DEVELOPMENT OF BIODEGRADABLE POLYSACCHARIDE-PROTEIN EDIBLE GEL COAT WITH ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES FOR FOOD PRODUCTS

Food edible coatings are an important milestone in food production and one of the innovations in food packaging development. This article presents materials on the development of the formulation and technology for the manufacture of a novel composite coating based on sodium alginate, chitosan and protein hydrolysate obtained by the electrochemical method of double extraction from cod processing waste to obtain edible coatings for semi-finished fish products. Furthermore, the physicochemical, physical, mechanical and microbiological properties of this material are described.

Essential oil extraction from onion using ethanol and CO2 as an extraction fluid mixture

Introduction: Essential oils are volatile chemical compounds, widely known by their fragrance, as well as by antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. These oils are generally extracted from aromatic plants in procedures using conventional solvents. Methods: In this study, essential oil was extracted from onion (previously chopped and dried) using a mixture of ethanol and CO2 as the extraction fluid. The essential oil obtained from the extraction was collected and purified and the mass was determined (by weighing) to evaluate the effect of CO2 flow on the yield. The essential oil extracted and purified was characterized to determine the acid and refraction indexes, viscosity, and specific mass. Results: The values obtained for refraction and acid indexes are within limits and similar to the average reported in literature. In all cases, when the CO2 was used, there was an increase the essential oil recovery. In terms of quality, the products from this process were characterized to determine the density, acid index and refraction index. The results obtained were similar to those published in the literature. Discussion: The proposed apparatus and CO2 methodology can be considered a good alternative to boost the extraction of essential oil aiming the obtaining of new products for use as raw materials in different industrial processes. Since this apparatus presents more than double extraction yield than Soxhlet experiment.

Study of the phenolic compounds of the dry extract of Thymus crebrifoli ususing a combined HPLC–UV and HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method

In world practice interest in herbal medicines is noticeably increasing every year. From this point of view, plants of the ThymusL. genus of the Lamiaceaefamily are of undoubted interest. Previously we have obtained a dry extract from the aerial part of an endemic plant of the flora of Kazakhstan Thymus crebrifoliusKlokovfor the first time by double extraction of raw plant materials with 70% ethanol using ultrasound. Dry extract of Thymus crebrifoliushas a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity, including against Helicobacter pylori, while it is not toxic, and can be used as an antimicrobial agent. The article presents the results of a study of the composition of phenolic compounds of dry extract of Thymus crebrifoliususing a combined HPLC-UV and HPLC-MS/MS method. 12 phenolic compounds have been identified and quantified in the dry extract of Thy-mus crebrifolius. Four of them are phenolic acids, and eight are flavonoids. The dominant phenolic compounds are luteolin-7-O-glucoside (109.00mg g−1),rosmarinic acid (30.98mg g−1), naringenin (24.84 mg g−1), epicat-echin (9.98mg g−1),myricetin (6.15mg g−1) and gallic acid (3.41mg g−1). The results of chromatographic analysis will be used to standardize drugs based on dry extract of Thymus crebrifolius.

Phenolic compounds of Bassia prostrata (Chenopodiaceae)

The composition and content of phenolic compounds in plants of the polymorphic species Bassia prostrata (Chenopodiaceae) from geographically distant populations were studied by high-performance liquid chromatography. The material for the study was the aboveground part of the plant. The plants were collected in the flowering phase in Russia (Novosibirsk region, Republic of Tyva, Khakassia, Buryatia, Altai), Kazakhstan, Armenia. The phenolic compounds were extracted by double extraction with 70% ethanol. Component composition of the phenolic complex was investigated by Agilent 1200 chromatograph. Eleven phenolic compounds, including isoquercitrin, kaempferol-3-glycoside, isoramnetin-3-rutinoside, and luteolin were found in the composition. The quantitative content of each compound could vary from 0.1 to 10.8 mg/g in different populations. Chemotypes were determined for the qualitative and quantitative content of phenolic compounds

The validation of estradiol extraction and analysis from hair

Background. Saliva is a popular biospecimen for the measurement of hormones, yet fluctuations in hormone levels limit the extent to which saliva can address focusing on basal or long-term levels. Hair steroid assays return basal hormonal levels by collapsing across short-term hormonal variability, including menstrual cyclicity. Here we sought to validate a hair bioassay methodology that can capture stable estradiol levels from both human and monkey hair samples. Methods. Three projects were involved to examine hair-saliva correspondence and estradiol stability in hair. Project 1. Saliva samples were collected once per week for two cycles in 11 emerging adult women. Hair samples were collected at the end of each menstrual cycle and were segmented by 1 cm for the first 4 cm to reflect the past four serial months’ hormone levels. Project 2. Hair samples collected from 23 adolescent participants (Mage = 14.1, 56.5% female) were cut to three 1.5 cm segments from the scalp end. Project 3. Two hair samples were collected from two adjacent skin areas on each monkey (N = 8, 75% males). Whole hair samples were sheared and used for assay without segmentation. Hair biospecimens were processed using a double-extraction protocol validated in this study, then assayed using commercially-available enzyme-immuno-assays for estradiol. Results. Project 1. Hair estradiol concentrations were significantly associated with averaged saliva estradiol levels (r = 0.77, p< .05). Estradiol levels in two consecutive segments were significantly associated (1st vs. 2nd: r = .63, p < .01; 2nd vs. 3rd: r = .49, p < .05; 3rd vs. 4th: r = .53, p < .05). Project 2. Estradiol concentrations were significantly correlated between the first two successive hair segments from the scalp end (r = .69, p < .01). Project 3. Estradiol levels in the two hair samples from each monkey were significantly correlated (r = .66, p < .05).Discussion. Results suggest hair captures valid and reliable average estradiol concentrations using a double-extraction protocol that is applicable for both human and monkey hair. The measurement of hair provides valuable information on individual differences in average estradiol levels across months. Results also indicate that it is feasible and reliable to collect the first 2-3 centimeters of studies in which basal estradiol levels in the past 2 to 3 months are of interest as a stable hormonal index for different species.

Determination of Cholesterol Content in Butter by HPLC: Up-to-Date Optimization, and In-House Validation Using Reference Materials

This work deals with up-to-date optimization of cholesterol content determination when saponification and extraction procedures as well as HPLC conditions were studied. As found, optimal conditions for saponification process were identified by 15 min heating in the presence of 0.015 L of methanolic KOH solution with a concentration 1 mol/L with subsequent 0.015 L n-hexane–chloroform binary mixture (1:1, v/v) double extraction. HPLC separation consisted of isocratic elution with flow rate of 0.5 mL/min mobile phase composed of acetonitrile/methanol 60:40 (v/v) and stationary phase Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 column 2.1 × 100 mm, 3.5 μm particle size diameters with detector wavelength 205 nm. The method passed through in-house validation criteria and its suitability was verified by analysis of butter reference materials. In final, the average content of cholesterol content in butter was determined at 2271.0 mg/kg. Thus, the method is suitable for the determination of cholesterol content in butter and probably also in other dairy products.

An Optimized Dual Extraction Method for the Simultaneous and Accurate Analysis of Polar Metabolites and Lipids Carried out on Single Biological Samples

The functional understanding of metabolic changes requires both a significant investigation into metabolic pathways, as enabled by global metabolomics and lipidomics approaches, and the comprehensive and accurate exploration of specific key pathways. To answer this pivotal challenge, we propose an optimized approach, which combines an efficient sample preparation, aiming to reduce the variability, with a biphasic extraction method, where both the aqueous and organic phases of the same sample are used for mass spectrometry analyses. We demonstrated that this double extraction protocol allows working with one single sample without decreasing the metabolome and lipidome coverage. It enables the targeted analysis of 40 polar metabolites and 82 lipids, together with the absolute quantification of 32 polar metabolites, providing comprehensive coverage and quantitative measurement of the metabolites involved in central carbon energy pathways. With this method, we evidenced modulations of several lipids, amino acids, and energy metabolites in HepaRG cells exposed to fenofibrate, a model hepatic toxicant, and metabolic modulator. This new protocol is particularly relevant for experiments involving limited amounts of biological material and for functional metabolic explorations and is thus of particular interest for studies aiming to decipher the effects and modes of action of metabolic disrupting compounds.

Double vs single primary tooth extraction in interceptive treatment of palatally displaced canines:

ABSTRACT Objectives To compare the impact of primary canine and primary first molar extractions with extractions of only the primary canine regarding correction of palatally displaced canines (PDCs). Materials and Methods Thirty-two children aged 9.5–13.5 years with 48 PDCs were randomly allocated to either the double-extraction group (DEG) or single-extraction group (SEG). Clinical and radiographic examinations were performed at baseline and at 6-month intervals until the canine emerged or orthodontic treatment was started. Outcome measures were: emergence of maxillary canine (yes/no), emergence of maxillary canine into a favorable position (yes/no), and maxillary canine positional change (angulation and sector). Factors influencing PDC emergence were analyzed using logistic regression. Results In the DEG, 64% (16/25) of canines emerged into the oral cavity vs 78% (18/23) in the SEG (P = .283). Favorable PDC position at trial end was seen in 64% (16/25) of the DEG vs 57% (13/23) of the SEG (P = .600). Significant distal movement of PDCs was recorded in the DEG and SEG, though no significant difference was observed between groups. Significant predictors of canine emergence were initial canine angulation (Angle A) (P = .008) and space conditions at T0 (P = .030). Conclusions Double or single primary tooth extraction procedures are equivalent in supporting PDC eruption into the oral cavity and into a favorable position in the dental arch. Initial canine angulation and space assessments may be used as predictors of successful PDC eruption.

Development of a Sustainable, Simple, and Robust Method for Efficient l-DOPA Extraction

l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) is a medically relevant compound in Parkinson’s disease therapy. Several extraction methods of l-DOPA from beans, including velvet and faba beans, have been described in the literature. However, these methods require the use of strong acids, long extraction times, or complex downstream processing, which makes the extraction of l-DOPA expensive and energy-demanding, limiting its industrial application. In addition, the stability of l-DOPA during the extraction process is critical, further complicating the extraction of adequate amounts of this amino acid. This work is the first report on a simple, rapid, greener, and robust extraction method of l-DOPA. The developed method consists of a quick homogenization step followed by a double extraction with 0.2% v/v acetic acid for 20 min and was applied to faba bean at a ratio of 1:25 with respect to the extracting solvent. This study also investigated the stability of l-DOPA during extraction and thermal treatment. The proposed method demonstrated to be robust and extraordinarily efficient for numerous cultivars of faba bean, velvet bean, and food products containing faba beans.