scholarly journals A Bayesian Estimation of Child Labour in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1975-2001
Author(s):  
Jihye Kim ◽  
Wendy Olsen ◽  
Arkadiusz Wiśniowski
Keyword(s):  
National Sample ◽  
Child Labour ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Improve Accuracy ◽  
Economic Work ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Indian Census ◽  
Combined Data

Abstract Child labour in India involves the largest number of children in any single country in the world. In 2011, 11.8 million children between the ages of 5 and 17 were main workers (those working more than 6 mo) according to the Indian Census. Our estimate of child labour using a combined-data approach is slightly higher than that: 13.2 million (11.4–15.2 million) for ages 5 to 17. There are various opinions on how best to measure the prevalence of child labour. In this study, we use the International Labour Organization (ILO)‘s methodology to define hazardousness and combine it with the most recent United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)‘s time thresholds for economic work and household chores. The specific aims of this study are to estimate the prevalence of child labour in the age group 5 to 17 and to suggest a combined-data approach using Bayesian inference to improve the accuracy of the child labour estimation. This study combines the National Sample Survey on Employment and Unemployment 2011/12 and the India Human Development Survey 2011/12 and compares the result with the reported figures for the incidence of child labour from the Indian Census. Our unique combined-data approach provides a way to improve accuracy, smooth the variations between ages and provide reliable estimates of the scale of child labour in India.

scholarly journals A Study on Types of Work and Wages in Relation to Age of Child Labor at Rajshahi City

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-230
Author(s):  
ME Rahman ◽  
MR Lslam ◽  
ME Haque
Keyword(s):  
Child Labor ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Domestic Labor ◽  
Poultry Farm ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Group 13 ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Diagnostic Center ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Rajshahi City

The study was conducted at Rajshahi city and 180 child workers were selected randomly from different working places such as hotel and restaurant, motor garage, general shops, poultry farm, domestic house, private clinics and private diagnostic centers from January 2009 to March 2009. The study revealed certain variables such as gender, educational level, types of works and wages per month including duration of work of the child workers in relation to their age and the study showed that male were highest in age group 5-9 years and female were highest in age group 13-17 years. The educational level of the respondents was poor in general and in the age group 5-17 years 128 (45.7%) could not read or write at all. The maximum children 44 (15.7%) and 41 (14.6%) respondents were engaged in private diagnostic center and private clinics respectively. The findings could be due to more prevalence of domestic labor at Rajshahi and more prevalence of hotel, private clinics and private diagnostic centers at Rajshahi. Monthly wages of the study respondents was very poor. The study revealed that 54 (19.3%) respondents did not get any wage and they worked for food only. 188 (67.1%) and 38 (13.6%) respondents had wage <500 and in between 500-1000 taka only. The study showed that significant number of children that 238 (85%) had worked more than 8 hours in a day.TAJ 2009; 22(1): 227-230

A sociological study of patterns and determinants of child labour in India

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barsa Priyadarsinee Sahoo
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Child Labour ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Sociological Study ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the patterns and incidence of child labour in India and to examine the magnitude of child labour across different social groups. It analyses the impact of the socio-economic background of the children on their participation in the labour market. Design/methodology/approach The paper primarily relies on the data collected from secondary sources. The census of India data and the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) 66th round data (2009–2010) on employment and unemployment in India for the study. The dependent variable on child labour has been computed by the author for the analysis in the paper. Findings The findings of the paper suggest that poverty is not the only determinant of child labour, but gender and caste of a person is also a significant factor for child labour. The study found that children from lower-caste backgrounds in India seem to participate more in the labour market. In terms of gender, the study found that boys are more likely to engage in economic activities or paid jobs while girls are more likely to engage in household activities. Originality/value Data used in this paper has been extracted by the author from unit level data provided by NSSO. The variables used for the analysis in the presented paper has been constructed by the author and the figures provided are the result of the author’s estimation on data.

scholarly journals Incidence of Child Labour and Child Schooling in India: Pattern and Determinants

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saswati Das
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Child Labour ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Significant Discrepancy ◽  
Economic Determinants ◽  
Child Schooling ◽  
Early Entry ◽  
Formative Stage ◽  
And Gender

The issue of child labour is a frontline concern in India, as early entry into labour market at formative stage of life does mean absconding from proper schooling leading to loss of future scope of better livelihood, since the existing literature shows that there is wage premium for education in Indian labour market. In this perspective, this study aims to carry out a supply-side analysis towards examining the incidence and pattern of child labour and child schooling to test out regional and gender disparities, if any, in terms of these incidences. Socio-economic determinants across gender and region also have been identified for an everlasting way out of the crisis. The data-base utilized for the analysis has been extracted from the National Sample Survey on “Employment and Unemployment Situation in India” for the 61st large sample round (2004-2005). The pattern of child employment in a range of industries confirms the malfunctioning of lawful steps to save child labourers from mischief of occupational vulnerability. It also reveals significant discrepancy in incidence of child labour both across region and gender, but for schooling choice no considerable regional gap is substantiated.

Demographic Trends of Child Labour in India: Implications for Policy Reforms

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 1345-1362
Author(s):  
Bishnu Mohan Dash ◽  
Lokender Prashad ◽  
Mili Dutta
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Child Labour ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Chi Square Test

The article highlights the situation of child labour using the Census data of Government of India from 1971 to 2011. This study has also utilized the National Sample Survey Organization 68th round data on employment and unemployment of child labour in India. In this study, bivariate and multivariate analysis has been carried out. The chi-square test has been used to study the association between child labour and various socio-economic characteristics. The multiple logistic regression technique has been used to find out the factors affecting child labour. All the analysis has been carried out in SPSS and STATA software. The article has highlighted the growth rate of child labour and its distribution with socio- economic characteristics and work participation rate of child labour in India. Using the logistic regression, the study has projected the estimates of child labour in India. Besides that, the article recommended various suggestions for the abolition and regulation of the incidences of child labour in India.

INFLUENCE OF WEATHER ON TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT MIGRATION IN RURAL INDIA

2013 ◽  
Vol 04 (02) ◽  
pp. 1350007 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. KAVI KUMAR ◽  
BRINDA VISWANATHAN
Keyword(s):  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Temporary Migration ◽  
Urban Migrants ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Permanent Migration ◽  
Sample Survey Data ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Temporary Migrants

While a wide range of factors influence rural–rural and rural–urban migration in developing countries, there is significant interest in analyzing the role of agricultural distress and growing inter-regional differences in fueling such movement. This strand of research acquires importance in the context of climate change adaptation. In the Indian context, this analysis gets further complicated due to the significant presence of temporary migration. This paper analyzes how weather and its variability affects both temporary and permanent migration in India using National Sample Survey data for the year 2007–2008. The paper finds that almost all of the rural–urban migrants are permanent. Only temperature plays a role in permanent migration. In contrast, many temporary migrants are rural–rural and both temperature and rainfall explain temporary migration.

The Cost of Being ‘Backward’ in India: Socio-religious Discrimination in the Labour Market

2021 ◽  
pp. 097370302110296
Author(s):  
Soumyajit Chakraborty ◽  
Alok K. Bohara
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Religious Discrimination ◽  
Capital Endowment ◽  
Scheduled Castes ◽  
Sample Survey Data ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Human Capital Endowment

Being from backward castes, classes and Muslims in India has an economic cost associated with the nature of institutional discrimination. Using the 2011–2012 National Sample Survey data, this study identifies that caste and religion still rule the modern Indian labour market. We find that discrimination is evident in the socio-religious earnings gaps. While the parametric decompositions suggest that most of these gaps are due to differential human capital endowment, the nonparametric method almost evenly attributes inequality to discrimination and endowment. The results presented in this study suggest that discrimination against Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, Muslims and Other Backward Classes should be included in policy designs to promote equity in the Indian labour market.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and Parental Burnout: Parents Locked Down but Not More Exhausted

2021 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2110300
Author(s):  
Sarah Le Vigouroux ◽  
Astrid Lebert-Charron ◽  
Jaqueline Wendland ◽  
Emilie Boujut ◽  
Céline Scola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Daily Functioning ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Parenting Role ◽  
At Home

Lockdowns put in place in response to the COVID-19 health crisis have changed daily functioning for families and potentially the emotional experience of individuals in their parenting role. Our study aimed to highlight the importance of the environmental consequences associated with lockdowns on parental burnout. We compared data on parental burnout levels from two French samples: the first collected in 2018 ( N = 1332) and the second collected during the last month of lockdown ( N = 522). Our results show that parents included during the lockdown period reported significantly, but slightly, higher saturation (a dimension of the parental burnout construct) than parents included 2 years earlier. However, the number of children per age group, maintaining employment, and having to provide schooling at home are not variables that explain differences in the level of parental burnout between our two samples. Our results are discussed with regard to the risk factors identified and the French context.

scholarly journals Family history of early onset acute lymphoblastic leukemia is suggesting genetic associations

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinjun Li ◽  
Kristina Sundquist ◽  
Jan Sundquist ◽  
Asta Försti ◽  
Kari Hemminki
Keyword(s):  
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Genetic Associations ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Cancer Data ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Prostate Cancers

AbstractChildhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has an origin in the fetal period which may distinguish it from ALL diagnosed later in life. We wanted to test whether familial risks differ in ALL diagnosed in the very early childhood from ALL diagnosed later. The Swedish nation-wide family-cancer data were used until year 2016 to calculate standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) for familial risks in ALL in three diagnostic age-groups: 0–4, 5–34 and 35 + years. Among 1335 ALL patients diagnosed before age 5, familial risks were increased for esophageal (4.78), breast (1.42), prostate (1.40) and connective tissue (2.97) cancers and leukemia (2.51, ALL 7.81). In age-group 5–34 years, rectal (1.73) and endometrial (2.40) cancer, myeloma (2.25) and leukemia (2.00, ALL 4.60) reached statistical significance. In the oldest age-group, the only association was with Hodgkin lymphoma (3.42). Diagnostic ages of family members of ALL patients were significantly lower compared to these cancers in the population for breast, prostate and rectal cancers. The patterns of increased familial cancers suggest that BRCA2 mutations could contribute to associations of ALL with breast and prostate cancers, and mismatch gene PMS2 mutations with rectal and endometrial cancers. Future DNA sequencing data will be a test for these familial predictions.

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