser degree, they also serve as fodder for other speech genres, styles and varieties of Polish that are conditioned by present-day cultural, civilizational and communicative changes, realized, for instance, in the language of journalists, internet users, public figures, manufacturers or owners of commercial and service facilities. The expressions in question are used in texts that differ stylistically, where they perform not only denotative-connotative but also axiological and expressive functions. Kultura wysoka na służbie, czyli o mitologizmach we współczesnych stylach i odmianach polszczyzny Celem niniejszego opracowania jest próba pokazania stylistycznego i odmianowego zasięgu mitologizmów (o grecko-rzymskiej proweniencji), do których można zaliczyć motywowane mitologicznie jednostki języka o różnym statusie formalnym (jedno- i wielowyrazowe) i semantycznym (o znaczeniu prymarnym i wtórnym). Jednostki te ze względu na swe konwencjonalne źródło przynależą przede wszystkim do książkowej odmiany polszczyzny. Dodatkowo, stały się one także podstawą wielu terminów naukowych. W nieznacznym stopniu zasilają też inne, warunkowane współczesnymi zmianami kulturowo-cywilizacyjnymi i komunikacyjnymi gatunki mowy, style i odmiany polszczyzny, realizujące się choćby w języku dziennikarzy, czynnych internautów, osób publicznych, producentów czy właścicieli obiektów usługowo-handlowych. Mitologizmy używane są zatem w tekstach o różnej stylistyce. Pełnią w nich funkcje nie tylko denotacyjno-konotacyjne, lecz także m.in. aksjologiczne i ekspresywne.

“Genre”: A nomadic concept or an aesthetic universal?

The article raises the problem of the metadisciplinary interpretation of the term “genre”, which can be equally well defined as a nomadic concept or as an artistic universal. The author focuses on the question of the configuration of features defining the concept of genre in philology, art history, and musicology. Taking as a basis the general aesthetic principles of genre specification – functional, thematic, and structural – the author analyzes their genre-forming potential in various artistic forms and comes to the conclusion that understanding genre as a communicative and formally meaningful category provides an interdisciplinary dialogue, but at the same time, genre dominants can be different. For speech genres, such a dominant is a communicative goal, for painting genres – a subject content. The semantic parameter of the genre is interpreted in a similar way in literary criticism and musicology. The division into primary and secondary genres is a common feature for both philology and musicology. The structural parameter includes compositional features and elements of genre style, and the specific weight of this parameter is especially high in canonical (protoliterary and literary) and primary musical genres. The meaning of the structural features of the genre is inversely proportional to the visualization of an artistic form. This parameter is least significant for the genre identification of a painting.

Speech portrait of O. Mandelstam (On the methodology of philological evaluation of poetic idiolect)

The article develops an algorithm of philological evaluation of a poetic idiolect, determines the components of the language competence of its carrier; on this basis presents the speech portrait of O. Mandelstam in the context of modern Russian poetry. The study shows that the linguistic competence of the poetic idiolect carrier is represented by two components: 1) speech culture competence, the level of which is inversely dependent with respect to the number of a) the orthological ans stylistic mistakes made by them; b) their types and subtypes; 2) elocutive competence, the level of which is determined by the number of stylistic techniques used by them. The evaluation of the speech culture competence is possible on the basis of a general typology of speech errors; for this purpose, a list of typical for modern poetic speech errors and shortcomings is compiled: if these errors and shortcomings regularly appear in the author’s texts, this indicates that he has problems in this area. The proposed test allows to identify poets with impeccable cultural competence and those whose competence leaves much to be desired. The evaluation of the elocutive competence is made on the basis of the general typology of figures (including rhythmic ones) and semantic transfers. One of the most significant criteria for evaluating elocutive competence is an ability to produce new stylistic techniques and speech genres, i. e. its creative component, in this aspect O. Mandelstam appears as a creator of at least two speech genres that have become a familiar attribute of modern Russian poetry: 1) an acromonosyllabic verse with a terminal spondaic caesura; 2) a free dolnik formed through the procedure of secondary verse division.

Speech genre of an expert report in the context of communicative goal-setting

The article studies a speech genre of an expert report. The study focuses on the realization of the most significant genre-forming feature – the communicative goal of an expert report. Scientific novelty is connected with the fact that an expert report is studied in the context of being a result of speech activity; within the theory of speech genres and communicative linguistics. The article focuses on the basic characteristics of the genre, its communicative goal-setting peculiarities, and the influence of an expert report type on the communicative goal realization. The analysis shows that the speech genre of an expert report is included into the terminological and actual boundaries of a wider and larger phenomenon, known as a speech event, which is realized by a set of speech genres and represents a form of organization of communication with certain participants. As a speech event, an expert report possesses a complex ritualized nature which makes it possible to define it as a complex speech event. The article studies the speech genre of an expert report as a leading genre of a speech event with the same name. The analysis has found out a dual trend of an expert report in communicative goal-setting, represented by: 1) information communication (informative objective) and 2) evaluation expression (evaluative objective). The balance between the two objectives is determined by an expert report type. Expert reports of traditional (special-purpose) type are found to appeal to consciousness and logic with the informative illocution being a predominant goal; while in case of humanitarian expert reports, subjective emotional experience and assessment serve the same purpose being applied in practice in the dominating evaluative illocution.

Semantic-pragmatic potential of reports of refusal of communication in the roman of E. Vodolazkin “Lavr”

The semantic and pragmatic potential of statements of refusal to communicate allows shedding light on the peculiarities of the phenomenon of silence, identifying its varieties, the specifics of manifestation in the Russian linguistic picture of the world and analyzing the functionality as part of a literary text. The concept of “refusal to communicate” is a broader phenomenon than the actual speech genre of refusal, since refusal as such implies a negative reaction only to initial motivational responses, while refusal of communication can become both a reaction to any statement or not be reactive at all, that is, to be the initial remark in the dialogue. The peculiarity of statements with the semantics of silence is manifested in the fact that their illocutionary goal is the impossibility or unwillingness to continue communication and is achieved using various linguistic means, first of all, lexemes denoting the speaking process, as well as modal modifiers expressing the reason for such speech behavior. The differences between speech genres, which are based on rejection, lie in the very object of rejection, in what the speaker rejects. In the Russian linguistic picture of the world, silence is characterized by the fact that it is a communicative action, it consists not in the absence of speech, but in the transmission of information in a non-verbal way. In this case, it is called communicatively meaningful silence. The analysis of the lexical structure of E. Vodolazkin’s novel “Laure” made it possible to identify important fragments of the text associated with silence, to obtain information about the author’s worldview and his attitude to the phenomenon of silence.

Dictionary Representation of Linguocultural Stereotypes: Communicative Behavior of Russians in Thematic Dictionary of Proverbs

The article deals with the problem of optimization of the dictionary description of the stereotypes of the Russian linguoculture, reflected by linguistic units, which is relevant for Russian cultural linguistics and lexicography. The possibilities of solving this problem are shown with a thematic vocabulary systematization of proverbs regulating the communicative behavior of Russians. A review of modern linguoculturological and linguoaxiological studies of paremias reflecting communicative behavior in their projection onto lexicographic practice is carried out. The development of the ideas of paremiographers of the 19th century in modern concepts of thematic dictionaries is shown, special attention is paid to the rubrication of sections and methods of commenting on proverbs of speech-behavioral topics. The author’s version of the classification of proverbial material reflecting the communicative behavior of Russians is given, the expediency of the dispersed arrangement of paremias in the headings representing speech genres and features of communication in certain socio-cultural spheres is substantiated. In accordance with this concept, the system of linguoaxiological parameterization of proverbs, developed by the authors earlier, has been modified. Samples of dictionary macrostates representing the axiologems of the speech-behavioral sphere are given; proverbial material of Internet communication that has not been reflected in dictionaries at the moment is used. The possibilities of using the proposed linguoaxiological parameterization of the material in the bilingual thematic dictionary of proverbs are shown.

FIELD MODELLING OF SPEECH GENRE (CASE STUDY OF ELITE BRAND GOODS IN INSTAGRAM)

The article is striving to describe one of the genres of advertising discourse - the advertising of elite brand goods in Instagram - through the theory of speech genres. The study is based on the following principles of the theory: all communication phenomena can be described through their primary or secondary nature; any speech genre has a field structure. A field consists of a core represented by features opposing this genre to other genres, and periphery represented by shared features. Field features of a genre are represented by language units of different levels grouped around some invariant content which depends on the topic and aim of communication. We have built a field model of speech genre of advertising of elite brand goods in Instagram, where the core features are word-play, highly expressive vocabulary and allusions which all aim to create positive image of elite goods. The field periphery has been split into closer periphery (common for all e-advertising) and farther periphery (represented by features common for advertising in general). The features of closer periphery are instant, ubiquitous and interactive nature. The features of farther periphery are informative and evaluative character, inducement and creolized nature.

Comment, Rating, Opinion, Review – the Preliminary Research

The article focuses on functional speech genres used on the Internet to assess the level of customer satisfaction after purchasing goods and services on portals with various offers. It attempts to define what genre is used in the texts called commentaries, evaluations, opinions and consumer reviews. Both Internet users and providers of goods and services use these terms interchangeably. The situation may result from the fact that in the ordinary mind, they constitute one genre. The text introduces the research on the statements of internet users expressing their opinion on the transaction, the purchased products, and the service provided. Nowadays, the Internet has such a large social impact that it is important to examine the changes in speech genres existing in the Internet space in relation to their prototypes derived from the literary tradition.