scholarly journals The untwining of immunosenescence and aging

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 559-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weili Xu ◽  
Glenn Wong ◽  
You Yi Hwang ◽  
Anis Larbi
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Replicative Senescence ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Chronological Aging ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Immune Changes ◽  
Typical Model

AbstractFrom a holistic point of view, aging results from the cumulative erosion of the various systems. Among these, the immune system is interconnected to the rest as immune cells are present in all organs and recirculate through bloodstream. Immunosenescence is the term used to define the remodelling of immune changes during aging. Because immune cells—and particularly lymphocytes—can further differentiate after their maturation in response to pathogen recognition, it is therefore unclear when senescence is induced in these cells. Additionally, it is also unclear which signals triggers senescence in immune cells (i) aging per se, (ii) specific response to pathogens, (iii) underlying conditions, or (iv) inflammaging. In this review, we will cover the current knowledge and concepts linked to immunosenescence and we focus this review on lymphocytes and T cells, which represent the typical model for replicative senescence. With the evidence presented, we propose to disentangle the senescence of immune cells from chronological aging.

The Immune System Regulation in Sepsis: From Innate to Adaptive

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 799-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Qiu ◽  
Guo-wei Tu ◽  
Min-jie Ju ◽  
Cheng Yang ◽  
Zhe Luo
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Systemic Inflammatory Response ◽  
Immune System Regulation

Sepsis, which is a highly heterogeneous syndrome, can result in death as a consequence of a systemic inflammatory response syndrome. The activation and regulation of the immune system play a key role in the initiation, development and prognosis of sepsis. Due to the different periods of sepsis when the objects investigated were incorporated, clinical trials often exhibit negative or even contrary results. Thus, in this review we aim to sort out the current knowledge in how immune cells play a role during sepsis.

scholarly journals Neuroinflammation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia and the Interest of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Study Immune Cells Interactions With Neurons

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elise Liu ◽  
Léa Karpf ◽  
Delphine Bohl
Keyword(s):  
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Frontotemporal Dementia ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Induced Pluripotent ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Inflammation is a shared hallmark between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). For long, studies were conducted on tissues of post-mortem patients and neuroinflammation was thought to be only bystander result of the disease with the immune system reacting to dying neurons. In the last two decades, thanks to improving technologies, the identification of causal genes and the development of new tools and models, the involvement of inflammation has emerged as a potential driver of the diseases and evolved as a new area of intense research. In this review, we present the current knowledge about neuroinflammation in ALS, ALS-FTD, and FTD patients and animal models and we discuss reasons of failures linked to therapeutic trials with immunomodulator drugs. Then we present the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology and its interest as a new tool to have a better immunopathological comprehension of both diseases in a human context. The iPSC technology giving the unique opportunity to study cells across differentiation and maturation times, brings the hope to shed light on the different mechanisms linking neurodegeneration and activation of the immune system. Protocols available to differentiate iPSC into different immune cell types are presented. Finally, we discuss the interest in studying monocultures of iPS-derived immune cells, co-cultures with neurons and 3D cultures with different cell types, as more integrated cellular approaches. The hope is that the future work with human iPS-derived cells helps not only to identify disease-specific defects in the different cell types but also to decipher the synergistic effects between neurons and immune cells. These new cellular tools could help to find new therapeutic approaches for all patients with ALS, ALS-FTD, and FTD.

scholarly journals Regulatory Immune Cells in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Friends or Foes?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiel van Geffen ◽  
Astrid Deißler ◽  
Markus Quante ◽  
Harald Renz ◽  
Dominik Hartl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Suppressor Cells ◽  
Interstitial Lung Diseases ◽  
Stromal Stem Cells

The immune system is receiving increasing attention for interstitial lung diseases, as knowledge on its role in fibrosis development and response to therapies is expanding. Uncontrolled immune responses and unbalanced injury-inflammation-repair processes drive the initiation and progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The regulatory immune system plays important roles in controlling pathogenic immune responses, regulating inflammation and modulating the transition of inflammation to fibrosis. This review aims to summarize and critically discuss the current knowledge on the potential role of regulatory immune cells, including mesenchymal stromal/stem cells, regulatory T cells, regulatory B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Furthermore, we review the emerging role of regulatory immune cells in anti-fibrotic therapy and lung transplantation. A comprehensive understanding of immune regulation could pave the way towards new therapeutic or preventive approaches in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

scholarly journals The Immune System of Mesothelioma Patients: A Window of Opportunity for Novel Immunotherapies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Nicolini ◽  
Massimiliano Mazza
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Screening Strategies ◽  
Tertiary Lymphoid Structures ◽  
Lymphoid Structures ◽  
Review Current

The interplay between the immune system and the pleural mesothelium is crucial both for the development of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) and for the response of MPM patients to therapy. MPM is heavily infiltrated by several immune cell types which affect the progression of the disease. The presence of organized tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) witness the attempt to fight the disease in situ by adaptive immunity which is often suppressed by tumor expressed factors. In rare patients physiological, pharmacological or vaccine-induced immune response is efficient, rendering their plasma a valuable resource of anti-tumor immune cells and molecules. Of particular interest are human antibodies targeting antigens at the tumor cell surface. Here we review current knowledge regarding MPM immune infiltration, MPM immunotherapy and the harnessing of this response to identify novel biologics as biomarkers and therapeutics through innovative screening strategies.

scholarly journals Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 03 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Ahmed Al-Shukaili ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Proinflammatory Mediators ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
New Type

In December 2019 a new type of coronaviruses appeared in China and named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the disease associated with this virus is called Coronavirus Disease 2019 or COVID-19. Currently, COVID19 is the main global health threat. In this review, we focus in the current knowledge of immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Dysregulation of immune system, such as elevation levels of proinflammatory mediators and their roles in disease progression and pathogenesis as well as imbalance between innate and adaptive immune cells, are discussed in this review.

scholarly journals Toward Understanding the Role of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in the Immune System: Current Progress and Future Trends

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamza Hanieh
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Clinical Practices ◽  
Aryl Hydrocarbon ◽  
Active Research

The immune system is regulated by distinct signaling pathways that control the development and function of the immune cells. Accumulating evidence suggest that ligation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr), an environmentally responsive transcription factor, results in multiple cross talks that are capable of modulating these pathways and their downstream responsive genes. Most of the immune cells respond to such modulation, and many inflammatory response-related genes contain multiple xenobiotic-responsive elements (XREs) boxes upstream. Active research efforts have investigated the physiological role of Ahr in inflammation and autoimmunity using different animal models. Recently formed paradigm has shown that activation of Ahr by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) or 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM) prompts the differentiation of CD4+Foxp3+regulatory T cells (Tregs) and inhibits T helper (Th)-17 suggesting that Ahr is an innovative therapeutic strategy for autoimmune inflammation. These promising findings generate a basis for future clinical practices in humans. This review addresses the current knowledge on the role of Ahr in different immune cell compartments, with a particular focus on inflammation and autoimmunity.

scholarly journals Current Knowledge on the Biology of Lysophosphatidylserine as an Emerging Bioactive Lipid

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jumpei Omi ◽  
Kuniyuki Kano ◽  
Junken Aoki
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Lysophosphatidic Acid ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
G Protein Coupled Receptors ◽  
Sphingosine 1 Phosphate ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
G Protein Coupled

AbstractLysophosphatidylserine (LysoPS) is an emerging lysophospholipid (LPL) mediator, which acts through G protein-coupled receptors, like lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). LysoPS is detected in various tissues and cells and thought to be produced mainly by the deacylation of phosphatidylserine. LysoPS has been known to stimulate degranulation of mast cells. Recently, four LysoPS-specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) were identified. These GPCRs belong to the P2Y family which covers receptors for nucleotides and LPLs and are predominantly expressed in immune cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages. Studies on knockout mice of these GPCRs have revealed that LysoPS has immune-modulatory functions. Up-regulation of a LysoPS-producing enzyme, PS-specific phospholipase A1, was frequently observed in situations where the immune system is activated including autoimmune diseases and organ transplantations. Therefore, modulation of LysoPS signaling appears to be a promising method for providing therapies for the treatment of immune diseases. In this review, we summarize the biology of LysoPS-producing enzymes and receptors, recent developments in LysoPS signal modulators, and prospects for future therapeutic applications.

scholarly journals Deciphering the Labyrinthine System of the Immune Microenvironment in Recurrent Glioblastoma: Recent Original Advances and Lessons from Clinical Immunotherapeutic Approaches

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 6156
Author(s):  
Elena Anghileri ◽  
Monica Patanè ◽  
Natalia Di Ianni ◽  
Irene Sambruni ◽  
Martina Maffezzini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Recurrent Glioblastoma ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Immune Microenvironment ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells

The interpretation of the presence and function of immune infiltration in glioblastoma (GBM) is still debated. Over the years, GBM has been considered a cold tumor that is less infiltrated by effector cells and characterized by a high proportion of immunosuppressive innate immune cells, including GBM-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs). In this context, the failure of checkpoint inhibitors, particularly in recurrent GBM (rGBM), caused us to look beyond the clinical results and consider the point of view of immune cells. The tumor microenvironment in rGBM can be particularly hostile, even when exposed to standard immunomodulatory therapies, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), when present, are either dysfunctional or terminally exhausted. However, after checkpoint blockade therapy, it was possible to observe specific recruitment of adaptive immune cells and an efficient systemic immune response. In this review article, we attempt to address current knowledge regarding the tumor and immune microenvironment in rGBM. Furthermore, immunosuppression induced by GAMs and TIL dysfunction was revisited to account for genetic defects that can determine resistance to therapies and manipulate the immune microenvironment upon recurrence. Accordingly, we reevaluated the microenvironment of some of our rGBM patients treated with dendritic cell immunotherapy, with the goal of identifying predictive immune indicators of better treatment response.

scholarly journals Endoglin: An ‘Accessory’ Receptor Regulating Blood Cell Development and Inflammation

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 9247
Author(s):  
Steffen K. Meurer ◽  
Ralf Weiskirchen
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Vascular Lesions ◽  
Type I ◽  
And Function ◽  
Tgf Β1

Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a pleiotropic factor sensed by most cells. It regulates a broad spectrum of cellular responses including hematopoiesis. In order to process TGF-β1-responses in time and space in an appropriate manner, there is a tight regulation of its signaling at diverse steps. The downstream signaling is mediated by type I and type II receptors and modulated by the ‘accessory’ receptor Endoglin also termed cluster of differentiation 105 (CD105). Endoglin was initially identified on pre-B leukemia cells but has received most attention due to its high expression on activated endothelial cells. In turn, Endoglin has been figured out as the causative factor for diseases associated with vascular dysfunction like hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia-1 (HHT-1), pre-eclampsia, and intrauterine growth restriction (IUPR). Because HHT patients often show signs of inflammation at vascular lesions, and loss of Endoglin in the myeloid lineage leads to spontaneous inflammation, it is speculated that Endoglin impacts inflammatory processes. In line, Endoglin is expressed on progenitor/precursor cells during hematopoiesis as well as on mature, differentiated cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. However, so far only pro-monocytes and macrophages have been in the focus of research, although Endoglin has been identified in many other immune system cell subsets. These findings imply a functional role of Endoglin in the maturation and function of immune cells. Aside the functional relevance of Endoglin in endothelial cells, CD105 is differentially expressed during hematopoiesis, arguing for a role of this receptor in the development of individual cell lineages. In addition, Endoglin expression is present on mature immune cells of the innate (i.e., macrophages and mast cells) and the adaptive (i.e., T-cells) immune system, further suggesting Endoglin as a factor that shapes immune responses. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on Endoglin expression and function in hematopoietic precursors and mature hematopoietic cells of different lineages.

Immunopsychiatry

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Immune Dysfunction ◽  
Homeostatic System ◽  
Exciting Area ◽  
Potential Use

In recent years, great attention has been devoted to the understanding of the immune dysfunction that is associated with major psychiatric disorders. In the context of the reconceptualization of the immune system as a homeostatic system, immune cells, molecules and mechanisms are highly promising as new diagnostic and therapeutic targets to reduce the burden of mental/psychiatric disorders. In this regard, immune cells, molecules and mechanisms are highly promising. The literature on immunology of psychiatric disorders is still disperse, and only very few attempts have been done so far to consolidate the current knowledge in this expanding and exciting area. Each chapter will present the available data on the immune/inflammatory dysfunction in psychiatric disorders, indicating the potential use of novel immunological biomarkers or therapeutic targets, as well as discussing the challenges ahead to incorporate this knowledge into the clinical practice.

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