First and Second Law Analysis of Supercritical CO2 Recompression Brayton Cycle

The present research concentrates on the energy and exergy analysis of the S-CO2 recompression Brayton cycle and the individual components irreversibilities by varying the different operating parameters. Results show that the cycle efficiencies and LTR effectiveness reduce by increasing minimum cycle temperature, but HTR increases. The effect of minimum cycle temperature is more critical on cycle performance than maximum cycle temperature. The reactor has the highest irreversibility followed by recuperators and pre-cooler. Exergy efficiency shows a downward trend as environment temperature enhances. However, the effect of turbine inlet temperature is very low on-cycle efficiency and optimum pressure ratio for lower compressor outlet pressure values, which is more significant by increasing this parameter.

Theoretical Investigations on Entropy Generation and Work Lost Analysis of 4MW Rice Husk Fired Thermal Power Plant

Global survival and human comfort in now a day strongly depend upon energy and environment. In this research generalized thermodynamic model equations were subjected to 4MW rice husk fired thermal power plant in Pakistan for theoretical investigations on work lost and entropy generation to check the plant thermal performance and irreversibility’s and concluded that the entropy generation and work lost is highest in Furnace/Boiler that is 3487.12352 KWK-1 and 1039.685 ×103 respectively. The work lost in Furnace/Boiler is about 32.4641% while the overall efficiency of the power plant is 59.8917%.

Two-parameter mechanistic model for the fatigue crack growth of metals

In this paper, a two-parameter mechanistic model for the fatigue crack growth has been developed. Fatigue failure is the major causes of mechanical structural failure. The fatigue failure progress in three stages crack initiation, crack growth and final failure. The fatigue crack growth has been modelled by different approaches, however these approaches are generally empirical. In this paper, a mechanistic fatigue crack growth model is proposed. The striation and its relation to the cyclic load is used for the model development. Scanning electronic microscope results are used to establish relation between striation and crack growth. The developed model is two-parameters. The model has been implemented and validated using experimental data from the literature. The model prediction is satisfactory in region II of the crack growth curve. However, in region I and region III the model deviates from experimental data. It is suggested to incorporate interaction of monotonic and cyclic loading in the mechanistic modelling for the fatigue growth.

TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON ADSORPTION RATE FOR AZO DYE REMOVAL FROM TEXTILE WASTE WATER USING ACTIVATED BENTONITE CLAY

Waste water from the textile industry is one of the major sources of contamination causing serious health problems. In textile waste water, dyes are the main pollutant. In this research work textile waste water was treated with various organic acid-activated clays to remove the dyes. Pink Azo dye was selected as a component to remove from waste water. Adsorbent selected was bentonite clay and was activated by acids such as phosphoric, acetic, oxalic, and citric acids. Adsorbent characteristics have been analyzed through infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) while the removal of dye at various temperatures has been analyzed through Ultraviolet (UV) analysis. It was observed that the bentonite clay-treated with phosphoric acid had relatively maximum capacity to remove the dye while the clay treated with oxalic acid got minimum capacity to remove the dye from same waste water.

Performance Analysis of Email Classifiers for Detection of Spam

Growing usage of email has also increased size of email data, this data involves important as well as undesirable emails. Amount of unwanted emails(spam) has increased enormously. Blocking spam sources doesn’t works well in this era. For saving resources its vital to separate spam and essential emails(ham). Email servers are prepared to tackle this situation. Problem is handled by different algorithms that automate the system instead of manually separating emails. Our work addresses the selection of algorithm, whose outcome will precisely allocate labels to emails and will be efficient enough to give results in adequate time. So, that emails can be classified correctly into inbox and spam folders in adequate time by email server. Three different machine learning classifiers are analyzed over a dataset, providing a criterion that will categorize them according to their time, precision, recall and accuracy.

SYNTHESIS OF ZEOLITE Y FROM NAGAR PARKER KAOLIN

Pakistan is a developing country which has huge deposits of kaolin (China clay) at Nagar Parker in Sindh province and in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK). The total reserves in Nagar Parker and KPK are estimated to be 4.33 and 2.81 million tons respectively. Nagar Parker kaolin was used as an indigenous source to covert kaolin in to a value added product as zeolite Y with Si/Al ratio 3.57. The kaolin was believed an inactive phase and possess inert Si-O and Al-O structure which was transformed to active phase through fusion at elevated temperature (850oC) and autogeneous pressure in the presence of alkali hydroxide(NaOH).The raw kaolin and final product was characterized by X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray Florescence Spectrometer (XRF) and Particle size analyzer.

Contributory Factors of Traffic Accidents in Lahore Using Generalized Linear Models (GLM)

The geometric design of roads is the branch of highway engineering concerned with the positioning of the physical elements of the roadway according to standards and limitations with objectives to optimize efficiency and safety while minimizing cost and environmental damage. The present study aims to explore geometric design and other factors which cause of accidents in Lahore. Data is collected from TEPA (Traffic Engineering and Planning Agency), NESPAK (National Engineering Services Pakistan), CTP (City Traffic Police) and Rescue 1122 over a period of 3 years. Two phase sampling technique has been used. Data is carried out about demographic information, physical characteristics and geometric design of roads. All registered 356 traffic accidents have been used on Ferozpur Road, Multan Road, Canal Bank Road and Grand Trunk in Lahore. Poisson regression and negative binomial regression are discussed in this research. SPSS and R Language are used for analysis. The results show that most of accidents occur at office off timing and fatal due to reckless driving and over speeding. Mostly, cars and tralala hit the bikes and Pedestrians. The Poisson regression model gives good description of number of accidents depends on various explanatory variables. Number of lanes, type of locations and roadway light are statistically significant. Narrow Shoulder width (m), Median Width (m) and Lane width (m) increase accident occurrence. Three lanes and larger road structures increase accidents. Numbers of accident increase when Roadway, type of locations, roadway light and traffic control signals decrease.

A multi-threaded communication architecture for networked control systems

Advancement in communication technology has paved the way for geographically dislocating controllers from the plants they are controlling. Establishing a secure and reliable communication is an essential component to achieve robust control performance. Myriad network control schemes have been proposed but they are incapacitated due to a lack of reliable software paradigm. This highlights the need of a distributed system, which provides platform for smooth communication between a plant and its controller. In this work, we propose CASAPAC, which is a multi-threaded communication architecture designed to ensure reliable and in-order delivery of information between different modules of a network control system. Any control algorithm can be tested and employed over any network using CASAPAC. An adaptive fuzzy controller and a network based gain scheduled PI (Proportional Integral) controller have been tested on different networks using CASAPAC. In both cases, tests were carried out on a real plant of a coupled tank system. CASAPAC was able to handle all the communication efficiently in different scenarios and good control performance was achieved in both cases.

Impact of urbanization on water resources of Pakistan: A review

This paper summarizes the various dimensions and impacts of urbanization on Pakistan’s water resources in order to provide foundations for future water policy that will lead towards country’s socio-economic development. Urbanization is considered as a major trend of 21st century in many developing countries. Along with urbanization, increase in population growth in recent years has put a pressure on the world’s water resources in terms of water demand and pollution. Various issues related to water sector in urban areas of Pakistan have been identified including contamination of surface and ground water resources through industrial, agricultural and domestic discharge of waste and waste water, increasing floods, loss of wetlands and aquatic biodiversity, sea water intrusion and subsidence, physical reduction in water resources quantity and quality and operational and managerial incapacities. There are some other issues like unequal water distribution which together with population burden, rapid urbanization and growing industrialization are posing a huge challenge for Pakistan’s water management in 21st century. Taken together all the studies, this review suggests that to reduce vulnerability to water resources of Pakistan, there is a need for new systems of urban planning and governance institutions as the core of Pakistan’s water crisis is water management.

A Survey on Distributed Information Systems using Semantic Web Techniques

Semantic web is the growing field whose integration with Distributed Information System helps it in gluing technology. The framework of Semantic web deals with the representation, logic, rules and trust. We in this work surveyed the representation aspect of Semantic web by exploring ontologies proposed in various domains in the last three years. We observed that the research trends in semantic web for distributed information system is going in two directions i) theoretical framework ii) development of ontologies across different domains. We limited our work towards the domain of distributed information systems. Several detailed ontologies have been identified that are developed for integration with distributed information system across different domains. We conclude that ontologies need extensive work in its foundation, while more domains should be further explored in the development of robust information system in distributed environment.