Introducing ‘Realizm’

According to realist paradigm, the present international system is anarchic and selfish, and therefore needs to be reset, because the gap between the developed and developing nations has reached dangerous levels. The wars between Unequal Military Powers (UMPs), have ruined several states, particularly in the Middle East. While the causes of such wars would be debated for a long time, the outcome is extremely dreadful for the people of Iraq, Syria, Libya, Afghanistan, Palestine, Kashmir, and Yemen, to name the few. Therefore, there is a need to do away with old schools of realism, liberalism, or the constructivism, which have failed to maintain peace, stability, and security of the people particularly in developing world. Adopting an inductive reasoning approach, the aim of the study is to present a revised international relations’ theory to reset the flawed international system, supported with the qualitative data. The rephrased political theory of realizm focuses on self-realization, mutual assistance and common good, for regional development; with a view that global peace is possible through cooperation with prudence for safety, security, and stability of the international system

Construction and Validation of Occupational Stress Scale for Public Prosecutors

Occupational stress has the adverse effects on personal and work-related life of workers. Public prosecutors experience specific stressors at work, but no scale has yet been designed to measure occupational stress among public prosecutors. The present study was carried out to construct and validate an indigenous Occupational Stress Scale for Public Prosecutors in Pakistan. An inductive approach was used for item generation. After ensuring the construct fidelity and content validity: the items of the scale were subjected to principal axis factoring, using a varimax rotation method on a sample of 416 public prosecutors and 32 items were retained in a well-defined 5 factor structure, which collectively accounted for 54.39 percent of the variance. Moreover, a confirmatory factor analysis on a sample of 350 public prosecutors was performed through AMOS modeling and the final scale consisted of 26 items was obtained. The relationship of scale with job satisfaction was found to be the negative (r = -.30, p<.01) that determined its divergent validity. Furthermore, the relationship of the scale with Health and Safety Executive Management Standard Indicator Tool was found to be the positive (r = .52, p<.01) that determined its convergent validity. The final scale is a promising measure with good items homogeneity, internal consistency and optimum validity

A Comparison of the Lasi language with English

Languages can be similar in sharing and transferring meanings/ideas, but they may be the different in their word order. The word order of English is subject-verb-object, while the word order of Lasi and Sindhi is subject-objectverb. This study explores out and compares the word order in Lasi and English at the sentence level. We can see a plenty of work on the structure of Pakistani languages. However, there is very less, almost zero work on Lasi’s word order. Thus, this study compares the word order of English and Lasi. The data for the current study acquire through unstructured interview from native speakers of Lasi. Firstly, the word order of Lasi and Sindhi have been compared via the rules of word order of standard Sindhi. Secondly, the study compares the word order of Lasi and English through the theory of word order universals (Greenberg, 1963). The study finds that Lasi and Sindhi use SOV word order, whereas English uses SVO. The SOV word has been followed in the written and violated in spoken form; the natives do not usually follow this word order while speaking. However, this violation does not affect form and meaning of sentences; it is equally well- accepted like the written form.

Development and Transformation of the Indian Nuclear Doctrine

Indian rationale for developing nuclear weapons is embedded in Article 51 of United Nations (UN) Charter. After analyzing the changes in Indian defence procurements, a huge defence spending and public statements issued by the former and incumbent Indian government official authors presume India is changing its nuclear posture. New Delhi is discarding earlier publicly stated No-First Use (NFU) posture with ready or super ready status. It is replacing Credible Minimum Deterrent (CMD) posture with overkill capacity. India revived earlier announced Cold Start Doctrine (CSD). The objective of this paper is to review changes in Indian nuclear doctrine and capabilities and implications for Pakistan security. However a qualitative method is used for the completion of this research. Paramount aim of nuclear signaling is to avoid outbreak of violence. The findings of this paper include dividing Indian strategic community into leftists/rightists. Further, abovementioned changes can result in Indian preemptive strike against Pakistan or inadvertent or unauthorized use of nuclear weapons. The region is ripe for nuclear exchange. South Asia is nuclear flashpoint. In conclusion, Pakistan needs to expedite its diplomatic efforts to highlight changes introduced by India. Islamabad should follow North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) strategy to solidify its conventional and nuclear armed force structure to deter militarily powerful enemy

Gendered Social Capital Guiding Women Career Planning: A Quantitative study at University of the Punjab

Social capital is manifested through the relationships and networks that the human species own. Further, it is strengthened with trust and reciprocity. It inculcates the value of helping each other based on the principle of ‘Mutually Beneficial Actions’. Various actors and agents play their roles in producing the social capital, yet women play the most vital role in its production due to their domestic chores, more frequent engagement with family and neighborhood. Thus, it is an essential to know that if she takes an equivalent benefit from the social capital. The primary objective of the present research determines out the role of social capital in women’s career planning. The informal social networks, family, friends, and neighborhood are selected to the social capital. In the meantime, 150 female respondents from the University of the Punjab were selected using the non-probability convenience sampling technique from the final year of the Masters and Bachelors program. The findings of the study showed as the positive relation of social capital with career planning.

CPEC in Pakistani Print Media: Transitivity Analysis of English Newspapers’ Articles

The purpose of the study is to scrutinize critically the ideological constructions and discursive features used in Pakistani print media representing economical phenomenon of CPEC. This research has elucidated the ideology through critical discourse analysis (CDA) of the leading English newspapers of a good repute: However, the similar news from the different newspapers as depicted in the various forms that are all ideologically disputed in this perspective including Daily Dawn and The News HE NEWS. These articles on CPEC, the most prevailing economic subject in Pakistan as published during the year 2016-17, have been purposefully selected for this study. Transitivity analysis as an analytical tool has been applied for the analysis of such the articles. By applying Halliday's transitivity system, hence; the study attempts to show how the use of linguistic signals can demonstrate the characteristics and techniques used in Pakistani print media for representing CPEC. Further, this study is comparative in nature, and compares the language used in both the English newspapers for representing CPEC. The findings indicate that CPEC has been presented as an economical subject of national worth in both the newspapers that implies a meaning of PRO-CPEC ideology. The current study is the significant in its originality as it is interdisciplinary study, and its findings are not in line with the exist in literature on media conflict.

Dialectical Moralism, National Interest, and Foreign Policy: The Case of United States and Pakistan

US foreign policy throughout the history is replete with the moralistic rhetoric – pursuance of American moral principles embodied in the declaration of independence, constitution, and in the repeated doctrines of the American presidents. Yet the careful examination of its foreign policy reveals that it remained mostly amoral in nature, that is, devoid of any moral or immoral essence. It has mostly pursued the national self-interest which remained dynamic because of the changing geopolitical environment of the region and the world. Use of religion since Pakistan’s independence to align with it against godless communist Soviet Union, neglecting Pakistan’s nuclear program because of the greater national self-interest during 1980s, supporting military governments in Pakistan while being the biggest proponent of democracy in the world, use of drone warfare while violating the sovereignty and international law, are few of the amoralistic policies being pursued by the United States towards Pakistan. The study concludes that the United States have/will continue to use the moral rhetoric as a leverage to pressurise or entice Pakistan to do its bidding and in the case of failing, to utilise the same rhetoric as a tool to distance itself from Pakistan, when its national interests are served.

Fall or Rise? Mapping the Development of Traditional and Digital Newspapers

Daily newspapers in the world are shrinking in many dimensions. All big or small newspapers are getting smaller in size, business and news circulation. The speed at which newspapers are shutting down is not much different from the early 20th century. Thus, most newspapers are shifting from conventional setting to online/ digital newspapers only. Since the last two decades, the business of newspaper has declined as many newspapers have migrated business and appearance online to retain print readers via online only consumers and attract new ones who are just netters in the world. This change has been noticed in all countries. Pakistan is also one among those countries in which new technology is being adopted in the field of media. Due to information communication technologies, most of the Pakistani print, electronic media organization has switched to online to keep pace with the developed world. Hence, most of the conventional/traditional newspapers become digital newspapers along with print publications. Therefore, this paper discusses the history and development of online newspapers. Digital media has the power to attract many young news consumers because of its convenience, ease of excess, update 24/7 and availability at any time. These features are the prime source of newspaper decline and a major source of digital media growth.

Teaching and Practice of Community Organization and Development in South Asia: Evidence from Pakistan and Nepal

Community Organization and Development (COD) is one of the core methods of social work and is taught in schools of social work across South Asia. This study is based on the semi structured interviews with social work educators in Nepal and Pakistan, and the personnel narratives of the authors. It provides a background of teaching Community Organization and Development, with its practices and methods in South Asian region (particularly in Pakistan and Nepal). The study discusses the nature and challenges for community work and its relationship to social work teaching and practice. Its main theme is to find out the answer that, how to teach and nurture students of social work to gain perspectives and skills of community organizing? The study concludes that social work educators specializing in teaching and practice will have to (un)learn and refocus. The teaching strategies to engage students need to be revised and re-interpret with the new social work curriculum teaching methodologies.

From Antagonism to Acknowledgment: Development of Gender and Women’s Studies as Academic Discipline in Pakistan

This paper aimed to analyze historically the development of Gender and Women’s Studies as a separate academic discipline in Pakistan. We employed to the secondary data resources that included archives, official gazettes of the Government of Pakistan, notifications and, organizational records for data collection. The historical analysis with the feminist research method focused on the evolution of the discipline. The research revealed that gender and women’s studies on an academic discipline have been established in different public sector universities after international pressure and the struggle of Pakistani women’s movement. Further, the research documented the discipline’s voyage from resentment to an acknowledgement of gender studies as academic field. Thus, it can be concluded that there is a potential for transformation in the everyday lives of the students and teachers, nevertheless braced with limitations, challenges, and prospects for the growth of this as a discipline. Although discipline does reflect a commitment to the contribution towards the society concerning to the subject matter, these are; however, not rooted in feminist ideology. There are bigger questions rather than concluding thoughts that require additional research related to discipline, its scope, and local knowledge production and so forth. Besides, it requires sincere efforts from a policy planning perspective to generate research and theory on gender issues in a local context.