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2022 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirofumi Tesen ◽  
Keita Watanabe ◽  
Naomichi Okamoto ◽  
Atsuko Ikenouchi ◽  
Ryohei Igata ◽  
...  

We examined amygdala subregion volumes in patients with a first episode of major depression (MD) and in healthy subjects. Covariate-adjusted linear regression was performed to compare the MD and healthy groups, and adjustments for age, gender, and total estimated intracranial volume showed no differences in amygdala subregion volumes between the healthy and MD groups. Within the MD group, we examined the association between amygdala subregion volume and the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) score and the HAMD subscale score, and found no association in the left amygdala. In the right amygdala, however, there was an inverse linear association between the HAMD total and the HAMD core and lateral nucleus and anterior-amygdaloid-regions. Furthermore, an inverse linear association was seen between the HAMD psychic and the lateral nucleus, anterior-amygdaloid-regions, transition, and whole amygdala. The findings of this study suggest that the severity of MD and some symptoms of MD are associated with right amygdala volume. There have been few reports on the relationship between MD and amygdala subregional volume, and further research is needed to accumulate more data for further validation.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuqiong He ◽  
Qianting Yu ◽  
Tingyu Yang ◽  
Yaru Zhang ◽  
Kun Zhang ◽  
...  

Background: Recent studies have reported changes in the electroencephalograms (EEG) of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). However, little research has explored EEG differences between adolescents with MDD and healthy controls, particularly EEG microstates differences. The aim of the current study was to characterize EEG microstate activity in adolescents with MDD and healthy controls (HCs).Methods: A total of 35 adolescents with MDD and 35 HCs were recruited in this study. The depressive symptoms were assessed by Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) and Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), and the anxiety symptoms were assessed by Chinese version of DSM-5 Level 2-Anxiety-Child scale. A 64-channel EEG was recorded for 5 min (eye closed, resting-state) and analyzed using microstate analysis. Microstate properties were compared between groups and correlated with patients' depression scores.Results: We found increased occurrence and contribution of microstate B in MDD patients compared to HCs, and decreased occurrence and contribution of microstate D in MDD patients compared to HCs. While no significant correlation between depression severity (HAMD score) and the microstate metrics (occurrence and contribution of microstate B and D) differing between MDD adolescents and HCs was found.Conclusions: Adolescents with MDD showed microstate B and microstate D changes. The obtained results may deepen our understanding of dynamic EEG changes among adolescents with MDD and provide some evidence of changes in brain development in adolescents with MDD.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Liu ◽  
Tingting Yu ◽  
Xiaobin Zhao ◽  
Ping Yu ◽  
Ruijuan Lv ◽  
...  

BackgroundSleep disorders (SDs) in autoimmune encephalitis (AE) have received little attention and are poorly understood. We investigated the clinical characteristics, risk factors, and cerebral metabolic mechanism of SD in AE.MethodsClinical, laboratory, and imaging data were retrospectively reviewed in 121 consecutively patients with definite AE. The risk factors for SD in AE were estimated by logistic regression analysis. Group comparisons based on 18F-fluorodeoxy-glucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG-PET) data were made between patients with and without SD, to further analyze potential brain metabolic mechanism of SD in AE.ResultsA total of 52.9% patients (64/121) with SD were identified. The multivariate logistic model analysis showed that smoking [odds ratio (OR), 6.774 (95% CI, 1.238–37.082); p = 0.027], increased Hamilton Depression scale (HAMD) score [OR, 1.074 (95% CI, 1.002–1.152); p = 0.045], hyperhomocysteinemia [OR, 2.815 (95% CI, 1.057–7.496); p = 0.038], elevated neuron-specific enolase (NSE) level [OR, 1.069 (95% CI, 1.007–1.135); p = 0.03] were independently correlated with higher risk of SD in AE patients. Contrastingly, high MoCA score [OR, 0.821 (95% CI, 0.752–0.896); p < 0.001] was associated with lower risk of SD in AE subjects. Compared to controls, AE patients had less total sleep time, less sleep efficiency, longer sleep latency, more wake, higher percent of stage N1, lower percent of stage N3 and rapid eye movement, and more arousal index in non-rapid eye movement sleep (p < 0.05 for all). Voxel-based group comparison analysis showed that, compared to patients without SD, patients with SD had increased metabolism in the basal ganglia, cerebellum, brainstem, median temporal lobe, thalamus, and hypothalamus [p < 0.05, false discovery rate (FDR) corrected]; decreased metabolism in superior frontal gyrus, medial frontal gyrus, and posterior cingulate cortex (p < 0.001, uncorrected). These results were confirmed by region of interest-based analysis between PET and sleep quality.ConclusionSmoking, increased HAMD score, hyperhomocysteinemia, and elevated NSE level were correlated with higher risk of SD. High MoCA score was associated with lower risk of SD in AE subjects. Moreover, a widespread metabolic network dysfunction may be involved in the pathological mechanism of SD in AE.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Peng ◽  
Yang Wang ◽  
Qinghong Hao ◽  
Jun Wang ◽  
Yalin Chen ◽  
...  

Background: Depressive symptoms often accompany people with Internet addiction syndrome (IAD). Acupuncture has been found to have significant advantages in improving the severity and depressive symptoms of IAD. Contingent negative variation (CNV) is a common method to explore the mechanism of neurophysiology.Objective: The purpose of this study was to observe the efficacy of electroacupuncture (EA), psychological intervention (PI), and comprehensive intervention (CI) in the treatment of depression in Internet addiction disorder (IAD), and to observe the changes of contingent negative variation (CNV) in each group.Methods: One hundred and twenty subjects diagnosed with IAD were randomly assigned to the EA group, the PI group, or the CI group. They received EA, PI, or a combination of EA and PI for 40 days. The Internet Addiction Test (IAT), the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), and the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) were evaluated for all subjects at baseline, 20th, and 40th days of treatment, while CNV data were collected at baseline and 40th days of treatment.Results: Three treatments effectively reduced IAT, SDS, and HAMD scores, and the intergroup comparison showed that CI was superior to EA, while EA was superior to PI. CNV results indicated that the CNV amplitude increased in all three groups of IAD patients after treatment. The CNV latency of point A and A-S2' wave area of the EA group and the CI group did not change significantly after treatment. Only the A-S2' wave area of the PI group increased significantly compared with the baseline period. In addition, IAD's IAT score was positively correlated with SDS and HAMD score at baseline but negatively correlated with CNV latency. After treatment, only the change of HAMD score in the CI group was negatively correlated with amplitude.Conclusion: Our results demonstrate the efficacy of acupuncture and psychological intervention in the treatment of IAD from an electrophysiological perspective. Simultaneously, the increase in CNV amplitude might be the underlying neurophysiological mechanism by which CI improves depression and cognitive function in IAD patients.Clinical Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT02362698.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Yin ◽  
Ting-Ting Wang ◽  
Yan-Yan Wei ◽  
Li-Gang Zhang ◽  
Shuang-Jiang Zhou ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Suicide risk is associated with depression. Affective temperaments may play a role in this risk. We explored the relationship between affective temperaments and suicide and identified some traits that can predict suicide risk in depression. Methods We analyzed the results of Temperament Evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Auto-questionnaire (TEMPS-A) in 284 participants recruited from a psychiatric clinic and the community in Beijing and compared the subscale scores (cyclothymic, dysthymic, anxious, irritable and hyperthymic) among major depressive disorder (MDD) versus the general population as well as depressive patients with versus without suicide risk, using student’s test, Chi-square test, rank sum test, multivariable regression modeling and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results The incidence of suicidal risk in depressive subjects was 47.62% (80/168). Being unmarried (P<0.001), unemployment (P=0.007) and temperaments of dysthymic, cyclothymic, anxious, and irritable scores (all P<0.05) were significantly more prevalent in depressive patients than in the general population. A young age (P<0.001), female sex (P=0.037), being unmarried (P=0.001), more severe depression (P<0.001), and dysthymic, anxious and cyclothymic temperament (all P<0.05) were significantly more prevalent in depressive disorder patients with suicide risk than in those without suicide risk. The logistic regression analysis showed that younger age (OR=0.937, 95% CI 0.905~0.970), female sex (OR=2.606, 95% CI 1.142~5.948), more severe depression (OR=1.145, 95% CI 1.063~1.234), cyclothymic temperament (OR=1.275, 95% CI 1.102~1.475) and dysthymic temperament (OR=1.265, 95% CI 1.037~1.542) were all independently associated with high suicidal risk in first-episode major depressive patients (P<0.05). By ROC analysis, the area under the compound factor (age, sex, HAMD score without the 3rd item, cyclothymic and dysthymic temperament) was 0.853 (95% CI 0.790~0.903). Conclusion The suicide rate in first-episode neuroleptic-naïve major depressive disorder (MDD) subjects was higher than we thought. Temperament traits differ between the general population and those with major depressive disorder. Major depressive disorder subjects with much more severe depressive symptoms and cyclothymic or dysthymic temperament were at high risk of suicide. Compound factors (age, sex, HAMD score without the 3rd item, cyclothymic and dysthymic temperament score) could be predictors of suicide risk in the clinic.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wonsuk Choi ◽  
Hee-Ju Kang ◽  
Ju-Wan Kim ◽  
Hee Kyung Kim ◽  
Ho-Cheol Kang ◽  
...  

AbstractInflammation is potentially associated with poor antidepressant treatment outcomes. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are influenced by hazardous alcohol consumption. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the serum tumor necrosis factor-α (sTNF-α) level on antidepressant treatment outcomes in terms of the 12-week and 12-month remission rates and 24-month relapse rate, and to investigate the potential modifying effects of alcohol consumption on these associations in patients with depressive disorders. At baseline, sTNF-α was measured and alcohol-related data from the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and consumption history were collected from 1094 patients. Patients received stepwise antidepressant treatment. Remission at 12 weeks and 12 months was defined as a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) score ≤ 7. Relapse (HAMD score ≥ 14) was identified until 24 months for those who had initially responded (HAMD score <14) at 12 weeks. Higher sTNF-α levels were found to have significant effects on the 12-week and 12-month non-remission and 24-month relapse rates. These effects were more prominent in those with low levels of alcohol consumption (AUDIT score ≤ 8 or no current alcohol consumption); the effects were not significant in those exhibiting hazardous alcohol consumption (AUDIT score > 8 or current drinking). Significant interactions were found for the 12-month non-remission and relapse rates, although the interaction was not statistically significant for 12-week remission. In conclusion, baseline sTNF-α levels may be a useful predictor for both short- and long-term antidepressant treatment outcomes, and the consideration of alcohol consumption status may increase predictability, in particular for long-term outcomes.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanxiaoran Li ◽  
Sutao Song ◽  
Donglin Wang ◽  
Zhonglin Tan ◽  
Zhenzhen Lian ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have found thalamic abnormalities in major depressive disorder (MDD). Although there are significant differences in the structure and function of the thalamus between MDD patients and healthy controls (HCs) at the group level, it is not clear whether the structural and functional features of the thalamus are suitable for use as diagnostic prediction aids at the individual level. Here, we were to test the predictive value of gray matter density (GMD), gray matter volume (GMV), amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF), and fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) in the thalamus using multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA). Methods Seventy-four MDD patients and 44 HC subjects were recruited. The Gaussian process classifier (GPC) was trained to separate MDD patients from HCs, Gaussian process regression (GPR) was trained to predict depression scores, and Multiple Kernel Learning (MKL) was applied to explore the contribution of each subregion of the thalamus. Results The primary findings were as follows: [1] The balanced accuracy of the GPC trained with thalamic GMD was 96.59% (P < 0.001). The accuracy of the GPC trained with thalamic GMV was 93.18% (P < 0.001). The correlation between Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) score targets and predictions in the GPR trained with GMD was 0.90 (P < 0.001, r2 = 0.82), and in the GPR trained with GMV, the correlation between HAMD score targets and predictions was 0.89 (P < 0.001, r2 = 0.79). [2] The models trained with ALFF and fALFF in the thalamus failed to discriminate MDD patients from HC participants. [3] The MKL model showed that the left lateral prefrontal thalamus, the right caudal temporal thalamus, and the right sensory thalamus contribute more to the diagnostic classification. Conclusions The results suggested that GMD and GMV, but not functional indicators of the thalamus, have good potential for the individualized diagnosis of MDD. Furthermore, the thalamus shows the heterogeneity in the structural features of thalamic subregions for predicting MDD. To our knowledge, this is the first study to focus on the thalamus for the prediction of MDD using machine learning methods at the individual level.


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-278
Author(s):  
Oana-Maria NICOLA (MARIOARA) ◽  
◽  
Alice Elena GHENEA ◽  
Cristina-Nicoleta VLĂDOIANU ◽  
Valentin CARLIG ◽  
...  

Introduction. The link between the action of thyroid hormones and neurological, cognitive and affective function is well known. The aim of the study is to evaluate the changes of hormone’s value and symptoms at hyperthyroid patients after 6 months and 1 year of treatment. Materials and methods. In our study, we enrolled 80 patients with hyperthyroidism (new cases) and we asked them to fill out a questionnaire three times: first time was when they were into a thyrotoxic state (before the antithyroid drug therapy – ATD) and after that during ATD treatment (when they were into an euthyroid state after 6-12 months of treatment, average 7 months). Results. There is no statistically significant difference between the ages of the study and control groups (p Student’s t -test = 0.207 > 0.005), nor between the distributions according to gender (p Chi square test = 0.827) or area of residence (p Chi square test = 0.820). For HAMD score, there is highly significant differences (p < 0.001) before treatment, a statistically significant difference after 6 months (p Student’s t-test = 0.015 < 0.05), and no statistically significant difference after 1 year. Conclusion. Depression and anxiety were improved following thyroid function normalization in hyperthyroidism.


Author(s):  
Yan Cui ◽  
Guodi Ma ◽  
Fanying Kong ◽  
Lingli Song

Background: We aimed to explore the diagnostic values of miR-221-3p in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for post-stroke depression (PSD) and to analyze the risk factors of the disease. Methods: Admitted to the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China from May 2013 to May 2020, 136 stroke patients were enrolled, among which 76 PSD patients were taken as a PSD group and 60 non-depressed patients were taken as a Non-PSD group. miR-221-3p expression in serum and CSF and concentrations of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α) in serum were detected, to analyze the diagnostic and prognostic values of the indicators for PSD. Correlations of miR-221-3p in serum with that in CSF, with the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) score, and with inflammatory cytokines were analyzed, so as to analyze the risk factors affecting the occurrence of PSD. Results: Compared with the Non-PSD group, miR-221-3p remarkably upregulated in serum and CSF in the PSD group, and its areas under the curves (AUCs) for PSD identification were 0.900 and 0.925, respectively. According to the correlation analysis, miR-221-3p in serum was remarkably positively correlated with that in CSF, NIHSS score, HAMD score, IL-6 and TNF-α. In addition, a history of mental illness, NIHSS score, HAMD score, IL-6, TNF-α and miR-221-3p were risk factors of PSD. Conclusion: miR-221-3p in serum and CSF can be used as the diagnostic and risk warning indicators of PSD.


2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun Mi ◽  
Qiang Guo ◽  
Bao-yan Xu ◽  
Man Wang ◽  
Hao Bi

Objective: To investigate the efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) combined with escitalopram in patients with depression and its effect on cognitive function. Methods: From 2016 to 2018, seventy patients with depression aged 18-65 years treated in Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University were selected. Seventy patients with depression meeting the diagnostic criteria of ICD-10 were selected and randomly divided into control group and observation group using a random number table, with 35 patients in each group. The control group was treated with escitalopram, while the observation group was additionally treated with HBO on this basis. The patients were assessed using the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA) before treatment and two, four and six weeks after treatment. Results: Two weeks after treatment, HAMD score showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). No statistically significant differences were found in HAMD score between the two groups four and six weeks after treatment (P > 0.05). Four and six weeks after treatment, MoCA score presented statistically significant differences between the two groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Escitalopram combined with HBO in the treatment of depression presents rapid efficacy and a certain effect in improving cognitive function. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.4.3993 How to cite this:Mi K, Guo Q, Xu BY, Wang M, Bi H. Efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen combined with escitalopram in depression and its effect on cognitive function. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(4):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.4.3993 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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