Rehin Mitigates Chronic Kidney Injury by Decreasing the Release of Perforin and IFN-γ from Immune Cells Via Inhibiting the STING/TBK1/IRF3 Pathway Activation

Shenkang suppository (SKS), a Chinese medicinal preparation rich in various natural ingredients, has not been reported in any studies related to fibrosis. Our experiments validated the anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects of Rhein (Rh), which is a major component of SKS, and explored its potential immune mechanisms. Tissue and serum specimens from chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and normal subjects were collected in 30 cases each, and the expression differences of perforin and IFN-γ were analyzed by ELISA. Further, the CKD mice model constructed with folic acid (FA) was used to validate these differences by WB and qRT-PCR to explore the potential nephroprotective mechanism of Rh. Besides, in vitro experiments were conducted to identify the release sources of perforin and IFN-γ. ELISA showed that perforin and IFN-γ were upregulated in CKD patients, and this phenomenon was also corroborated in CKD mice. WB and qRT-PCR data showed that Rh reversed perforin and IFN-γ upregulation, inflammatory factor recruitment, and extracellular matrix (ECM) protein upregulation. Results from in vitro experiments demonstrate that the upregulation of perforin and IFN-γ originates from the stress response of CD4+ T lymphocytes (CD4+ cells), CD8+ T lymphocytes (CD8+ cells) and natural killer cells (NK cells), which can be suppressed by Rh. More importantly, the activated STING/TBK1/IRF3 pathway in CKD was also inhibited by Rh. Our data suggest that Rh possesses anti-fibrotic and nephroprotective effects, which mechanistically are associated with decreased release of perforin and IFN-γ from immune cells, which may be achieved by suppressing the STING/TBK1/IRF3 pathway.

Lipid Peroxidation and the Redox Effects of Polyherbal

The use of more than one herb in a medicinal preparation also known as polyherbal has increased geometrically in recent times. Over a hundred thousand scientists have cited “herbal” to strengthen its ethnopharmacological relevance in literature. Polyherbal (PH) is effective potential therapeutic compound used globally to treat oxidative stress-induced injuries which give credence for their traditional applications. However, some issues related to safety and adverse reactions due to PH have raised important public health debates. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) assay is widely used to assess the toxic endpoint of PH. This paper discusses some important roles that PH plays during oxidation–reduction processes.

A Comparative HPLC Quantification of Vatsanabha (Aconitum ferox Wall ex Seringe.) Root Processed in Cow's Urine and Cow's Milk

Vatsanabh mula (Aconitum ferox Wall ex Seringe root); is toxic due to its chief active principle an alkaloid named as Aconitine. According to Ayurveda and modern science; it is included in one of the most poisonous plants known till today to mankind. Despite it is used widely in Ayurvedic treatment in various diseases. So its use in medicinal preparation should be done only after proper processing termed as Shodhan (purification) procedures. These processings are done in specific media. Shodhan procedures enhance therapeutic properties of Vatsanabha, reduce its toxicity & convert it into medicine. In Ayurvedic literature, media like Gomutra (Cow’s urine), Godugdha (Cow’s milk) and Ajadugdha (Goat’s milk) has been mentioned for Shodhan procedures of Vatsanabha. This study focuses on effect of two Shodhan procedures of Vatsanabha Mula by using Gomutra (cow’s urine) and Godugdha (cow’s milk) on HPLC quantification of Aconitine while the raw roots were taken as control. Changes in HPLC chromatogram confirm the effect of Shodhan procedure on Vatsanabha. In HPLC analysis, peaks were observed at retention time 30.1. Areas under the curve were less in the samples after purification with cow’s urine compared to purification with cow’s milk, indicating denaturation of some component after purification. Hence, Vatsanabha mula purified by Gomutra (cow’s urine) may be regarded as better method of purification as far as toxic alkaloids are concerned.

STANDARDISASI EKSTRAK ETANOL 96% BULU BABI Echinometra mathaei DARI PERAIRAN BANGKALAN

Echinometra mathaei sea urchins are known to contain chemical compounds that can be used to overcome health problems, one of which has antioxidant activity. Some previous studies have explained the benefits of sea urchins but to ensure the quality assurance of sea urchins extracts, efforts should be made to determine the quality standards of sea urchins extract. This study aims to standardize specific parameters and non-specific parameters on Echinometra mathaei sea urchins extract to ensure the quality of 96% ethanol extract. Samples were obtained from Rongkang Beach, Kwanyar District, Bangkalan District, Madura which were then extracted using maceration method with 96% ethanol solvent. The results of the study for specific parameters showed that organoleptically and macroscopically the extracts were thick, blackish brown in color and characteristic of sea urchins; levels of dissolved compounds in ethanol of 78.37%; levels of dissolved compounds in water of 93.09%; and chemical content tests showed that the extract contained steroid compounds, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids and terpenoids. Determination of non-specific parameters showed that Echinometra mathaei sea urchin extract had a drying shrinkage of 3.03%; specific gravity of 0.8411 g/mL; water content of 5.32%; Pb heavy metal contamination was 7.28 mg/kg, Cd was <0.0024 mg/kg, Hg was <0.0002 mg / kg, Mg was 347.83 mg / kg; microbial contamination of <10 colonies / mL; and yeast mold contamination of <10 colonies/mL. The conclusion is Echinometra mathaei sea urchin extract has the potential to be developed into a medicinal preparation. Key word: Echinometra mathaei, Specific standardize parameters, non-specific standardize parameters, Extract thanol 96%.

Possibilities of chronic brain ischemia manifestations correction in outpatient practice

Cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) are one of the main causes of mortality and permanent disability in patients. Chronic brain ischemia (CBI) is a slowly progressive dysfunction of the brain with gradually increasing defects in its functioning, which is accompanied by energy deficiency. Early use of energy correctors, one of the representatives of which is ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate (EMHPS), is recommended to preserve the viability of nervous tissue in patients with CBI. A number of experimental, clinical, and randomized studies have shown that medicinal preparation (MP) containing EMHPS improve brain metabolism and blood supply, improve microcirculation, and reduce platelet aggregation. The main mechanisms of action are: antioxidant and membranotropic effects, the ability to reduce glutamate excitotoxicity, modulate the functioning of receptors and membrane-bound enzymes, restore neurotransmitter balance, and increase the energy status of the cell. The liberal MP EMHPS included in the standards of medical care for patients with stroke, angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction. The presented data from the results of numerous studies and our own observation indicate that it is possible to correct cognitive, motor, coordination, and adaptive capabilities while taking EMGPS. Used for today the scheme of appointment of EMHPS in patients with CBI: starting from 500 mg once a day intravenously (i/v) in drip for 14 days, followed by a transition to oral reception (o/r) at a dose of 250 mg 3 times a day, a course of 60 days.

Pengembangan Sensor Kimia Berbasis Strip Tes untuk Deteksi Logam Berat Merkuri pada Sampel Produk Jamu

The use of plants as a traditional medicine in the modern era is still in high demand. One of the herbs commonly used by Indonesian is analgesic herbal medicine. The safety aspect of herbal medicine should be considered, such as heavy metal contamination. Mercury is the typical heavy metal found in polluting herbal plants. The maximum mercury level allowed in a medicinal preparation has been regulated by BPOM RI, as much as ≤ 0.5 ppm. A high level of mercury contamination causing toxic effects on the body due to protein precipitation, which inhibits enzyme activity and acts as a corrosive material. A technology that allows the detection of mercury is a chemical sensor. The strip test is optimal if the reagent 1-(2-thiazolyl azo)-2-naphthol (TAN) concentration at 1000 ppm and the sample has been confirmed at pH 7. The results of the strip test characterization showed that the response time was in the range of minutes 17 to 24, the use time of the test strips for 28 days if stored in room temperature and 29 days if stored at in refrigerator temperature, linearity with r = 0.998, Vx0 = 3.96%, p-value = 0.00000172, LOD = 0.102 ppm and LOQ = 0.306 ppm, interference value <5%, precision with RSD 6.54%, and accuracy with the value of % recovery 98.007%. T-test analysis showed p= 0.872, meaning no significant difference between the application of TAN-based test strips with the ICP-AES method.

Collagen and Use Its in the Treatment of Wounds

Wounds take the main places of among surgical diseases, and the problem of developing new methods of their treatment remains relevant today. In recent years, the use of collagen has been widely used in the treatment of wounds. Collagen modulates the flow of fluid from the wound, facilitates the migration of fibroblasts and the formation of microvessels, helps in the synthesis of neodermal collagen matrices, forms complexes with biologically active substances and minimizes the formation of scars.Currently, collagen is used in the treatment of soft tissue wounds in the form of several pharmaceutical forms. Collagen sponges are used in the treatment of thermal and mechanical wounds, for local delivery of medicines. Collagen gels can be used for injections. Collagen can also be implemented in the form of a collagen shield. There are also collagen granules that have been developed for various compounds.Thus, the use of collagen is promising in the development of new medicinal preparation. However, for a wider disclosure of its clinical potential, it is necessary to thoroughly study all types of collagen and reveal their role at different stages of soft tissue repair.

DETERMINING IMPACT OF SOLUTIONS WITH DIFFERENT CONCENTRATION OF CHEMICALS ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF MICROMYCETES SAPROLEGNIACEAE IN VITRO

In connection with the prohibition of organic dyes (violet K, methylene green, etc.) in fish farming, the article focuses on searching the approach to solving the problem of treating culti-vated aquaculture objects affected by saprolegnium micromycetes by using chemicals that do not have a negative effect on the host organism. There have been presented the experiment results of determining the influence of chemicals solutions (hydrogen peroxide, hydroperite, boric acid, sodium chloride) and the medicinal preparation Monclavit-1 on the culture of micro-mycetes Saprolegniaceae isolated from the incubated caviar. There has been shown the effectiveness of boric acid concentrations from 0.1% to 2.0%; of Monklavit-1 – 0.005-0.03%; of hydrogen peroxide – 0.5-0.7%; of hydroperite - from 1.5% to 2%. The maximum fungistatic effect on the growth and development of saprolegnium micromycetes is provided by the chemicals: sodium chloride (4.0% and 4.5% for 5 minutes) and 0.4% solution of hydrogen peroxide with an exposure of 3 minutes. The obtained data suggest that using the above substances, taking into account the effective concentrations and exposures in fish farming, will reduce infection with saprolegnium micromycetes of aquaculture objects at different stages of development (from caviar to producers).