ESTİMATİON OF GENETİC AND ENVİRONMENTAL PARAMETERS AFFECTİNG PRODUCTİVİTY İN MORKARAMAN SHEEP AND ECONOMİC EVALUATİON OF PARAMETERS

This study was carried out to protect the continuity of productivity in morkaraman sheep raised in Turkey and determine their economic importance. Morkaraman sheep are concentrated in the Eastern Regions of the country. The province of Bingöl, where the study was conducted, is located in this region and has an important morkaraman population. The study was carried out between 2008-2018. Sixty-eight morkaraman sheep were used during the study period out of 317 lambing lambs. In the study, the total number of lambs born per sheep (TNLBS), the number of weaned lambs (NWL), the weights of the lambs weaned per sheep (WLWS) and the total weight of the lambs weaned in the first period (TWLWFP) were determined. In addition, Additive genetic variance, Error variance, Phenotypic variance, Heritability and Ratio of error variation were determined for these variables. As a result, the correlation between the examined variables was significant and positive, except for the relationship between TNLBS and TWLWFP. The relationship between these two variables was significant but negative. Significant changes were also observed in terms of genetic parameters. It was concluded that the economic aspects of the examined variables should not be ignored in terms of sustainability. Keywords: Sheep, morkaraman, sustainability, genotypic and phenotypic variance.

THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN TURKEY

After Industrial Revolution, severe increases were experienced in fossil fuel consumption due to increased energy needs. The endless struggle of humankind for interest and his/her ignorance of environmental devastation led greenhouse gas to accumulate in the atmosphere, global warming to be experienced and, depending on this, climatic change to form. This process experienced has caused many international and national studies to be conducted in the area of climatic change related to the different disciplines, and the issue has taken place in the top orders among the leading subjects in academic platforms. This study discussed the effect of climatic change in Turkey on the agricultural sector. The sectors dealt with the study the agricultural sector, and the effects of climatic changes were aimed to be introduced with an econometric model. In agricultural sector, the effects of climatic changes from the perspective of the product productivity were analyzed by means of the agricultural sector, the effects of climatic changes from the perspective of product productivity were analyzed through Granger Causality Test. In the study, the period of 1970 -2017 was based on. The study deals with the issue on a sectorial basis; additionally, its effect is evaluated on the basis of product productivity from the original aspect of the study. Setting out from the results obtained in the study, climatic policies directed to the agricultural sector for Turkey were formed. The effects of the process on the sector were explicitly introduced. Developing climatic policies directed to this sector was targeted to contribute to the literature. Keywords: Climate change, agricultural products, granger causality test, variance decomposition.

EVALUATION OF FUNGICIDES AGAINST PHYTOPHTHORA AND FUSARIUM (root rot spp.) OF CITRUS ROOTSTOCKS SEEDLINGS

Citrus is one of the most important fruit crop in the world and is usually grown through grafting technique. Rootstock is one of the significant part in grafted plants and has crutial effect on production, including yield, fruit quality, tree size, tolerance to salts and diseases, and scion compatibility. Citrus is susceptible to several fungal pathogens causing incalculable losses to the crop. Among all soil-borne fungal pathogens, Phytophthora and Fusarium cause the most severe damage to the nursery or orchards plants. This research was planned to evaluate the effectiveness of fungicides as soil drenching and root dipping to control Phytophthora and Fusarium attacking citrus rootstock seedlings at the nursery stage. Different physiological and morphological parameters were studied in the infected plants and data were compared with that of control. The data were recorded and compared concerning rootstock seed and seeding response using standard measures and statistical analysis. The results showed that plants inoculated with Phytophthora and Fusarium root rot spp.when treated with Aliette and Ridomil Gold showed maximum root shoot ratio, fresh dry weight ratio, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, water potential and transpiration rate as compared to untreated plants. The results also depicted that plants treated with Aliette and Ridomil Gold through soil drenching have maximum root shoot ratio, fresh dry weight ratio, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate as compared to root dipped plants. Keywords: Fungal diseases, pathogens, root rot, nursery plants.

THE EFFECT OF OLIVE WASTES FOR POULTRY FEED ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS: A review

The increasing demand for animal products has increased the demand of feed ingredients around the world. However, the decrease in natural resources, cultivated lands, and resulted in continuous supply of feed ingredients. For this reason, studies on alternative feed ingredients are the main interest of scientists. Olive industry by products are one of the major environmental pollutant and these by-products could be potential alternative feed ingredients for livestock /poultry industry. Studies have reported that the reuse of olive by-products in broiler feeding has an impact on environmental, economic and growth performance. Current review will provide the information that olive industry by-products can be used efficiently in broiler feeding. It will also contribute to the elimination of environmental problems caused by the breakdown of such wastes in the environment. However, maintaining the nutritional value, preservation methods and feed incorporation level in order to include these unconventional feed sources in the diet of farm animals is another problem that needs to be studied. This study will provide the evidence that olive industry by-products not only will increase the growth performance of broilers, but increase the olive industry profit and reduce environmental pollution. Keywords: leaves, olive, pomace, pulp, waste recycling.

YOUNG WOMEN FARMERS IN THE SCOPE OF THE YOUNG FARMERS GRANT SUPPORT PROJECT: THE CASE OF KIRIKKALE PROVINCE IN TURKIYE

This study aimed to reveal the situation of young women farmers (YWFs) who benefited from cattle farming support for three years in Kırıkkale, one of the provinces where the study was carried out. In Kırıkkale province, 397 young farmers were supported and 250 of them were YWFs. The projects with the highest grant support were cattle farming projects, and they constituted 62.22% of the projects (247 units). The rate of YWF who benefited from cattle farming support for three years was higher than young men farmers (YMF) and was determined as 59.51%. In this study, face-to-face survey questionnaires were filled in the 2020 year with 36 YWFs and 36 YMFs. As a result of the study, it was determined that YMFs have more experience in cattle breeding than YWFs. It is seen that especially YWFs are married and their families have high non-agricultural income; their husbands support especially YWFs at the application stage. 52.78% of YWFs and 69.44% of YMFs stated that they want to expand their farms with the given support. As a result of the study, it was determined that there was a significant increase in the number of animals after the given support to the young farmers, and it was revealed that the most important problem of the young farmers was that they had financial difficulties in the supply of production inputs. It is seen that this project, which has both social and economic aspects, encourages YWFs to take more part in agricultural activities. However, it is important to determine more effective criteria at the selection stage, follow up and supervise the beneficiaries of the incentives both during and after the project, and support the successful ones to grow their farms. Keywords: Young women farmers, young farmers project support, rural development, kırıkkale-Turkiye.

A SİMULATİON STUDY TO DETERMİNE THE RESPONSE OF MORKARAMAN SHEEP RAİSED İN CENTRAL AND EASTERN ANATOLİAN TO CHANGİNG CLİMATE CONDİTİONS

Climate change has begun to affect the whole world seriously. If necessary and sufficient measures are not taken, it seems possible that much bigger disasters will occur in the future. The agricultural sector, which forms the basis of food production, is affected the most and rapidly by this change. Significant decreases have been observed in plant and animal production. Our primary purpose is to determine the reproductive potential of animals and the amount of resistance to climate change and evaluate the economic situation. The study was carried out within ten years, covering 2009-2019. In this study, morkaraman sheep bred in the province of Kırşehir in the Central Anatolian Region and the province of Bingöl in the Eastern Anatolia Region is considered material in Turkey. In order to obtain the data used, a total of 296 sheep, 145 sheep in the Eastern Anatolia Region and 151 sheep in the Central Anatolia Region, were evaluated. The simulation study was carried out using the polygenic model. The variables examined are as follows; Lactation time (days), Average daily milk yield (ml), Daily amount of feed consumed for 1 kg live weight (kg), Yield (%), Incidence of Mastitis, Daily oil yield (g/day), Daily protein yield ( g/day), Fertility (%), Fertility time (productivity) (Days), Change in milk yield for each degree above 22 °C and Protein change for each degree above 22 °C (g/°C /day). As a result, in a one-degree increase in temperature, the highest negative effect is seen in the average daily milk yield and lactation period. Fertility and the amount of feed consumed per kg of weight had the lowest value. The preliminary work to be done with the work is that the selection of animals that are resistant/tolerant to climate change should be made. Keywords: Genotypic effects, climatic change, morkaraman sheep, simulation, sustainability.

DNA METHYLATION IN PLANTS

Common DNA methylation controls gene expression and preserves genomic integrity. Mal methylation can cause developmental abnormalities in the plants. Multiple enzymes carrying out de novo methylation, methylation maintenance, and active demethylation culminate in a particular DNA methylation state. Next-generation sequencing advances and computational methods to analyze the data. The model plant Arabidopsis thaliana was used to study DNA methylation patterns, epigenetic inheritance, and plant methylation. Plant DNA methylation research reveals methylation patterns and describing variations in plant tissues. Determining the kinetics of DNA methylation in diverse plant tissues is also a new field. However, it is vital to understand regulatory and developmental decisions and use plant model species to develop new commercial crops; that are more resistant to stress and yield more. There are several methods available for assessing DNA methylation data. The performance of several techniques is assessed in A. thaliana, which has a smaller genome than hexaploid bread wheat. Keywords: DNA methylation, plants, process, use and benefits

IMPACT OF PESTICIDE (FENITROTHION) ON AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS: A REVIEW

Pesticide contamination has become a significant public health problem globally because of their widespread use in the agriculture sector to increase crop yield and quality. The organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are extensively used for insect handling in agriculture due to their effectiveness against the insects and the restricted staying power in the environment. OPs can prevail prolong in the natural environment, causes pollution issues and produce a major problem to humans, animals and nature. The extensive application of OPs in public health and agricultural programs causes critical environmental pollution, which accounts for serious health issues due to acute or chronic poisoning in the living creatures. The Fenitrothion (FNT), from the organophosphate family, is the contact insecticide and the selective acaricide. This review article focuses on the adverse effects of pesticides on targeted and non-targeted organisms, including terrestrial and aquatic life. It includes organophosphates and their toxicity on humans and animals. The main focus is on Fenitrothion, its mechanism and its adverse toxic effect on animals and humans. Adverse effects of Fenitrothion (FNT) on blood cells, immunity, kidney, liver, reproductive system, genetic material, and other aspects are also studied. Oxidative stress has also been included as it is the main factor in pesticides. The objective of this review article is to precisely cover pesticides, mainly FNT. Keywords: Pollution, public health pests, agriculture, pesticides, organochlorine, Fenitrothion, systemic toxicity.

INFLUENCE OF MODERN MEDIA ON AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION DISSEMINATION: A STUDY OF POULTRY FARMERS IN OYO STATE

INFLUENCE OF MODERN MEDIA ON AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION DISSEMINATION: A STUDY OF POULTRY FARMERS IN OYO STATE

DNA METHYLATION IN PLANTS

Common DNA methylation controls gene expression and preserves genomic integrity. Mal methylation can cause developmental abnormalities in the plants. Multiple enzymes carrying out de novo methylation, methylation maintenance, and active demethylation culminate in a particular DNA methylation state. Next-generation sequencing advances and computational methods to analyze the data. The model plant Arabidopsis thaliana was used to study DNA methylation patterns, epigenetic inheritance, and plant methylation. Plant DNA methylation research reveals methylation patterns and describing variations in plant tissues. Determining the kinetics of DNA methylation in diverse plant tissues is also a new field. However, it is vital to understand regulatory and developmental decisions and use plant model species to develop new commercial crops; that are more resistant to stress and yield more. There are several methods available for assessing DNA methylation data. The performance of several techniques is assessed in A. thaliana, which has a smaller genome than hexaploid bread wheat. Keywords: DNA methylation, plants, process, use and benefits.