Conclusions

This concluding chapter explores how, over the last half century, there has been a change in police investigations. Almost everyone drives a motor vehicle of some sort now, and this, together with the spread of urban areas, has required the police to become mechanized also. The internet and increased computer literacy and use have also created new difficulties. Yet probably the most serious problem, in particular for Western police, has been the rise of terrorism and its encouragement on the web by both the extreme right and Muslim extremists. Much of the corresponding investigation is done by the security services, but the police usually have to confront the radicals. The chapter then considers the attitude towards the police shown by an ordinary member of the public, which probably depends on the kind of faith an individual has in the institution. Attitudes can depend on the tradition from which people come—political, racial, and social. Moreover, they can depend on what people have recently gathered from news reports, or from a recent meeting with a policeman. The chapter also studies police attitudes towards and relations with the public.

Sustainability of dialecticity in the regions of Lithuania: the perspective of the EMIC narrative constructor

The paper expands on the problem of sustainability of dialecticity, i.e. the conditions and the potential of the dialect codes in the regions of Lithuania based on the data of the project “Distribution of Regional Variants and Quasistandard Language at the Beginning of the 21st Century: Perceptual Approach (Perceptual Categorisation of Variants)”. It aims to reveal whether and to what extent the narrative of an ordinary member of a language community allows to approach regional dialecticity via the dimension of (non)sustainability of dialecticity.The empirical basis for the analytical discourse developed in the paper was constructed from the data revealing the language attitudes of 910 young persons from 21 regional points (which in the etic narratives were estimated as includable into the zone of the already formed (or forming) variant on the basis of the traditional dialect), fixed by applying the instrumentarium worked out in perceptual dialectology (PD).Having generalised the data of language self-observation and acknowledgement of dialecticity in the micro-/macro-environment, it might be claimed that, in the region of Lowland dialecticity, the areas of the sustainable dialecticity dominate: here, no less than 2/3 of the community might be estimated as having the potential to choose and realise the dialect code.The PD research including the young Highland people, which was based on the comparative analysis of the data, concerning the application of the language behaviour of young people and their a priori attitudes toward the spread of the dialect code, led to the observation that the following ab intus estimations of the dialect codes have been constructed: I am more tolerant toward it; I show less attempt at self-identification.It should be stressed that, in the regions of Highland dialecticity, not merely the areas of the sustainable dialecticity have been fixed, where the communal members firmly positioned their identity as active (im)permanent representatives of the dialect code. The emic narratives reconstructed from the PD research data allowed to distinguish the areas of the relatively sustainable dialecticity, where only around 1/2 of communal members might be identified as the active (im)permanent representatives of the dialect code, and the areas of the unsustainable dialecticity where only 1/3 and less of the communal members were apt to recognise their dialect identification.The holistic estimation of both the Lowland and the Highland dialecticity, based on the reconstructed fragments of the emic narratives revealing the tendencies of code adjustment, led to the conclusion that Lowland dialecticity should be claimed as more sustainable.It should be maintained that the concluding remarks are based on the reconstruction of the emic narratives of the group of recipient participants who represent one age category. Therefore, to achieve a more accurate (non)sustainability discourse in dialectology, further steps are required, e.g. the PD research should include the recipients of various age groups; the results obtained in the PD analysis should be compared with the data of direct observation, etc.

Sustainability of Dialecticity in the City: The Perspective of the Emic Narrative Constructor

The paper approaches the dialect-exploratory discourse, which concerns the interpretation of sustainability of dialecticity in the city. The given research aims at the evaluation of the sustainability of dialecticity in the city by performing the analysis of the emic narrative, i. e. the narrative of an ordinary member of the language community. In the city zones, the natural horizontal language continuum is disturbed; hence, from the perspective of etic, or the researcher, the problem of the co-existence, competition, levelling, etc. of different regional variants arises. What regards the emic perspective and the methodological inventory allowing for its formation, it should be stressed that it concerns the identification of the dialecticity conditions, or conditions determining variability that includes dialects. The emic narrative, or in other words, the I think that ... narrative, when reconstructed based on the empirical material collected for the research in perceptual dialectology embracing three Lithuanian cities, gives a piece of proper information to model the here and now and, to some extent, the future dialecticity projections. When discussing the problem of sustainability of dialecticity, the author concentrates on the segments of the reconstructed emic narrative that cover the reflection of language behaviour, estimation of language environment and a priori language attitudes toward the use of dialect codes.

Participation in Botswana: A Case Study of Botswana National Association of Social Workers (BoNASW)

Professional participation in Botswana has been lagging behind since the conception of the social workers association in the past 20 years. Participation in the professional body of social workers have been has a headache for the leaders of the national association. The numbers of social workers attending social work events such as the social workers day, leadership forum and the annual general meetings have been going down over the past 10 years since the official launching of the national association. This unfortunately is not only peculiar to social work, but it seems it worse among social workers. This has left those who are in leadership of the profession with many questions. The most important Questions that have been asked have been; what’s wrong with the social work profession where the participation in the professional bodies has been below par? Is it the problem of social workers only in Botswana or there is apathy all over? This paper has combined the shared information, experience from the author as the president of the association for 6 years, being the advisor for 4 year and now just an ordinary member but holds a position of International Federation of Social workers Human Rights commissioner in Africa. The paper also tries to look at the literature on participation in general.

Mama Tomo dalam Novel Happiness Karya Natsuo Kirino

The title of this research is “Mama Tomo in Happiness, a Novel by Natsuo Kirino”. This research aims to analyze the characteristics, group formation, and stratification system of mama tomo group. The methods used are descriptive analysis method and informal method. The theories used in analyzed are sociology literature theory by Wellek and Warren (2016), group characteristics theory by Baron and Kerr (2003), social exchange theory by Blau (in Ritzer and Goodman, 2004), and social stratification theory by Horton and Hunt (1984). Based on the analysis result of the group characteristics, there were three norms found to be applied in the group such as, 1) emphasizing the “wa” or the harmony of group; 2) trying to be an ideal figure of ryousaikenbo; and 3) using the honne and tatemae properly. From the group size, mama tomo group is a small group which has a structure. The structure consists of 1) Ibuki’s mom is the leader; 2) Megu’s mom is Ibuki’s mom’s assistant; 3) Mako’s mom, Arisa, and Miu’s mom are ordinary member. Mama tomo group formation is divided into two factors, that are 1) something in common with another member in group; and 2) obtained benefits of group. The stratification in mama tomo group is determined by three factors, 1) residence; 2) husband’s work; and 3) child’s school. Two social classes, upper class and middle class also found in mama tomo group. The impacts of the stratification system in mama tomo group are 1) happiness; 2) ethnocentrism of social class; and 3) lifestyle.

Mass media in the power framework: institutionalization revisited

The definitions of the institute and the institutionalization in the different fields of science (scholarship) vary. Specifically this refers to the understanding of the institutionalization of the mass media, whose activities are greatly dependent on the authorities. In Ukraine, such dependence has been particularly salient during the last time. The article aims at studying the existing definitions of the institutions of both social phenomena. An analysis of the institute of comparison and interpenetration of media and power as a social communication сoncept has been offered. A concept of institutionalization of the mass media is analyzed in terms of content structure and personal freedom of journalist. Specificity of several specialized aspects of media institutionalization in the context of the existence of different types and forms of competition and cooperation between universal and specialized publication sand journalists are analyzed. Different subtypes of journalism and relevant social trends, as well as a degree of interaction between professional and commercial dimensions of journalistic sphere are analyzed. It is emphasized that debates on mass media institutionalization focus on two dilemmas: the «journalist-professional» and «the journalist-ordinary member of society». Such discussion relates to the social significance of the problem and to professionalism of the media and journalists. The authorities can reduce social importance of institutionalization of the mass media, as well as they can downplay it purportedly. But social institutionalization of the mass media does not disappear because of the whims of the current authorities. We argue if the current Ukrainian authorities took into account the main factors of the institutionalization of the media and the correlation between journalistic and social practices, it would make fewer mistakes in its work with the media (which cannot be destroyed by institutionalization). The followup studies on the research problem outlined in the article are to study definitions of institutionalization of social and communication characteristics of cluster institutions: legal, economic sociological and so on. Socio-communicative understanding of the concept of the institution in its modus operandi will enable systematizing knowledge about institutionalization of many social phenomena that serve the mass media. Keywords: author, power, journalist, category, institutionalization, content, mass media, professionalism, social effect, specialization, universality.

THE LIFE PATH OF IVAN CHERVAK («DNISTROVYI») - A KNIGHT OF THE SILVER CROSS OF MERIT OF THE UKRAINIAN INSURGENT ARMY

The research deals with the life and military path of Ivan Chervak («Dnistrovyi») (1923–1953). He was a leading person of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists' Youth department in Stanislaviv region (now - Ivano-Frankivsk region), a political educator at the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UIA), one of the leaders of the OUN's armed underground in Zakerzonnia, the commander of a courier group that provided communication on the «Carpathians-Zakerzonnia–western zones of German occupation» line, and the Zolochiv district leader. By the Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council's decision and the Main Team of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, I. Chervak was awarded the Silver Cross of Merit because of selfless work and struggle for the Ukrainian state. Particular attention is paid to forming the future leader's personality, family upbringing, and education. I. Chervak's administrative work​​in the OUN, UIA divisions, the OUN's armed underground, his career growth from an ordinary member to the head of one of the most important structural units of the Ukrainian liberation movement of 1940-1950 in Western Ukraine was analyzed. The author determined pseudonyms and cryptonyms used by I. Chervak, being in an illegal position and acting in the UIA ranks and the OUN underground, under which he was noted by the USLC, which he signed memoirs and journalistic articles. Activities of the Soviet repressive and punitive system to identify I. Chervak and attempt to liquidate him with agents and military-chekist operations were recreated. The last activities of the district leader and OUN battle groups that covered him have been revealed in detail, and the circumstances that led to his death together with the typist Stefaniia Virlyk («Kalyna») and the last battle of the Knight of the OUN and UIA. Keywords: Ivan Chervak, «Dnistrovyi», «Oles», Silver Cross of Merit of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, Knight of the OUN and UIA, Zolochiv District of the OUN, Zakerzonnia, armed underground of the OUN.

The narrative of an ordinary member of language community: WHERE and WHY is dialecticity of a locality created

The paper aims to explore where and why an ordinary member of language community creates the dialecticity of a locality and evaluate whether (and how) the dialect artefact of an ordinary member of language community is related with the dialecticity recognised and estimated by researchers, or, in other words, discuss the interaction of the emic and etic perspectives.The empirical basis for the discussion about the interaction of the emic and etic perspectives is formed on the verbalised and visualised language attitudes of the ordinary members of language community and the data of the text-stimuli perceptions gathered during the project “The Position of Standard Language in the Mental Map of the Lithuanian Language” carried out in 2014–2016 and supplied with the data of the ongoing project “Distribution of Regional Variants and Quasistandard Language at the Beginning of the 21st Century: Perceptual Approach (Perceptual Categorisation of Variants”, 2017–2019.The respondents of both projects are the first-fourth year grammar school pupils whom the scholars associate with the emic perspective. The first attempt concerned the data related with the verbalised and visualised (in the drawn maps) language attitudes of 1.415 teenagers; the second one analysed the data related with the verbalised and visualised (in the drawn maps) language attitudes of 1.064 youngsters and the data of the perception of the text-stimuli recorded in an adequate dialect. Both projects are interrelated with regard to the subject matter and the pursued goals: in the first case, an attempt was made to analyse the geolinguistic competence of an ordinary member of language community; in the second one, an additional aspect of the perceptual abilities of an ordinary member of language community was considered.During the performance of the two projects the essential criterion for the selection of the locations in the regions of Lithuania to be explored was whether they were (non)marked by dialect. Hence the respondent groups were formed in the regiolect and/or geolect zones, and in the second project the task of the text-stimuli perception had motivated the inclusion of the Lithuanian cities.The problem of how an ordinary member of language community creates the dialecticity of a location has been approached on the basis of the data given in the drawn maps presented in the two projects.The participants of the first project have drawn the so called perceptual isoglosses in two maps, i.e. in one map they have marked the areas where people speak in dialect and, in the other, where standard language was used. Meanwhile, the participants of the second project in their drawn maps related the linguistic homeland with other locations due to the similarity (or simultaneity) of expression. They also had to draw the maps of standard language and, in addition, localise 8 text-stimuli given to them for assessment which contained the 14–19 seconds fragments of spontaneous speech representing various regiolectic zones.To summarise the obtained results, it should be claimed that etic and emic discourses should be essentially related to the cause and effect factor. The narrative of an ordinary member of language community not only reveals the specific interior relationships but is also affected from outside. Such an insight is determined by the interaction between the created dialecticity of a locality and the dialecticity of localities legitimated in scientific discourse.The results obtained in both projects on perceptual dialectology show that the dialecticity of a locality has been constructed on the basis of adequate etic information: it is obvious from the drawn maps that dialecticity is attracted by the localities that are highly dialect-oriented, i.e. the geolectic and regiolectic areas. This assumption is based on the localisation of the text-stimulus having the most distinct features of dialect which confirms that dialect recognition by the ordinary members of language community does not enter into conflict with the researcher's evaluation from outside. Thus it shows that localities do consistently attract the text-stimuli having the most distinct features of dialect.Meanwhile, as a place of dialect levelling, the capital (or any city) accurately correlates with the NORM reflection of traditional dialectology.The paper summarises that it is not clear yet in what ways the constructors of the narrative from inside are affected by the narratives from outside. There is no tradition formed in the works on perceptual dialectology and no adequate methodological instruments have been devised which might help to find out the sources of knowledge, images and attitudes of the ordinary members of language community. Hence, in order to more clearly describe the relationship between the narrative of a researcher and that of an ordinary member of language community it would be reasonable to move an additional step forward – to expand the instrumentarium and methods of research by including the reflections of the ordinary members of language community regarding the knowledge, images and attitudes that they possess in the field of dialecticity. Thus a new perspective in dialectology should be initiated.

EAGEN and UEG: A Long-Term Partnership with a Focus on Education

EAGEN is one of the 7 founding sisters and an ordinary member society of UEG. EAGEN members have contributed significantly to the development of UEG in leading positions within UEG. The significant impact of UEG board members on science, education, and organization of European gastroenterology is demonstrated by the remarkable list of EAGEN board members who have received major UEG awards or prizes. The focus of EAGEN within UEG has been on postgraduate education. In this function, EAGEN has developed educational formats which after their establishment were handed over to UEG. EAGEN has established itself as an important provider of education in gastroenterology including pancreatic-biliary diseases, GI oncology, endoscopic procedures, nutrition, and intestinal microbiology. EAGEN has the goal to identify educational needs, fill existing gaps in medical education, and advance the quality of education. To fulfill these tasks, EAGEN is in close cooperation with the UEG education committee and UEG member societies. EAGEN puts a focus on reduction of pan-European health inequalities, provision of equal opportunity, promotion of young talent, and improvement of clinical standards and guidelines.

Perilaku Warga Peduli AIDS terhadap Penanggulangan HIV dan AIDS Di Kota Kupang

The AIDS Tackling Committee (KPA) of KupangCity has been running several programs handling over the AIDS and HIV. One of the program is involving ordinary member of the society through AIDS Care Community Member. This research aim is to describe knowledge, attitude, and behavior of AIDS Care Community Members towards HIV and AIDS Tackling Program. This research is a survey, descriptive in nature. It was held from October 2017 to March 2018. The research population is 625. By using Slovin formula and simple random sampling technique, the sample is 93. The research results are as follows: the majority of the community member possessed a good knowledge (74%), all of the community members (100%) showed a positive attitude on the effort and 60,2% of the members of the community have conducted supportive acts towards the effort. Therefore, it is suggested that, there should be some upgrading’s on cadres capacity, especially their active involvement in mobilizing the society to conduct some supportive acts. Finally, it is expected that the overall society participation in tackling HIV and AIDS should be uplifted.