Development of muffins with green pea flour and their physical and sensory evaluation and essential amino acid content

ABSTRACT: Wheat flour (WF), pea flour (PF) and whole wheat flour (WWF) were mixed in different ratios by applying a simplex-centroid mixture design, in order to evaluate the impact of these combinations on the physical and sensorial properties of muffins. The interaction between WF and WWF produced muffins with brighter crusts and muffins prepared with higher ration of PF were harder. The ranking test was performed with the objective of identifying the most preferred muffin experiments according to the flavor attribute. The experiments with the lowest ranking scores were selected and submitted to the acceptance test. In the acceptance test, the attributes of color, taste, texture and overall acceptance were evaluated, where muffins obtained scores higher than 7 (“moderately liked”), indicating good acceptance of all experiments. The experiment (a) (80% of WF, 10% of PF and 10% of WWF) was chosen for presenting the highest set of scores.

Formulasi food bar berbasis pangan lokal tinggi asam amino esensial untuk anak balita stunting

Local food can be used as an alternative to additional food for toddlers, namely food bars. The study was conducted in June-November 2017. The design of this research was experimental using a completely randomized design (CRD). The food bar formulation was mixed with 20g and 25g tuna, while 20g and 25g mackerel fish. Organoleptic test data were analyzed using ANOVA. Proximate analysis of food bars using the AOAC method. Food bars' essential amino acid content was carried out using LCMS and total microbial analysis using the ALT method. Food bar analysis selected from the test results by semi-trained panelists and consumer panelists is f4 with 25g tuna mixing with indicators of color (p= 0,000), aroma (p= 0,003), taste (p= 0,040), and texture (p= 0,167). Food bar in 100 grams contains: energy 470,77 kcal, 15,65% protein, 24,13% fat, 47,74% carbohydrates, 2.14% ash, and 10.33% water. The results of the total microbial test on the food bar showed a value of 4,5 x 102 cfu/g and an Aw value of 0,86. Food bar formula F4 is a formula selected by panellists that contain ten high essential amino acids

Protein Quality in Infant Formulas Marketed in Brazil: Assessments on Biodigestibility, Essential Amino Acid Content and Proteins of Biological Importance

Infant formulas, designed to provide similar nutritional composition and performance to human milk, are recommended when breastfeeding is not enough to provide for the nutritional needs of children under 12 months of age. In this context, the present study aimed to assess the protein quality and essential amino acid content of both starting (phase 1) and follow-up (phase 2) formulas from different manufacturers. The chemical amino acid score and protein digestibility corrected by the amino acid score were calculated. The determined protein contents in most formulas were above the maximum limit recommended by FAO and WHO guidelines and at odds with the protein contents declared in the label. All infant formulas contained lactoferrin (0.06 to 0.44 g·100 g−1) and α-lactalbumin (0.02 to 1.34 g·100 g−1) below recommended concentrations, whereas ĸ-casein (8.28 to 12.91 g·100 g−1), α-casein (0.70 to 2.28 g·100 g−1) and β-lactoglobulin (1.32 to 4.19 g·100 g−1) were detected above recommended concentrations. Essential amino acid quantification indicated that threonine, leucine and phenylalanine were the most abundant amino acids found in the investigated infant formulas. In conclusion, infant formulas are still unconforming to nutritional breast milk quality and must be improved in order to follow current global health authority guidelines.

Studying the effect of the developed technology on the chemical composition of yogurt made from camel milk

This work aimed to conduct a comparative analysis that helps to identify the effect of the developed technology on the chemical composition of drinking yogurts made from Australian and Kazakhstani dromedary camel milk. Camel milk taken from Kazakhstan and Australia has been processed into drinking yogurt and its amino, fatty acid, vitamin, and mineral content was assayed. These identifications enabled us to compare how our developed technology is suitable for both milk types. The results of determination can be interpreted as follows. The essential and non-essential amino acid content in Kazakhstani yogurt was significantly higher compared to Australian yogurt. Aspartic and Glutamic acids were not identified in Kazakhstani yogurt. As a counterpart, Lysine and Histidine were not found in Australian yogurt. The fatty acid results demonstrated that Linoleic acid in Kazakhstani yogurt was significantly higher than in Australian yogurt, and there was more Linolenic acid in Australian yogurt than in Kazakhstani yogurt. The atherogenicity index for Kazakhstani yogurt was at a low level (0.045 %) compared to Australian yogurt (1.90 %). The ratios of omega 6 and omega 3 in Kazakhstani yogurt were 16 % greater than in Australian yogurt. Thiamine level in Kazakhstani yogurt was lower compared to Australian by up to 57 %. However, Riboflavin results in both samples were identical. The Calcium, Potassium, Sodium, and Phosphorus contents in Australian yogurt are defined as 5, 34, 34, and 30 % respectively compared to Kazakhstani yogurt. Nevertheless, Magnesium (47 %) and Iron (60 %) levels were lower in Australian yogurt than in Kazakhstani yogurt. These study results could be useful as preliminary work for scientists and producers of gerodiet products, who intend to work with camel milk as a geroprotector

Preparation and Evaluation of Pan Bread from Chia Seeds Powder as Substitute Wheat Flour

As part of this functional food covenant, the world is searching for new healthy food products with ample quantities of bioactive components such as fibre, mineral elements, essential amino acids, and phenols. Since CHIA seeds powder has both nutritious and pharmaceutical properties, integrating it into pan bread may be beneficial to human health. The sensorial parameters of pan bread enriched with CSP, amino acids composition, and proximate compositions of the pan bread were investigated in this study by partially replacing wheat flour (WF) with CHIA seeds powder (CSP) at levels of 3 percent, 6 percent, 9 percent, and 12 percent. The addition of CSP to pan bread improved the mineral content of the bread. With only a minor depreciation in bread quality, CSP could partially replace WF 72 percent extraction in pan bread, increasing its nutritional value in terms of fibre, essential amino acids, and minerals. Sensorial evaluation revealed that pan bread supplemented with up to 12% CSP was acceptable to the panelists, with notable differences in crumb texture, appearance, crust color, crumb grain, taste, odor, and overall acceptability as compared to pan bread control. When compared to pan bread without CSP, the CSP mixture increased the mineral content, essential amino acid content, and nutritional properties.

Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant Activity, and Antinutritional Content of Legumes: A Comparison between Four Phaseolus Species

Beans (Phaseolus spp.) are one of the most important legumes for their nutritional value and health benefits in many world regions. In addition to Phaseolus vulgaris, there are four additional species that are cultivated in many regions of the world and are a source of food for human consumption: P. lunatus, P. coccineus, P. polyanthus, and P. acutifolius. In this work, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and anti-nutritional compounds of 18 bean accessions, corresponding to four different species of the genus Phaseolus, were analyzed. In addition, their physical characteristics, proximate composition, and amino acid content were determined in order to compare their phytochemical composition and nutritional value. The species closest to each other in terms of essential amino acid content were P. polyanthus with P. vulgaris and P. lunatus with P. coccineus. Furthermore, there was a strong positive correlation between antioxidant activity and flavonoids, anthocyanins, and lectins with all the accessions collected. Significant differences in the content of phenolic compounds were found among the bean species studied. Therefore, in addition to P. vulgaris, other species such as P. coccineus and P. lunatus have high biological and antioxidant potential that could be beneficial to human health when consumed as nutraceutical foods.

Adding Amino Acids to a Sucrose Diet Is Not Sufficient to Support Longevity of Adult Bumble Bees

Dietary macro-nutrients (i.e., carbohydrates, protein, and fat) are important for bee larval development and, thus, colony health and fitness. To which extent different diets (varying in macro-nutrient composition) affect adult bees and whether they can thrive on nectar as the sole amino acid source has, however, been little investigated. We investigated how diets varying in protein concentration and overall nutrient composition affected consumption, longevity, and breeding behavior of the buff-tailed bumble bee, Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Queenless micro-colonies were fed either natural nutrient sources (pollen), nearly pure protein (i.e., the milk protein casein), or sucrose solutions with low and with high essential amino acid content in concentrations as can be found in nectar. We observed micro-colonies for 110 days. We found that longevity was highest for pure pollen and lowest for pure sucrose solution and sucrose solution supplemented with amino acids in concentrations as found in the nectar of several plant species. Adding higher concentrations of amino acids to sucrose solution did only slightly increase longevity compared to sucrose alone. Consequently, sucrose solution with the applied concentrations and proportions of amino acids or other protein sources (e.g., casein) alone did not meet the nutritional needs of healthy adult bumble bees. In fact, longevity was highest and reproduction only successful in micro-colonies fed pollen. These results indicate that, in addition to carbohydrates and protein, adult bumble bees, like larvae, need further nutrients (e.g., lipids and micro-nutrients) for their well-being. An appropriate nutritional composition seemed to be best provided by floral pollen, suggesting that pollen is an essential dietary component not only for larvae but also for adult bees.

Wheat Bread: Potential Approach to Fortify its Lysine Content

Wheat bread is the main foodstuff and supply of dietary energy/protein in most developing countries. Wheat based diets are poor regarding essential amino acid content especially lysine as the first limiting amino acid. Since human body is unable to build lysine, it is necessary to be taken via food and/or supplements. Recommended daily intake of lysine is estimated to be around 30-64 mg/kg body weight. Inadequate intake of lysine results in a syndrome called ‘protein energy malnutrition’ which is suspected to be more prevalent in developing countries. Since lysine is provided by different sources (especially meat), there is no published data about the lack of lysine, however it is estimated to be prevalent in developing countries where the lysine-rich sources are generally expensive and low accessible there. The lysine fortification of wheat bread is conducted mainly to provide an accessible lysine-rich source. Biofortification, using lysine rich sources (either as flour or protein concentrates) and directly addition of lysine amino acid and its derivative have been investigated in different studies. The aim of this article is to review the potential strategies to improve the lysine content of wheat bread from both nutritional and technological points of view.

Production of a Protein Concentrate Based on Maggots of Domestic Flies for the Feeding of Non-ruminant Animals (Burkina Faso)

The objective of the study was to develop a process for the production of a protein concentrate based on maggots (MC) of domestic fly larvae that can be used in the diet of non- ruminants’ animals as pigs and poultry. Maggots were first produced from 3 substrates called S1, S2 and S3. They were then harvested and separated from the substrates using a mesh screen box. Live maggots then incorporated at a rate of 79.15% by weight in a preconcentrate (20.85%) composed by 64.80% of cotton cake and 35.20% of wheat bran. The resulting MC was then heated in a pan for 5-10 minutes to neutralize the maggots and dried for 24 hours. The results show that the productivity of the S3 substrate (4.91g of maggots / 100g of substrate) was significantly lower than the substrates S1 (6.60g / 100g) and S2 (5.35g / 100g) (p <0.05). The DM content of the MC was 92.56%. Its nutritional values were 37.69% CP, 5.12% FAT and 11.04% CB. The estimated value in digestible energy was 2238 kcal / kg DM. The production cost of 01kgDM of MC of 160FCFA was lower than 240FCFA of the selling price of fishmeal and soya cake (400FCFA) in the local market. MC is an alternative to make low cost protein sources more available. Further studies would evaluate the essential amino acid content of the concentrate and the effectiveness of diets incorporating it into poultry and pigs’ production.Â

MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY, ANTIOXIDATIVE AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF SLOVENIAN BEE POLLEN

Bee pollen can be considered as perfect food with a great nutritional value, highprotein and essential amino acid content, vitamins and minerals. It can be a sourceof healthy nutrients, but as an animal product also of harmful microbialcontaminants. The aim of our study was to determine potential health risks andbenefits of Slovenian bee pollen. We determined its i) microbiological burden:aerobic mesophilic microorganisms, yeast, molds, and coliform bacteria in CFU/g;ii) polyphenolic content: the Folin-Ciocalteu method (mgGA/g); iii) antioxidativepotential (AOP): DPPH• scavenging assay (EC50 in mgGA/L); and iv)antimicrobial activity (MIC): microdilution method on Escherichia coli, Listeriamonocytogenes and Campylobacter jejuni. We analyzed 14 samples of bee pollengathered from 7 Slovenian geographical regions, from April until May 2017. Themicrobiological burden was high, with all indicator tests reaching up to 6.78log10CFU/g of bee pollen, but the number of coliform bacteria in all samples from2.00 to 4.48 log10CFU/g. The polyphenolic content and AOP of the samples wasgood, with up to 13.1 mg GA/g and as low as 2.4 mgGA/L (EC50), respectively.Interestingly, antimicrobial activity was not always in correlation withpolyphenolic content, but always strongly against E. coli, substantial against C.jejuni, and negligible against L. monocytogenes. Our results show a great healthpotential of bee pollen for human health, but also the need of bee pollen processingimprovement for its standardized quality and safety.