ANALISIS KETERKAITAN ANTARA KEKERINGAN METEOROLOGIS DENGAN INDEKS VEGETASI TERSTANDARISASI DI PULAU LOMBOK

Intisari Kekeringan merupakan bencana kompleks yang dapat menyebabkan kerugian masyarakat di berbagai sektor. Salah satu wilayah yang berisiko tinggi mengalami kekeringan adalah Pulau Lombok. Wilayah ini memiliki lahan yang berisiko terkena kekeringan seluas 405.985 ha. Tingkat keparahan kekeringan meteorologis dapat diukur dengan Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Salah satu karakteristik kekeringan adalah kondisi vegetasi tanaman yang buruk, oleh karena itu Standardized Vegetation Index (SVI) digunakan sebagai acuan dalam monitoring kekeringan agrikultural. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara SPEI dengan SVI untuk setiap pos hujan di Pulau Lombok tahun 2001-2018. Penelitian ini menggunakan data bulanan tahun 2001-2018 yang meliputi data observasi curah hujan, suhu maksimum, suhu minimum, penginderaan jauh Normalized Differences Vegetation Index (NDVI) dengan resolusi 0,05°, model FLDAS kecepatan angin yang juga didapatkan dengan resolusi 0,5°, lama penyinaran matahari, lintang, dan elevasi. Metode yang digunakan yaitu menghitung indeks kekeringan SPEI dan SVI, kemudian menghitung korelasi dan signifikansi untuk kedua indeks kekeringan tersebut. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa SPEI1 lebih tinggi berkorelasi dengan SVI+1 dengan kategori cukup kuat. Untuk SPEI3, SPEI6, dan SPEI12 berkorelasi cukup kuat hingga kuat dengan SVI0. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa kekeringan jangka panjang akan langsung mempengaruhi kekeringan agrikultural atau kekeringan vegetasi saat itu juga. Nilai korelasi yang lebih tinggi untuk setiap indeks tersebar di pos hujan yang terletak di tengah-tengah Pulau Lombok, karena pengaruh kondisi geografis dan demografis Abstract Drought is a complex disaster because it can cause loss to society in various sectors. One of the high-risk areas of drought is Lombok Island. This area has 405,985 ha of drought risk. The severity of meteorological drought can be measured by the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). One of the characteristics of drought is the poor condition of plant vegetation, therefore the Standardized Vegetation Index (SVI) is used as a reference in monitoring agricultural drought. This study aims to determine the relationship of SPEI with SVI for each rainfall post in Lombok Island from 2001-2018. This study uses monthly data from 2001-2018, including observation data of rainfall, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, remote sensing Normalized Differences Vegetation Index (NDVI) 0.05 °, FLDAS model of wind speed 0.5 °, length of the day, latitude, and elevation. The use method is to calculate SPEI and SVI, then calculate the correlation and significance for the two drought indices. The result shows that SPEI1 is higher in correlation with SVI+1, which is in a strong enough category. For SPEI3, SPEI6, and SPEI12, the correlation is strong enough to strong with SVI0. This suggests that long-term drought will directly affect agricultural drought or immediate vegetation drought. The higher correlation values ??for each index are spread over the rain posts located in the middle of Lombok Island because geographic and demographic conditions influence them.

On the relation of the lunar recession and the length-of-the-day

We review the problem of the consistency between the observed values of the lunar recession from Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) and of the increase of the length-of-the-day (LOD). From observations of lunar occultations completed by recent IERS data, we derive a variation rate of the LOD equal to 1.09 ms/cy from 1680 to 2020, which compares well with McCarthy and Babcock (Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 44: 281, 1986) and Sidorenkov (Astron. Astrophys. Trans. 24: 425, 2005). This rate is lower than the mean rate of 1.78 ms/cy derived by Stephenson et al. (Proc. R. Soc. A 472: 20160404, 2016) on the basis of eclipses in the Antiquity and Middle Age. The difference in the two observed rates starts at the epoch of a major change in the data accuracy with telescopic observations. The observed lunar recession appears too large when compared to the tidal slowing down of the Earth determined from eclipses in the Antiquity and Middle Age and even much more when determined from lunar occultations and IERS data from 1680 to 2020. With a proper account of the tidal effects and of the detailed studies on the atmospheric effects, the melting from icefields, the changes of the sea level, the glacial isostatic adjustment, and the core-mantle coupling, we conclude that the long-standing problem of the presence or absence of a local cosmological expansion is still an open question.

Solar Motion and Lunar Eclipses in Philolaus’ Cosmological System

In this paper, three problems that have hardly been noticed or even gone unnoticed in the available literature in the cosmology of Philolaus are addressed. They have to do with the interrelationships of the orbits of the Earth, the Sun, and the Moon around the Central Fire and all three of them constitute potentially insurmountable obstacles within the context of the Philolaic system. The first difficulty is Werner Ekschmitt’s claim that the Philolaic system cannot account for the length of the day (νυχϑήμερον). It is shown that this problem can be solved with the help of the distinction between the synodic day and the sidereal day. The other two problems discussed in this paper are concerned with two hitherto unnoticed deficiencies in the explanation of lunar eclipses in the Philolaic system. The Philolaic system cannot account for long-lasting lunar eclipses and according to the internal logic of the system, during lunar eclipses the Moon enters the shadow of the Earth from the wrong side. It is almost unbelievable that nobody, from the Pythagoreans themselves up to recent authors, has noticed these two serious deficiencies, and especially the latter, in the cosmology of Philolaus the Pythagorean.

Use of ripening fruits in seed production of early-maturing varieties of melons and gourds in spring and summer sowing

Relevance. In recent years, the price of seeds for melons and gourds of foreign selection has reoriented many agricultural producers to use seeds of domestic varieties. To provide agricultural producers with the required amount of seeds with high sowing rates, it is necessary to apply new technological methods that will allow using the biological potential of varieties and growing commercial volumes of seeds.Material and methods. The research was carried out at the selection and experimental site of the vegetable growing department in the "Federal Scientific Rice Centre " in 2017-2018. The object of research is a new promising variety of watermelon Yubilyar, and two early-ripening varieties of melon Tamanskay and Strelchanka. Sowing terms: spring – from mid-April to the end of the first decade of May, summer – the first and second decades of July. Summer sowing with drip irrigation. When harvesting melon and watermelon fruits, the selection intensity is 90% to obtain reproductive seeds RS-1.Results. It has been established that due to the climatic conditions of the Krasnodar Territory and the varietal characteristics of the melon varieties Tamanskaya, Strelchanka and the watermelon Yubilyar, a short growing season and a neutral reaction to changes in the length of the day, you can get two harvests of seeds in one season using summer sowing. It was noted that low air humidity prevented damage to plants by peronospora, anthracnose and powdery mildew, practically eliminating the need for protective measures. The selected ripe fruits for the selection of seeds by morphological characteristics corresponded to varietal characteristics. It has been established that the seed productivity of melon during summer sowing is higher due to better pollination. From one hectare received up to 97-138 kg of seeds. The use of ripening made it possible to carry out a one-time collection of watermelon and melon fruits.

Smart Energy Management and Monitoring System for Public Lighting System based on Photovoltaic and Storage Systems

The public lighting system was being a vital part all over the world for many years. Indeed, as the number of population and urbanism grow, this system is becoming a primordial part of our life comfort. Therefore, it is used extensively leading to an increased important amount of electrical energy being consumed. This paper proposes an idea of an intelligent energy management system (EMS) for public lightening system consumption based on an autonomous hybrid sources of electrical energy. It is composed of a PV system installed at the top of the lightening system and a battery storage system, where an intelligent energy management system is used to ensure the charging of the battery during the daylight with the option of supporting the PV system production in case of low period irradiation during the day. Whereas, during the night, the battery fully powers the lightening system. In the same for the protection of the battery system and its related lifespan, the proposed (EMS) takes into accounts this issue. Furthermore, this system has the ability of recognizing accurately the basic data on the length of the day, the sunrise time and sunset time automatically based on the location of the used public lightening system which is defined by its longitude and latitude. The proposed EMS is built around a special electronics card including display screen of main information with the insertion of special sensors such as current and voltage sensors, which were built by the authors. The proposed system has been tested in a known location where the obtained results prove the validity of the proposed management system for ensuring the operation of the public lightening system.

Antecedents and Consequences of the Growing Popularity of Digital Consumption

Billions of people throughout the length of the day are continuously engrossed in the consumption of the internet, social media, mobile applications, and other digital communication technologies. Therefore, seeing the growth rate in the new technology and consumption of the internet, the current chapter takes into account 'internet television' a significant area under digital consumption. The chapter seeks to identify the antecedents of the growing popularity of internet television and also the consequences of this trend. This chapter has proposed a conceptual model to extend knowledge about antecedents and consequences of internet television consumption. The model has significant implications for individuals as well as society. The chapter concludes with some directions about future scope and conclusion.

1200 Seasonal Variation In RHR Measured By A Wearable Ring

Introduction Resting heart rate (RHR) associates with cardiovascular fitness, acute and chronic health status, and mental stress. Nightly sleep provides an excellent measurement time because ambient conditions are constant and confounding factors are controlled. Relatively low RHR is seen as a mark of better health, performance, and recovery levels. Over the past few years, development of wearable devices has made it possible to follow the course of individual RHR as long-term time series, which enables observation of how behavioural, societal and seasonal factors affect RHR at population scale. Methods In this study, mean individual nightly RHR of each calendar day was studied from all Oura ring users starting from July 2016 (n=1415) and ending at March 2019 (n=57.278). The subjects were 36 percent female and 64 percent male, mostly in working age: 20-30-year (15%), 30-50 years (60%), and 50-60-years (16%). Majority of the ring users live in the Northern Hemisphere, and minority (n = 1.500) in the Southern Hemisphere. Results With users from Northern Hemisphere, the yearly RHR peaks in December and lowers between April and August. The magnitude of seasonal variation was observed to be roughly 2 bpm: In 2018, March averages 1.6 bpm higher than August, and December averages 2.1 bpm higher than August. Looking at subjects from New Zealand and Australia, exactly opposite phase was observed, so that both hemispheres followed the length of the day. Apparently, RHR yearly fluctuations are based on biological factors like Sun light and ambient temperature. Both hemispheres also demonstrated weekly peaks at weekends (+1.6 bpm), and a most district peak at each New Year night. Conclusion The long-term RHR was shown to be affected by biological, societal, and lifestyle factors. We find that long-term wearable data from the Ring can reveal health related physiological effects across large populations, including seasonality. Support This work was supported by Oura Health Ltd.

Global geodetic parameters obtained from 14 years Lageos 1 Satellite Laser Ranging

<p>Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) data of the geodynamic satellite Lageos-1 (LAser GEOdynamics Satellite) for the period January 2000 - June 2013 are processed and analysed through sequential estimation to obtain multiyear solution for global geodetic parameters - coordinates and velocities of 37 stations located on the main tectonic plates. The analysis is carried out with the Satellite Laser Ranging Processor (SLRP) software, version 4.3, developed in the Department Geodesy of the National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography at Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. The software consists of two main programs – orbit determination and parameter estimation modules. Total number of 202 447 measurements are processed and analyzed by monthly batches. Arc dependent parameters, geogravitational parameter - GM, Earth Orientation Parameters (pole coordinates and length of the day - LOD), along track and solar radiation pressure coefficients are obtained from monthly solutions. The weighted root mean squares of the monthly station coordinates solution are between 2 and 16 mm. The analysis of monthly GM time series reveal value of the secular trend Ġ/G = -3.31. 10<sup>-13</sup>yr<sup>-1</sup>. The results obtained contribute to the monitoring of recent tectonics of the major continental plates and global geodynamic parameters.</p>

A Trial to Predict the Diurnal Global Solar Irradiance Received On A Horizontal Plane for Clear Days in Terms of The Solar Angles.

A general distribution function is suggested to predict both symmetrical and asymmetric diurnal global solar irradiance q (t) W/m2 received on a horizontal surface, where “t” is the local day time "h" .The distribution is given in terms of well-established parameters, namely: td :- the length of the solar day expressed in term of the solar angles. tmax :- the time of the day at which the irradiance reaches its maximum value qmax W/m2 for symmetrical distribution tmax = i.e. it occurs at the midday time. td , tmax and qmax are taken as parameters. The suggested expression can be easily integrated along the length of the day time. This gives the daily totals of the received solar energy per unit horizontal area.This is of vital technical importance for solar energy exploitations and applications. Comparison between computed according to the present model and published experimental meteorological data in Barcelona (Spain), Hong Kong (China), Jeddah and Makah (Saudi Arabia) is given as illustrative examples. Comparison with the published trials for the same locations is also clarified. The introduced model itself gives good fitting for the intermediate interval points of the local day time which is the more effective region.

Meteorological Temperature and Humidity Prediction from Fourier-Statistical Analysis of Hourly Data

The temperature readings for all the 365 days and the 24 hours may be fitted through a 3 × 3 matrix (the so-called T-matrix). The mean square deviation between this fit and the actual meteorological measurements is smaller than three degrees Celsius. Four entries of this (nonsymmetric) matrix may be fixed by other means, leaving only five independent components. However, the same method applied to the humidity measurements produces a larger mean square deviation. A strong stochastical connection is found between the T-temperature matrix and the U-humidity matrix. The computer program, in C, may be used to adjust a (2M + 1) × (2m + 1) matrix simply by changing the arguments at the command line and has been tested with m and M ranging from zero to 11 (eleven) (more than 24 readings per day are necessary for larger values of m). The physical meaning of these constants is given only in the case m = M = 1. Our results have also been connected to fundamental cosmological properties: Earth’s orbit, the ecliptic angle, and the latitude of Querétaro (or whatever geographical location is chosen). A separate program calculates the angular position of the Sun as measured in the sky of Querétaro, to determine the length of the day or the mean value of the solar cosine. This work introduces several new variables which happen to be stochastically connected.