Gross domestic product and critical infrastructure

GDP is considered as a critical infrastructure that characterizes the global interaction of consumers and manufacturers of the final product in the national economy. For the analysis and modelling of GDP, the Leontiev model is used to analyze and to model GDP as a critical infrastructure, where costs are interpreted in two ways - as consumer spending and as producer costs. This allows you to determine the degree of their influence on each other through the established production structure. Based on Leontiev's aggregated three-sector model, two scenarios were modelled: a) the impact of final consumer spending on output and the formation of added value and b) the impact of changes in added value on output and final consumer spending. The model includes three sectors – the agricultural sector, industry and service sectors. In the first scenario, the increase in the final consumed product in the agricultural sector by 1000 yen causes an increase in output in the agricultural sector by 1153.5 yen, in industry by 594.4 yen and in the service sector by 358.1 yen. At the same time, total production costs will increase by 1106.0 yen; added value will increase in the agricultural sector by 549.8 yen, in industry – 216.8 yen, in the service sector – 233.4 yen. The volume of production growth can be determined only through the Leontiev model. In the second scenario, an increase in added value in the agricultural sector by 1000 yen brings about an increase in output in the agricultural sector by 1153.5 yen, in industry by 1470.4 yen and in the service sector by 480.7 yen. For both scenarios, the assessment and verification of calculations of GDP growth and output are carried out by the balance method – output and GDP growth is described within the Leontiev model. The three-sectoral model is useful for educational purposes, scientific research; to reach the method in a specific example. The approach can be extended to models of greater dimension and large size.

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Rectified ethanol production cost analysis

Thermal Science ◽

10.2298/tsci100914022b ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 281-292 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Nikola Budimir ◽

Marko Jaric ◽

Branislav Jacimovic ◽

Srbislav Genic ◽

Nikola Jacimovic

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

The United States ◽

Influential Factors ◽

Production Costs ◽

Selling Price ◽

Total Production ◽

The European Union ◽

Total Investment ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Impact

This paper deals with the impact of the most important factors of the total production costs in bioethanol production. The most influential factors are: total investment costs, price of raw materials (price of biomass, enzymes, yeast), and energy costs. Taking into account these factors, a procedure for estimation total production costs was establish. In order to gain insight into the relationship of production and selling price of bioethanol, price of bioethanol for some countries of the European Union and the United States are given.

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PESTICIDE AND GREENHOUSE GAS EXTERNALITIES FROM US AGRICULTURE — THE IMPACT OF THEIR INTERNALIZATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE

Climate Change Economics ◽

10.1142/s2010007813500085 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 04 (03) ◽

pp. 1350008 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

NIKOLINKA SHAKHRAMANYAN ◽

UWE A. SCHNEIDER ◽

BRUCE A. McCARL

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽

Production Costs ◽

Net Income ◽

Gas Emission ◽

Emission Mitigation ◽

The Us ◽

The Impact

Climate change may affect the use of pesticides and their associated environmental and human health impacts. This study employs and modifies a partial equilibrium model of the US agricultural sector to examine the effects of alternative regulations of the pesticide and greenhouse gas emission externality. Simulation results indicate that without pesticide externality regulations and low greenhouse gas emission mitigation strategy, climate change benefits from increased agricultural production in the US are more than offset by increased environmental costs. Although the combined regulation of pesticide and greenhouse gas emission externalities increases farmers' production costs, their net income effects are positive because of price adjustments and associated welfare shifts from consumers to producers. The results also show heterogeneous impacts on preferred pest management intensities across major crops. While pesticide externality regulations lead to substantial increases in total water use, climate policies induce the opposite effect.

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INVESTMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: THE EXAMPLE OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

ACTA ECONOMICA ◽

10.7251/ace2033021b ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 21-41

Author(s):

Jelena Bjelić

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Growth Rate ◽

Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽

Foreign Investment ◽

Added Value ◽

Gdp Growth ◽

Gdp Growth Rate ◽

Total Investment ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

An investment is a factor of the economic growth and a mandatory constituent in the majority of development models. This study analyzes the impact of the gross investment on the economic growth in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) for the period 2005-2017, and provides the assessment of the interdependence of investment and a newly added value in industry. The relationship between the foreign investment and the economic growth is also included. The dependent variables are the GDP growth rate and the added value in industry (as % of GDP). The independent variables are the total investment rate (as % of GDP) and the foreign investment rate (as % of GDP). The hypothesis is that the gross investment and the foreign investment are positively correlated with the GDP growth rate. The investments contribute to a higher newly added value in industry. The results show that the gross investment is a significant factor of the economic growth because there is a high significance and positive correlation between the observed variables (the total investment and the GDP growth). This shows that the investment growth stimulates the economic growth in Bosnia and Herzegovina. But the dynamic analysis as an investment-GDP ratio shows oscillations. The impact of investments on the share of the newly added value in industry is insignificant and negative. The results of the dynamic analysis are similar. The relationship between the variables of the foreign investment rates and the GDP growth is significant and positive. Although the foreign investments are not sufficient, they still contribute, to a certain extent, to the economic growth of BiH.

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PERANAN SEKTOR PERTANIAN PADAPEREKONOMIAN PROVINSI JAWATENGAH PERIODE 2000-2004

Agro Ekonomi ◽

10.22146/jae.18297 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Indah Widyarini ◽

Any Suryantini ◽

Suhatmini Hardyastuti

Keyword(s):

Sugar Cane ◽

Household Income ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Animal Husbandry ◽

Added Value ◽

High Rate ◽

Total Production ◽

Economic Sector ◽

Food Substance ◽

Central Java

This research aims to identify: (1) linkage between agricultural sectors towards Central Java economy; (2) agricultural sector contribution on added value increasing, especially for household income; and ·(3) what agricultural sector commodities are priorities on Central Java economy. The 2000 and 2004 input-output table of Central Java are analyzed by linkage analysis, output and income multiplier. The results show that agricultural sector growth in Central Java able to enhance any other sector activities. Tobacco, poultry, and its outputs are agricultural sector commodity which use a lot of any other economic sector outputs as its input. Then, sugar cane is agricultural sector output which is used as input by a lot of other economic sector. Central Java agricultural sector has role in increasing the added value, especially for household income. Agricultural sector commodities which have high rate of output multiplier are tobacco, poultry and its outputs. Central Java agricultural sector which becomes short term priority sector, has big investment impact toward total production increasing, and has role toward household income increasing are poultry and its outputs, tobacco, rubber,coffee, sugar cane and animal husbandry and its outputs. Furthermore, longterm priority sector, i.e. sectors which able to enhance any other sectoractivities, includes clove and any other plantation, agricultural services,wood, coffee, any other food substance and coconut.

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Interaction of GDP Growth Rate and FDI in Service Sector - Case of Croatia

Transactions on Maritime Science ◽

10.7225/toms.v10.n01.023 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mario Pečarić ◽

Tino Kusanović ◽

Antoni Šitum

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Critical Analysis ◽

Service Sector ◽

Mutual Influence ◽

Recipient Country ◽

Var Model ◽

Gdp Growth ◽

Fdi Inflows ◽

Gdp Growth Rate ◽

The Impact

Croatia is characterised by a foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow, mainly in the service sector, which is partly understandable owing to the country's orientation towards tourism. On the other hand, theoretical and empirical research indicates a weak impact of FDI in the service sector on the economic growth of the recipient country. Following the theoretical framework and critical analysis of previous research, the paper, on the example of Croatia in the period q1/2000 - q3/2020, uses the VAR model to analyse the mutual influence of GDP growth rate and FDI in the service sector. The results show that the impact of the GDP growth rate on the FDI inflow into the service sector is more significant and longer lasting than vice versa. The paper emphasises the importance of the adopted growth model for the type of FDI inflows into the recipient country, which in this case is characterised by the appreciation of the real exchange rate as an indicator of the country's competitiveness, whose impact on FDI inflow into the service sector is positive and long lasting.

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Thailand’s democratic deficit will dampen GDP growth

Emerald Expert Briefings ◽

10.1108/oxan-db233466 ◽

2018 ◽

Keyword(s):

Public Spending ◽

Gdp Growth ◽

Democratic Deficit ◽

National Strategy ◽

Consumer Spending ◽

Short Term ◽

Domestic Activity ◽

Content Type ◽

The Government ◽

The Impact

Subject Outlook for the Thai economy. Significance Thailand's GDP grew by 3.9% last year, the most since 2012, and is expected to remain at around 4.0% this year, with stronger public spending supporting surging tourism and solid consumer spending. Thailand’s National Strategy aims to raise GDP growth to 5-6%, but this ambition faces rising short-term risks and longer-term structural impediments. Impacts Despite rising pressure on the government to hold elections, protests will not grow, limiting the impact on spending and tourism. Automobiles, semiconductors and other electronics -- key Thai exports -- will be hit by deteriorating US-China relations. The Bank of Thailand is one South-east Asian central bank keen to ‘normalise’ rates, but higher rates could dampen domestic activity.

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South Korea’s economy will suffer less than most

Emerald Expert Briefings ◽

10.1108/oxan-db253786 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

Financial Crisis ◽

Government Spending ◽

Service Sector ◽

Global Financial Crisis ◽

Gdp Growth ◽

Export Markets ◽

Content Type ◽

Political Conflicts ◽

The Impact ◽

At Home

Significance The impact exceeds that of the 2008-09 global financial crisis, when GDP grew 0.8% in 2009. Much hinges on how fast massive stimulus measures kick in at home, and how major export markets fare. Impacts The service sector, hitherto a weaker driver of GDP growth than exports, will get a relative boost. Political conflicts will intensify as to whether unprecedented government spending is appropriately targeted, or fiscally sustainable. Moon’s government will use COVID-19 as cover for measures it was committed to in any case, and as an excuse if performance falls short.

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Digitalization and digital platform in the economic development of the agricultural sector

Ekonomika APK ◽

10.32317/2221-1055.202012067 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 314 (12) ◽

pp. 67-73

Author(s):

Liubov Vodianka ◽

Tetiana Yurii

Keyword(s):

Economic Development ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Production Costs ◽

Planning System ◽

Practical Significance ◽

Economic Research ◽

Digital Platform ◽

Use Of Resources ◽

The Impact

The purpose of the article is to reveal the modern significance of digitalization and digital platforms for the economic development of the subjects of the agricultural sector of the economy. Research methods. The following methods were used in the research process, in particular: abstract-logical method (when studying the theoretical foundations of digitalization of the economy), monographic (to clarify the essence of the relevant categories), comparative analysis (when studying the level of digitalization of agricultural holdings «Dream» and «Svarog West Group») economic-statistical (in identifying trends and patterns of development of the state economy), illustrative (for a visual representation of the digital platform of agriculture), as well as methods of systematic approach, grouping and generalization, other methods in the field of economic research. Research results. The need to use a digital platform, especially for small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises, has been identified. In particular, this system will allow: public authorities (to make a plan of visits and yields; to report on the allocation of subsidies, as well as their use; to conduct a financial audit for each enterprise; to assess the competitive advantages of each enterprise; enterprises (to analyze data from weather stations; to study information on the condition of soils; choose crops for sowing; assess the risks of crop loss; obtain data on climatic risks). Scientific novelty. Theoretical provisions on the impact of digitalization of the economy on agricultural production and the need for digitalization of production and economic processes have been further developed. Practical significance. As a result of the implementation of the proposed digital platform in agriculture, the following benefits will be obtained: increased crop yields; the field planning system will improve; reduce production costs based on efficient use of resources and science-based approaches Figs.: 1. Refs.: 17.

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Effects of Eliminating Pyruvate Node Pathways and of Coexpression of Heterogeneous Carboxylation Enzymes on Succinate Production by Enterobacter aerogenes

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.03213-14 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 81 (3) ◽

pp. 929-937 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Yoshinori Tajima ◽

Yoko Yamamoto ◽

Keita Fukui ◽

Yousuke Nishio ◽

Kenichi Hashiguchi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase ◽

Enterobacter Aerogenes ◽

Major Product ◽

Production Costs ◽

Total Production ◽

Acid Fermentation ◽

Succinate Production ◽

Content Type ◽

Acidic Conditions ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACTLowering the pH in bacterium-based succinate fermentation is considered a feasible approach to reduce total production costs. Newly isolatedEnterobacter aerogenesstrain AJ110637, a rapid carbon source assimilator under weakly acidic (pH 5.0) conditions, was selected as a platform for succinate production. Our previous work showed that the ΔadhE/PCK strain, developed from AJ110637 with inactivated ethanol dehydrogenase and introducedActinobacillus succinogenesphosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK), generated succinate as a major product of anaerobic mixed-acid fermentation from glucose under weakly acidic conditions (pH <6.2). To further improve the production of succinate by the ΔadhE/PCK strain, metabolically engineered strains were designed based on the elimination of pathways that produced undesirable products and the introduction of two carboxylation pathways from phosphoenolpyruvate and pyruvate to oxaloacetate. The highest production of succinate was observed with strain ES04/PCK+PYC, which had inactivated ethanol, lactate, acetate, and 2,3-butanediol pathways and coexpressed PCK andCorynebacterium glutamicumpyruvate carboxylase (PYC). This strain produced succinate from glucose with over 70% yield (gram per gram) without any measurable formation of ethanol, lactate, or 2,3-butanediol under weakly acidic conditions. The impact of lowering the pH from 7.0 to 5.5 on succinate production in this strain was evaluated under pH-controlled batch culture conditions and showed that the lower pH decreased the succinate titer but increased its yield. These findings can be applied to identify additional engineering targets to increase succinate production.

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The Relationship of Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Income and Its Variability in Regard to Farms in the European Union Countries

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11030196 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 196

Author(s):

Katarzyna Smędzik-Ambroży ◽

Anna Matuszczak ◽

Ryszard Kata ◽

Piotr Kułyk

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Sector ◽

Added Value ◽

Production Volume ◽

The European Union ◽

Family Farms ◽

Eu Countries ◽

Agricultural Income ◽

Production Values ◽

Farm Accountancy Data Network ◽

The Impact

Many authors emphasize that reducing the income deprivation of the agricultural sector in relation to the non-agricultural sectors is a prerequisite to the growth of sustainability of agriculture. Thus, this raises the question: despite the impact of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) on the value of agricultural income in EU countries, is there still income deprivation for agriculture in relation to non-agricultural sectors? If so, is its depth comparable among farms with a different scale of production from the same EU country or among farms with the same scale of production from different countries? The answers to these questions constitute the added value of the article. The aim of the paper is to compare the ratio of agricultural income to non-agricultural income in regard to family farms in EU countries. Results show that the CAP solutions do limit the agricultural income disparities but that there are significant differences in the income deprivation of farms with different production values in the same country. These differences also apply to farms with a similar production volume in different countries. This publication includes critical analysis of literature, spatial-analysis and panel regression. The time scale of the research is 2004–2017, the spatial scope is individual EU countries and the subjective scope is representative EU Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) farms.

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