Real-time service integration of defense information system

This study designs a reference model of the Defense REST API server based on the representational state transfer (REST) architecture style to present the most efficient, stable, and sustainable technical criteria for real-time service integration of defense information systems in Korea. The purpose of this component is to provide evidence to be stipulated as part of the Korean Defense Ministry's instructions and regulations, such as the Defense Interoperability Management Directive and the Interoperability Guide, and to support the development of the National Defense Interworking Technology and Interoperability. As the defense information system was subdivided and developed by the army, navy, air force, or business functions, interworking between information systems has become one of the most important factors. However, despite the need for advanced service integration and interworking, various interconnection service modules based on enterprise application integration (EAI), EAI hubs, and spokes were developed at a level that met local requirements (simple data transmission) without specific criteria for each network or information system. As a result, most of the interconnection modules currently in operation suffer from the absence of a technical spectrum, such as not meeting the military's demands for real-time interconnection and service integration, which increases with time. Therefore, this study seeks to identify the above problems by integrating the defense information system into one service and presenting a reference model of the defense REST API server to meet various real-time interworking requirements, analyze the technical basis, and pursue a model that fits military reality.

Analysis of issues of interest in unification economic cooperation by visualizing big data on social networks

This study aims to intuitively identify trends in public interest by performing visualization analysis on unification economic cooperation using social network user opinion big data. For the “Unification Economic Cooperation” big data, the related big data were extracted using the Textom analysis tool, and text mining was performed. The results were expressed as a visualization figure.The results showed that, first, social network users were interested in North Korea's regional agricultural planning and education by the US and the government. Additionally, North Korea's rural villages existed in connection with pastoral and missionary words. An interest in how North and South Korea cooperate in investment and development in rural areas was identified. Second, there was an issue of interest in housing exchange and cooperation in North Korean villages by the community of club members as words such as club members → housing, common → housing, village → community exchange → cooperation were connected. Third, users were interested in culture and art. It would be useful to find and implement economic cooperation, a link between culture and art connected with North Korea's economic cooperation. Fourth, words such as technology, research, development, and dissemination were drawn as issues of interest. From the perspective of an integrated process, it is of interest to the general public to identify ways to implement it so that it can be pursued with economic benefits for both South and North Korea. Fifth, social network users were interested in the content of dot-com sites. The importance of the promotion of unification economic cooperation through these dot-com sites was confirmed.

A study on the application of RMF for weapon systems in Korea

With the advent of the Fourth Revolution, military weapon systems are also being advanced. In particular, as the proportion of software embedded in these weapon systems increases, the cyber vulnerabilities of advanced weapon systems also gradually increase. If cutting-edge weapons stop abruptly or malfunction owing to software defects or cyberattacks, they will adversely affect defense security as well as combat power and economic losses. The U.S. DoD is implementing the risk management framework (RMF) to cope with cyber vulnerabilities and threats. RMF is a risk management (RM)-based framework that classifies the cyber vulnerabilities of weapon systems based on data and evaluates them according to confidentiality, integrity, and availability. The application of RMF to the Korean military's weapon-system acquisition procedure is still in its infancy. In this study, we studied the application of the RMF to weapon acquisition processors in the U.S. DoD and suggested that measures of availability, reliability, and safety that can affect weapon performance should be managed with security, and that security systems should be applied to reliability, availability, and maintenance (RAM).

A study of the United States of America and China’s new cold war conflicts and the flexible survival strategy for Korean security

China is challenging the hegemony of the United States through its economic power, creating the so-called New Cold War. The consequent conflict between the US and China can cause selective coercion in South Korea. South Korea is highly dependent on the United States militarily and on China economically. In a conflict, if Korea is asked for selective support, there will be a dilemma in policymaking. Accordingly, I studied the geopolitical dilemma in South Korea resulting from the US–China competition and six security issues . I was able to identify six conflict factors related to Korean security: the North Korean nuclear problem, the role of US forces in South Korea, friction due to protectionism, the battle for the semiconductor market, the formation of the Pacific Coast Council, and the discharge of contaminated water from nuclear power plants in Japan. I examined the flexible survival strategies that Korea could choose for each security issue. I expected policy utility by dividing it into military, economic, and diplomatic fields.

Differential effect of work-centrality

This study examines the nature of work centrality by targeting married office workers. The results show that separated influences depend on which sphere (work/family) is perceived as more important. More specifically, work–family conflict, which is experienced through multitasking, influences work satisfaction and family satisfaction, and work centrality has different functions in each domain. Through hierarchical regression, we found that, in the work domain, work centrality has a buffering effect on the relationship between WIF and work satisfaction, although it does not enhance the relationship between social support and work satisfaction. In contrast, in the family domain, the mediation effect of WIF between work centrality, which is the preceding variable, and family satisfaction is significant. Spousal support also has a mediating effect on the relationship between work centrality and family satisfaction. The implications and limitations of this study are also discussed.

Optimized operation of regional reserve forces in a changing future security environment

The Republic of Korea Reserve Forces (ROKRF), established in 1968, continue to function through continuous changes such as improving laws and systems and optimizing organizations while complying with social and policy changes. However, the reduction of standing forces, changes in the operating environment, and the reduction of reserve forces required to carry out operations require the re-establishment of the concept of operation of regional reserve forces. In this study, we aimed to diagnose the phenomenon of regional reserve groups and derive an optimized operation plan for regional reserve groups in consideration of changes in the future security environment, operation support system, and law and order system. The operating system presented the mission of establishing local reserve forces suitable for the operating environment, organization, and organization maintenance for the future as well as maintenance and development of combat power through education and training. Finally, in the law and order system section, a plan to revise laws was proposed in consideration of the task of operating and constructing regional reserve forces and re-establishing them.

A study on the improvement of the future branch system

This study aims to suggest an improvement plan for the army branch system considering the development trend of weapon systems through a case analysis of the vision and major weapon systems for each army branch system in R.O.K army. In the future, with the development of science and technology, hyper-connected networks based on artificial satellites would be built, and mosaic warfare, which integrates multiple domains simultaneously, and weapon systems capable of performing all-weather multifunctional battles across land, sea, and air would emerge. As a result, the common areas of the Army, Navy, and Air Force would be expanded, and the division of each army or branch itself would become ambiguous. Hence, it will be inevitable to move away from the branch operation concepts that have been operational until now to seek the concept of jointness or integration. To study this phenomenon, based on the Korean Army Vision 2050 published by the Army, the transition process of the current Army branch system and the cases of vision and major weapon systems for each branch were analyzed. The results of the analysis confirmed that although new advanced complex weapon systems are being developed for each branch, relatively little change has been made to the system. In particular, with the advent of hybrid drones and intelligent autonomous combat robots that can simultaneously perform ‘Surveillance, Reconnaissance - Decision – Strike’, it is expected that the area of expansion and mutual redundancy of combat functions will be further deepened. Therefore, in connection with the development of the weapon system, we will seek a solution to improve the Army branch system in the future and clarify the implications for the Navy and Air Force in the future.

Conceptual design and operation testing of military movable noiseless power supplier (MNPS)

This study verifies the concept and test of the MNPS owing to the increase in advanced weapon systems used in the Korean defense field. MNPS used solar power to eliminate noise, a risk factor of the existing power supply systems, and it was designed in a size that can be mounted on a small tactical vehicle in various battlefield situations. When sunlight is used as a power supplier, in case there is no light, its use is limited; therefore, it can be used after charging through an energy storage device. In addition, it was designed considering scalability to increase the amount of electricity generated through the solar panel or increase the storage capacity. Finally, the power characteristics were analyzed through a test to determine if the output was constant, and through this, it was possible to confirm its feasibility of use for military purposes.

A study on the development and implications of low-yield nuclear weapons, focusing on deterrence theory

This study aims to examine the development status and technical characteristics of low-yield nuclear weapons initiated by the Trump administration, predict the development trend in the Biden administration, analyze strategic implications that have affected the R.O.K.-U.S. Tailored Deterrence Strategy, and seek future countermeasures. Regarding deterrence theory, low-power nuclear weapons are evaluated as a means of simultaneously expanding deterrence by denial and by retaliation. Additionally, low-yield nuclear weapons can be evaluated as having the capability, communication of nuclear retaliation wills and possibilities, and credibility for these wills and capabilities, which are 3C elements of deterrence in that they are “possible-use nuclear weapons.” Hence, they can be evaluated as highly-applicable deterrence means. As North Korea's nuclear and missile capabilities have advanced and the U.S. is developing and deploying low-yield nuclear weapons, this article intends to make several suggestions regarding deterrence and response. First, because North Korea's policy to strengthen its tactical nuclear capabilities in 2021 is inevitably closely related to the technical characteristics of the development of low-yield nuclear weapons, it should be evaluated and prepared in connection with this. Second, it is necessary to understand the Biden administration's nuclear strategy regarding the extended deterrence strategy of the U.S. and discuss it closely based on the 5th NPR unveiled in early 2022. Third, to ensure the credibility of the R.O.K.-U.S. tailored deterrence strategy, “multilateral deterrence measures” must be considered at the regional level, including low-yield nuclear weapons.

Future and development direction (21-35) of M&S for building up to the hyper-army in Republic of Korea Army

This study presents the direction of modeling and simulation (M&S) development, which is essential for high-tech armed forces, focusing on the Vision 2030 in Republic of Korea Army. In particular, in preparation for the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the army is doing its best to transform itself with cutting-edge science and technology. It is preparing for future warfare by promoting artificial intelligence (AI), a dronebot combat system, the warrior platform, and Army-Tiger 4.0 to increase the mobility, intelligence, and networking of infantry units. M&S is vital for accomplishing this advanced science and technology. In other words, it is an essential element of effective defense management, such as improving defense capabilities, enhancing military power, strengthening combat readiness posture, and training for future science. In particular, M&S is the best solution to overcome the difficult conditions of a limited budget and lack of resources by using more creative thinking methods along with cutting-edge technologies, such as AI, big data, virtual reality, and the Internet of things (IoT). The Republic of Korea Army recognizes its importance and intends to introduce and implement the 21-35 Army M&S development direction to present the vision and direction of the Army M&S for advanced science and technology force and to develop it continuously.