Understanding phenomena of criminality: from dogmatic views to scientific theories

Criminality accompanies humanity for millennia. Despite the fact that this phenomenon has received much attention from researchers of different times and countries, its joint understanding is still missing. Taking into account the previous experience of cognition of this phenomenon, of course, should be the key to effective preventive action in current conditions. The purpose of the paper is to explore the main approaches in understanding criminality from prehistoric times to the present. It is claimed that historically the first awareness of mankind of socially dangerous behavior occurred during the reign of the primary tribal communities. People’s knowledge of the world around them was minimal at that time, and explanation of incomprehensible and undesirable was based only on the authority of tribal leaders and respect for social traditions. Given the actual lack of scientific and methodological basis as such, this format of views on violations of social norms can be described as a dogmatic approach. Religions have in their arsenal views on unacceptable behavior based on the authority of the Creator. At the same time, in the theological approach there is a variety of interpretations of the causes and essence of forbidden behavior – from purely fatalistic views to the recognition of human free will in the commission of encroachments. Examples in this regard are the Laws of Manu, the Old Testament. Genesis”, Books by J. Sprenger and G. Institoris “The Hammer of Witches”, “The Sum of Theology” by Thomas Aquinas,“Confession” by Augustine Aurelius and others. The scientific approach is characterized by the use of scientific methods of cognition in substantiating theories of criminality. The variety of views here includes theories of social causes, anthropological theories, theories of multiplicity of factors, and others. According to the anthropological direction, the essence of criminality was associated with the manifestation of biological (anthropological) properties of a human (genetic features, endocrine system, mental state, etc.). Sociological direction asserts the influence of social factors as factors in the formation of criminality (internal contradictions, class conflict, social exclusion, stigmatization, etc.). In this regard, there are theories that, along with the circumstances of social content as factors of crime outline also biological (anthropological). It is concluded that in the future understanding of the phenomenon of crime should take place on the basis of a scientific approach

Machine learning-based digital twins reduce seasonal remapping in aeroderivative gas turbines

Aeroderivative gas turbines have their combustion set points adjusted periodically in a process known as remapping. Even turbines that perform well after remapping may produce unacceptable behavior when external conditions change. This article introduces a digital twin that uses real-time measurements of combustor acoustics and emissions in a machine learning model that tracks recent operating conditions. The digital twin is leveraged by an optimizer that select adjustments that allow the unit to maintain combustor dynamics and emissions in compliance without seasonal remapping. Results from a pilot site demonstrate that the proposed approach can allow a GE LM6000PD unit to operate for ten months without seasonal remapping while adjusting to changes in ambient temperature (4 - 38 °C) and to different fuel compositions.

Perceptions of Just Culture Between Pilots and Managers

Airline safety can be improved when errors and incidents by aircrew are openly reported and justly investigated. Trust and functioning of the reporting system are critical for the success of a just safety culture. In this study, interviews and surveys were used to investigate the similarities and/or differences in perceptions of pilots and managers within several airlines about perceived just culture. Results indicate that decisions about culpability, the line between acceptable an unacceptable behavior, and the result of introducing more consequences are perceived differently by pilots and managers.

Personality Types and their Relationship with Depression among teachers in local schools in Amman: أنماط الشخصية وعلاقتها بالاكتئاب لدى معلمي المدارس الحكومية في العاصمة عَمَّان

The Study amid to Reveal the Personality Types and their Relationship with Depression among teachers in local schools in Amman. The descriptive and analytical approach was used through a sample of (135) male and female teachers in public schools in Amman. The Eysenck personality scale and the Beck scale for depression were used. Depression and there are no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (α = 0.05) between personality types and depression among teachers due to gender. Statistically significant differences at the significance level (α = 0.05) between personality styles and depression among teachers due to job experience. The study recommended the necessity of giving a prominent role to social, cultural, media and educational institutions that can carry out an educational aspect to reduce unacceptable behavior patterns.

Running with the Pack

Prior literature has utilized many theories to explain an organization's post-adoption technology use of social media platforms, but none of the common models include status as either a primary or a moderating variable. This is a significant gap in the literature because status is a structural enabler and inhibitor that determines acceptable and unacceptable behavior in a given setting. In an empirical study of Twitter and the cultural norm of retweeting for a sample of US colleges and universities, the authors demonstrate the following: (1) middle-status institutions had a higher likelihood of following the retweeting cultural norm relative to their high- and low-status counterparts, (2) middle- and low-status institutions who followed the retweeting cultural norm in a manner consistent with their status experienced greater post-adoption success relative to those institutions who did not, but the reverse was evident for high-status institutions (who appear to be rewarded for deviation from this cultural norm), and (3) the negative effect of deviating from retweeting cultural norms on post-adoption success is more pronounced with decreasing status.

An Empirical Investigation of Decision Making in IT-Related Dilemmas

Given the rising IT security and privacy concerns, organizations are increasing their spending to strengthen technical protections. However, the problem of individuals wanting to find ways to gain access to IT resources improperly remains. To gain a better understanding of individuals' intentions to behave unacceptably in IT-related situations with conflicting interests, an information focus approach is adopted and the effects of information regarding possible consequences on their intentions is empirically investigated through a vignette-based survey. The findings not only confirm the deterrent role of information about possible negative consequence in these situations but also reveal that such influence is greater in situations involving software products than in situations involving data and for individuals with a higher level of fundamental concern for the welfare of others. Furthermore, this study reveals how the influence of consequence information on the intention to perform an unacceptable behavior may be dependent on individual factors and situational factors.

Delinquency as the Failure of Adults and the Village to Exercise Their Moral Strength

This paper examines multiple relationships among several concepts to determine common causes to delinquency and to suggest intelligence-based alternative to resolve this public health hazard. Juvenile crime has become a public health hazard because the regularity, brutality and impunity by which juveniles commit their crimes these days is indescribable and their state of mind is “unplaced”. Delinquency may be defined as the behavior consequent to the failure of adults and the village to exercise their moral superiority and integrity to produce behavior that conforms to standards set as norms with some degree of consistency in a society to which legal sanctions are leveled (Obinyan, E. 2011). Adult's moral superiority may be defined as the ability to recognize the differences between acceptable and unacceptable behavior….Adult's moral integrity may be defined as the ability of individual adults to refrain from unacceptable behavior and to communicate to youths through example, conventional acceptable behavior (Obinyan, 2011).Village moral superiority entails the ability of each group, community or the society at large to establish norms that are consistent with cultural values. Village moral integrity entails the ability of the village as a whole to uphold, reinforce, and consistently demonstrate and communicate the sanctity of these cultural norms. Moral strength, therefore is the combined effect of the village and adult’s moral superiority and integrity (Obinyan). Children and youth social contexts are important contributors of problem behavior (Dishion, Forgatch, VanRyzin, & Winter, 2012; Dodge, 1983). In deviant peer groups, it is common for youth to engage in deviancy training wherein deviant behaviors are reinforced such that discussion of rule-breaking behavior is linked with a positive consequence (e.g., affirmation; Dishion, Spracklen, Andrews, & Patterson, 1996). Youth association with deviant peers is associated with many problematic outcomes (e.g., drug use, violence; Dishion, Eddy, Haas, Li, & Spracklen, 1997; Dision, Capaldi, Spracklen, & Li, 1995; Dishion & Patterson, 2006).Delinquency results when there is a relative absence of adult and village action, such as lack of moral integrity and respect for societal norms, a breakdown of unofficial social control and adult and the village inability to agree on the definition of what behavior may be regarded as delinquent. This is why delinquency may be seen as a function of the type of relationships between adults and the village, and their perception of and attitude toward delinquency. For a particular person however, the definition of delinquency may depend greatly upon their cultural background and the inability of the adult and the village to properly use their moral superiority and integrity to impact on all members of their communities. In most cases, the relative weakness of adult and village moral strength should account for the delinquent behavior. When delinquent recidivism becomes a problem and a continuation of delinquent behavior is consistent and intensifies, we would expect that the steam or vitality of adult and village moral strength (moral superiority and integrity) has been let out.

SOCIAL INSTITUTION: GENERAL HORIZONS OF PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS

The tradition of the “social institution” phenomenon studying distinguishes the following directions of its interpretation: classical structuralism, which absolutizes the role of impersonal social structures; actionism, which is based on the priority of the life activity of subjects of social dynamics; discursive institutionalism, which combines the project of communicative society of Y. Habermas and social constructivism of J. Searle. The following components shape the social institution functionality. First, social institution produces fairly accurate criteria for acceptable and unacceptable behavior of individuals. Therefore, it is appropriate to note, if not constitutional, then regulating influence of social institutions on values, culture, morality, law, traditions, and rituals of society. Secondly, social institutions produce stable samples of hermeneutic practices, which become the primary source for interpreting the behavior of others and create prerequisites for reflection and self-analysis. And thirdly, such regulation of social life not only sets certain limits and restrictions, but also shapes the prerequisites for mechanisms of shaping meaning and highlighting the integrity of phenomena.

PERCEPTIONS ON PLAGIARISM AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING STRATEGIES AT AN EMI UNIVERSITY IN INDONESIA

This study tries to answer two questions, namely 1) What do the lecturers and the students perceive about the practice of plagiarism in L2 writing? 2) What strategies did the lecturers and the students apply to writing L2 to avoid plagiarism? This study aimed at investigating the views of lecturers and students on plagiarism and its implications for teaching and learning at one of the EMI universities in Indonesia. The findings showed that both lecturers and students had negative views towards plagiarism. However, even though plagiarism was considered as an unacceptable behavior, the students would be likely to commit plagiarism under certain circumstances. Back translation was also found to be the most common strategy that the students used to avoid plagiarism. The study finally recommended higher education institutions to equip students with necessary language and writing skills needed in academic settings as early as possible in order for them to avoid plagiarism.