Genetic Features of Plasmid- and Chromosome-Mediated mcr-1 in Escherichia coli Isolates From Animal Organs With Lesions

The genomic context of the mcr-1 gene in Escherichia coli from animal feces has been widely reported. However, less is known about the mcr-1-carrying plasmid characteristics and other functional regions of Escherichia coli isolates from animal organs with lesions. The present study investigated the antimicrobial resistance, population structure, and genetic features of mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli strains isolated from animal organs with lesions. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing indicated that 24 mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli isolates were resistant to at least three or all antimicrobial categories. MLST analysis suggested that the dominant clone complexes (CC) were mainly CC156, CC448, and CC10. In addition, ST10596, a newly discovered sequence type in swine, failed to be classified. Meanwhile, the mcr-1 gene located on the different plasmids was successfully transferred to the recipients, and whole-genome sequencing indicated the mcr-1 gene was embedded in mcr-1-pap2 cassette but not flanked by ISApl1. The mcr-1 gene is located on the chromosome and embedded in Tn6330. Furthermore, NDM-5 was found on the IncX3-type plasmid of J-8. The virB6 and traI gene of type IV secretion system (T4SS) were truncated by IS2 and IS100 and located on the IncX4- and the IncHI2/HI2A/N-type plasmids, respectively. The multidrug-resistant (MDR) region of IncHI2/HI2A/N-type plasmids contained two class 1 integrons (In0, In640) and four composite transposons (Tn4352, Tn6010, cn_4692_IS26, cn_6354_IS26). Overall, 24 mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli isolates in our study showed MDR, or even extensively drug resistant (XDR), and exhibited population diversity. The T4SS gene truncation by the insertion sequence may affect the efficiency of plasmid conjugative transfer. Furthermore, the class 1 integrons and composite transposons in the MDR region of IncHI2/HI2A/n-type plasmid contributed to the multireplicon plasmid formation, the acquisition, and transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs).

PENINGKATAN HASIL BELAJAR IPA MELALUI IMPLEMENTASI MODEL KOOPERATIF TEKNIK PICTURE AND PICTURE

The aim of this research is to improve the learning outcomes of science subjects in human and animal organs through the use of the Picture and Picture Technique Cooperative Learning Model in class V of the Julok Cut Elementary School in the second semester of the 2016-2017 academic year. The benefits of this research are to add new references and theories in the field of education, especially the implementation of Classroom Action Research by applying various models or learning methods so as to improve student learning outcomes. To achieve this, the steps that need to be implemented are using the Picture and Picture Technique Cooperative Learning Model. Data analysis method used in this study uses descriptive analysis whose data is sourced from formative tests and classroom observations. This research was conducted in 2 cycles, each cycle consisting of two meetings. Indicators of success in this study are expected to increase students' mastery learning which reached 85% classically. The results showed, in the first cycle the average value of students amounted to 64 and mastery learning reached 44%. These results indicate an improvement from the initial conditions with an average score of only 54.8 and a new learning completeness of 28%. While in cycle II the average value of students was 79.2 and mastery learning reached 92%. The conclusion of this study is the use of the Picture and Picture Technique Cooperative Learning Model in natural science learning materials of human and animal organs can positively influence the improvement of student learning outcomes in the second semester of the second semester of SD Negeri Julok Cut, Julok District, East Aceh Regency.

EVALUASI DISKREPANSI TERHADAP IMPLEMENTASI PENDEKATAN SAINTIFIK PADA MUATAN PELAJARAN MATEMATIKA TEMA ORGAN TUBUH MANUSIA DAN HEWAN KELAS V SD DI KECAMATAN DENPASAR BARAT

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui diskrepansi pendekatan saintifik terkait implementasi pendekatan saintifik pada muatan pelajaran matematika tema organ tubuh manusia dan hewan kelas V SD di Kecamatan Denpasar Barat. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian evaluatif dengan model diskrepansi. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh guru kelas V SD Negeri di Kecamatan Denpasar Barat yang terdiri dari 8 gugus dan terdapat 55 sekolah. Sampel ditentukan dengan teknik Multistage Random Sampling dalam 3 tahap. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan kuesioner persepsi guru, lembar observasi pembelajaran berpendekatan saintifik, dan dokumentasi untuk mengetahui hasil belajar matematika. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik analisis deskripyif kuantitatif dan analisis korelasi product moment. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa : (1) diskrepansi yang terjadi terkait perencanaan pembelajaran berpendekatan saintifik sebesar 32,28 tergolong kategori kecil; (2) diskrepansi yang terjadi terkait pelaksanaan pembelajaran berpendekatan saintifik sebesar 32,79 tergolong kategori kecil; (3) diskrepansi yang terjadi terkait penilaian pembelajaran berpendekatan saintifik sebesar 34,74 tergolong kategori kecil; (4) diskrepansi yang terjadi terkait implementasi pembelajaran berpendekatan saintifik sebesar 33,27 tergolong kategori kecil; (5) persepsi guru tentang pendekatan saintifik sebesar 74,71 dengan kategori baik; (6) rata-rata nilai matematika tema organ tubuh manusia dan hewan sebesar 67 dengan kategori baik, dan; (7) tidak terdapat kontribusi antara kualitas pengelolaan proses pembelajaran berpendekatan saintifik dengan hasil belajar matematika tema organ tubuh manusia dan hewan kelas V SD di Kecamatan Denpasar Barat, dengan kategori korelasi sangat rendah.Kata Kunci: evaluasi, diskrepansi, pendekatan saintifik AbstractThis study aims to determined the magnitude of discrepancy scientific approach on the mathematics subjects of human and animal organs theme at grade 5th elementary school in West Denpasar Sub-district. This research was evaluative research with discrepancy model. The population in this research was the grade 5th (fifth) teachers of elementary school in West Denpasar Sub-district which cinsist of 8 clusters and 55 school. The sample were determined by Multistage Random Sampling technique in three stages. Data were collected by using teacher perception questionnaire, observation sheet of the scientific approach, and documentation to find out the results of mathematics learning. Data were analyzed by using quantitative descriptive analysis technique and product moment correlation analysis. The result of this study indicated indicated (1) the discrepancy thatoccurs related to the learning plan of scientific approaches is about 32,28 with small category; (2) discrepancy that occurs related to implementation of science-based learning is about 32,79 with small category; (3) discrepancy related to the assessment of the scientific approach learning amouted to 34,74 in the small category; (4) the discrepancy that occured related to the implementation of science based learning approaches amouted to 33,27 to small category; (5) the teachers perception abaout the scientific approach is 74,71 with good category; (6) the average mathematical value on the theme of human and animal organs of 67 in the medium category, and; (7) there is no contribution between the quality of management learning process of scientific approach with the result of mathematics learning on the theme human and animal organs in West Denpasar Sub-distric, with very low correlation categories. Keywords: Evaluation, discrepancy, scientific approach

Pure Polyphenols and Cranberry Juice High in Anthocyanins Increase Antioxidant Capacity in Animal Organs

Anthocyanins and the broader class of polyphenols are strong antioxidants in vitro. Polyphenols are one of the major antioxidants in plant foods, and the beverages derived from them. There is extensive evidence in the literature that polyphenols are beneficial to health. In order to be bioactive in vivo, they need to be bioavailable and be transported from the circulation to target organs. To date, there have been few studies testing the extent to which polyphenols and especially anthocyanins affect the antioxidant capacity of animal organs. In our first pilot study, we investigated how three pure polyphenols (the flavonoids quercetin, catechin and hesperetin) given to rats by intraperitoneal injection (49 to 63 mg/kg) affected their organ antioxidant capacity. This was followed by a subsequent study that injected one ml of 100% cranberry juice (high in anthocyanins) to hamsters. Antioxidant capacity of animal organs was determined by using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) colorimetric assay on methanolic extracts of select rat organs (i.e., liver, kidney, heart, prostate and brain) and in the hamster organs (i.e., liver, kidney, heart, bladder and brain). Overall the results showed that antioxidant capacity was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in experimental vs. control organs. Analysis of organs by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) from both animal studies provided evidence of polyphenol metabolites in the organ extracts. Taken together, this study provides data that the administration of anthocyanins and other polyphenols cause an increase in organ antioxidant capacity in two animal models. This result supports the growing evidence for the hypothesis that dietary polyphenols reduce the risk and extent of various chronic disease at the disease site.

EFFECT OF THE FODDER ADDITIVE GEMOVIT-MEYAN ON THE CONTENT OF LEAD AND CADMIUM IN THE BODIES AND TISSUES OF WHITE RATS IN SUBACUTE EXPERIMENT

When white rats are poisoned with lead and cadmium at a dose of 50 and 5 mg/ kg of feed, the largest accumulation of heavy metals is observed in the liver (4,04 mg/kg Pb and 6,13 mg/kg Cd) and kidneys (4,13 mg/kg Pb and 9,09 mg/ kg Cd), a rather high content of lead was also noted in the spleen (3,77 mg/kg). The use of the gemovit-meyan feed additive for 2 months on the background of poisoning led to a decreasing in the content of cadmium in all the studied animal organs by 40...60 %, while for lead there was only a tendency to reduce its content in the organs. On the basis of the obtained data, it is possible to conclude about the potential effectiveness of gemovit-meyan in poisoning with heavy metals and recommend its further study as an additional tool that can reduce heavy metals intoxication.

Transplantation is Not Enough..., or on the Concept of Xenotransplantation

The paper presents the emergence of the concept of xenotransplantation which is a relatively new issue in the literature on the subject. It is due to the fact that transplants of animal organs are currently in the experimental phase. The main current problem of transplantology is the shortage of organs; hence, the search for new solutions has become an everyday challenge. If a way for the human body to tolerate animal organs could be found, transplant medicine and humanity would be in a completely different place. The authors introduce the concepts of transplantation and xenotransplantation and their origins, then they raise ethical issues related to this type of organ transplantation. Finally, the authors conclude that xenotransplantations have a chance to be “incorporated” (back again) in the “transplants” category when the experimental phase of xenotransplantation shifts to the implementation stage. Time will tell whether it will be possible.