Anti-inflammatory phytochemicals for the treatment of diabetes and its complications: Lessons learned and future promise

AbstractIn this research, we investigated possible anti-inflammatory roles of Prunus tomentosa Thunb Total Flavones (PTTTF) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. PTTTF (4μg/ml and 40μg/ml) was applied to RAW264.7 cells induced with 1μg/ml LPS to test the impact of these flavones on neutrophil phagocytosis in vitro. Levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and two pro-inflammatory interleukin cytokines (i.e. IL-6 and IL-1β) in the supernatant fraction were tested via Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Expression of cyclooxygenases COX-1 and COX-2 was detected via RT-PCR. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) content was determined with a spectrophotometric assay (Micromethod). The results revealed that PTTTF at doses higher than 4μg/ml reduces the content of IL-6, IL-1β and PGE2 (P < 0.05), and elevates the activity of SOD in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells significantly (P < 0.05). PTTTF at 40μg/ml showed no significant effect on the expression of COX-1(P>0.05) but resulted in a significant inhibition of COX-2 in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells (P<0.05). In summary, PTTTF had a substantial potential anti-inflammatory effect through the alteration of the synthesis of some cytokines and other mediators of the process of inflammation. Novelty statement - Prunus tomentosa Thunb Total Flavones (PTTTF) have known roles in the treatment of diabetes, but here we show that they are also potential anti-inflammatory agents. Our results show that PTTTF exhibited anti-inflammatory effects through altering the synthesis of some cytokines and other mediators of the inflammatory process.

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Bitter Gourd Honey Ameliorates Hepatic and Renal Diabetic Complications on Type 2 Diabetes Rat Models by Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Apoptotic Mechanisms

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10112872 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 2872

Author(s):

Chandra Sekhar Arigela ◽

Giribabu Nelli ◽

Siew Hua Gan ◽

Kuttulebbai Nainamohamed Salam Sirajudeen ◽

Kumarathevan Krishnan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Diabetic Complications ◽

Diabetic Rats ◽

Male Rats ◽

Bitter Gourd ◽

Liver And Kidney ◽

Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes ◽

Treatment Of Diabetes ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Apoptotic Effects

Honey has several pharmacological effects, including anti-diabetic activity. However, the effectiveness of bitter gourd honey (BGH) in the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties of BGH on the kidney and liver of a streptozotocin-induced diabetes rat model. Methods: A single dose (nicotinamide 110 mg/kg, streptozotocin (STZ) 55 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)) was used to induce DM in male rats. For 28 days, normal or diabetic rats were administered 1 g/kg/day and 2 g/kg/day of BGH orally. After the treatment, blood, liver, and kidney samples were collected and analysed for biochemical, histological, and molecular parameters. In addition, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to identify the major bioactive components in BGH. Results: The administration of BGH to diabetic rats resulted in significant reductions in alanine transaminase (ALT),aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine, and urea levels. Diabetic rats treated with BGH showed lesser pathophysiological alterations in the liver and kidney as compared to non-treated control rats. BGH-treated diabetic rats exhibited reduced levels of oxidative stress (MDA levels), inflammatory (MYD88, NFKB, p-NFKB, IKKβ), and apoptotic (caspase-3) markers, as well as higher levels of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GPx) in the liver and kidney. BGH contains many bioactive compounds that may have antioxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. Conclusion: BGH protected the liver and kidney in diabetic rats by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis-induced damage. As a result, BGH can be used as a potential therapy to ameliorate diabetic complications.

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Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Campomanesia xanthocarpa Seed Extract Obtained from Supercritical CO2

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2021/6670544 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Fernanda Petry ◽

Bruna B. Dall’Orsoleta ◽

Mikaela Scatolin ◽

Leticia V. Morgan ◽

Bianca O. Alves ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Supercritical Co2 ◽

Seed Extract ◽

Inflammatory Activity ◽

Second Phase ◽

Acute Administration ◽

Paw Oedema ◽

Treatment Of Diabetes ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Campomanesia xanthocarpa is a plant species traditionally used in the treatment of diabetes, fever, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, and urinary tract diseases. The anti-inflammatory effects of C. xanthocarpa leaves in mice were already known. Nevertheless, studies on the anti-inflammatory activity of its seeds are still lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity and acute toxicity of C. xanthocarpa seed extract, obtained from supercritical CO2 extraction (SCCO2) at 40°C and 250 bar, in mice. GC/MS analysis revealed that β-caryophyllene is the major compound present in the C. xanthocarpa SCCO2 extract. The extract (60 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reduced the nociceptive behavior in the second phase of the formalin test and prevented the paw oedema induced by carrageenan up to 6 h after carrageenan injection. The extract (0.1–1 μg/mL) inhibited neutrophils migration induced by LPS from E. coli in vitro. This antichemostatic effect was comparable to the effect of indomethacin. Acute administration (2000 mg/kg, p.o.) of C. xanthocarpa SCCO2 extract caused no mice mortality, demonstrating that the extract is devoid of acute toxicity. These data suggest that C. xanthocarpa seeds present anti-inflammatory activity and represent a source of anti-inflammatory compounds.

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Contributions from Mexican Flora for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus: Molecules of Psacalium decompositum (A. Gray) H. Rob & Brettell

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26102892 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (10) ◽

pp. 2892

Author(s):

Manuel Jiménez-Estrada ◽

Maira Huerta-Reyes ◽

Rosario Tavera-Hernández ◽

J. Javier Alvarado-Sansininea ◽

Ana Berenice Alvarez

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Plant Species ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Bioactive Molecules ◽

Timely Review ◽

Treatment Of Diabetes ◽

Great Relevance ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

And Diffusion ◽

Annual Mortality

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is cited as a serious worldwide health problem that occupies second place in causes of annual mortality in Mexico. Among Mexican flora, nearly 300 plant species have been employed as hypoglycemic in popular use. Thus, their study entertains great relevance In this context, this work contributes a clear and timely review of the plant species utilized in Traditional Mexican Medicine and experimental biological models in which not only have the hypoglycemic properties of the extracts and the isolated compounds been considered, but also the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, taking into account an integral focus based on the complex mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis and physiopathology of DM. Among the species reviewed, we highlight Psacalium decompositum (Asteraceae), due to the potent hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity of the sesquiterpenes identified as majority compounds isolated from the root, such as cacalol and cacalone that also possess the capacity of increasing insulin levels. In this manner, the present manuscript attempts to contribute necessary information for the future study of bioactive molecules that are useful in the treatment of DM, as well as also being a contribution to the knowledge and diffusion of Mexican Traditional Medicine.

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Combination of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. and Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. for treatment of diabetes and its long-term complications

Тонкие химические технологии ◽

10.32362/2410-6593-2021-16-3-232-240 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 232-240

Author(s):

T. M. Le ◽

Ch. D.P. Nguyen ◽

A. C. Ha

Keyword(s):

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Gymnema Sylvestre ◽

Phyllanthus Amarus ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Treatment Of Diabetes ◽

Ethanolic Extraction ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Patients Experience ◽

Solid Liquid

Objectives. The amount of patients with diabetes is increasing, and such patients experience several long-term complications. Therefore, finding a method to treat the disease and its complications is an urgent issue worldwide. In Vietnam, Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. (PA) and Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. (GS) are common herbs used in traditional therapy including diabetes treatment. This study aimed to combine PA and GS to extend their bioactivities in antidiabetes, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory treatments.Methods. Here, PA and GS powders were mixed at different ratios for extraction. Ethanolic extract was used to detect bioactive compounds, bioactivities, and appropriate ratios of the mixtures.Results. The optimal ratio for the PA and GS combination was 2 : 1 (g/g). The ethanolic extraction of the 2 : 1 sample at 50°C over two hours with a solid/liquid ratio of 1 : 10 achieved a high yield of 14.37%. This sample exhibited good α-glucosidase inhibition activity with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 9.74 µg/mL, antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 29.87 µg/mL, and anti-inflammatory activity with an IC15 of 400 µg/mL.Conclusions. The study confirmed that combining PA and GS can have high α-glucosidase inhibition as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

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Anti-inflammatory Agents in the Treatment of Diabetes and Its Vascular Complications

Diabetes Care ◽

10.2337/dcs15-3015 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 39 (Supplement 2) ◽

pp. S244-S252 ◽

Cited By ~ 86

Author(s):

Rena M. Pollack ◽

Marc Y. Donath ◽

Derek LeRoith ◽

Gil Leibowitz

Keyword(s):

Vascular Complications ◽

Treatment Of Diabetes ◽

Anti Inflammatory

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TREM2 Mediates Microglial Anti-Inflammatory Activations in Alzheimer’s Disease: Lessons Learned from Transcriptomics

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells10020321 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 321

Author(s):

Feng Xue ◽

Heng Du

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽

Critical Role ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Immunoglobulin Superfamily ◽

Missense Mutations ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Ad Mouse Model ◽

Shed Light

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a lethal neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting the aged population. The etiopathogenesis of AD, especially that of the sporadic type, remains elusive. The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), a member of TREM immunoglobulin superfamily, plays a critical role in microglial physiology. Missense mutations in human TREM2 are determined as genetic risk factors associated with the development of sporadic AD. However, the roles of TREM2 in the pathogenesis of AD are still to be established. In this review, we outlined the influence of Trem2 on balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory microglial activations from a perspective of AD mouse model transcriptomics. On this basis, we further speculated the roles of TREM2 in different stages of AD, which may shed light to the development of TREM2-targeted strategy for the prevention and treatment of this neurodegenerative disorder.

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Ocena aktywności biologicznej cynamonu w badaniach in vitro

Postępy Fitoterapii ◽

10.25121/pf.2019.20.4.251 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Izabela Czapska ◽

Elżbieta Studzińska-Sroka ◽

Wiesława Bylka

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Active Ingredient ◽

Symptomatic Treatment ◽

In Vitro Experiments ◽

Cinnamon Bark ◽

The World ◽

Treatment Of Diabetes ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Mild Diarrhea

Cinnamon, the bark of various species of cinnamon, is used in the food spice used throughout the world. In medicine, cinnamon bark and bark oil are used for dyspeptic ailments, fullness and bloating, and cinnamon bark products are recommended as helpful in symptomatic treatment of mild diarrhea also are recommended to support the treatment of diabetes. Cinnamon contains essential oil, whose main active ingredient is cinnamaldehyde, as well as procyanidins, terpenes. This paper presents the results of in vitro experiments on antidiabetic action, along with the mechanism of this activity as well as on antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic also presented. This article also contains information on the dosage of cinnamon bark and cinnamon bark oil.

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