Effects of wait on cement, setting depth, pipe material, and pressure on performance of liner cement

2021 ◽  
Vol 196 ◽  
pp. 108008
Author(s):  
Shawgi Ahmed ◽  
Harshkumar Patel ◽  
Saeed Salehi
Keyword(s):  
Pipe Material ◽  
Cement Setting

Effect of pipe expansion on the redistribution of residual stresses after molding

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-126
Author(s):  
Nikolay A. Makhutov ◽  
◽  
Dmitry A. Neganov ◽  
Eugeny P. Studenov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Strain Distribution ◽  
Strain State ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Cylindrical Shape ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Pipe Expansion ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Residual Deformations ◽  
Stress And Strain Distribution

In the factory, pipes for trunk oil and oil product pipelines are obtained by molding and welding. To ensure a cylindrical shape and reduce technological residual stresses, expansion technology is used. Pipe expansion causes a significant change in the values of residual deformations and stresses. The article presents both the calculation results and graphs regarding stress and strain distribution during bending of the stock and their redistribution after expansion. Based on the calculation results, the final total values of residual stresses and residual deformations caused by bending and expansion were stated to be important components of the stress-strain state observed in pipelines being operated under cyclic loading, as well as those used in assessing how degradation affects the ductility of the pipe material. These factors were concluded as being reasonably taken into account when performing verification calculations regarding long-running pipelines if, based on their diagnostics and analysis, their state does not meet modern strength requirements.

scholarly journals Electrodynamics of a magnet moving through a conducting pipe

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 253-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Hossein Partovi ◽  
Eliza J Morris
Keyword(s):  
Drag Force ◽  
Eddy Currents ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Magnetic Behavior ◽  
Integral Form ◽  
Asymptotic Formulas ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Point Dipole ◽  
Axially Symmetric

The popular demonstration involving a permanent magnet falling through a conducting pipe is treated as an axially symmetric boundary-value problem. Specifically, Maxwell's equations are solved for an axially symmetric magnet moving coaxially inside an infinitely long, conducting cylindrical shell of arbitrary thickness at nonrelativistic speeds. Analytic solutions for the fields are developed and used to derive the resulting drag force acting on the magnet in integral form. This treatment represents a significant improvement over existing models, which idealize the problem as a point dipole moving slowly inside a pipe of negligible thickness. It also provides a rigorous study of eddy currents under a broad range of conditions, and can be used for magnetic braking applications. The case of a uniformly magnetized cylindrical magnet is considered in detail, and a comprehensive analytical and numerical study of the properties of the drag force is presented for this geometry. Various limiting cases of interest involving the shape and speed of the magnet and the full range of conductivity and magnetic behavior of the pipe material are investigated and corresponding asymptotic formulas are developed.PACS Nos.: 81.70.Ex, 41.20.–q, 41.20.Gz

Characterization of the fracture behaviour of X42 microalloyed pipeline steel

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 567-577
Author(s):  
Halil Ibrahim Ünal ◽  
Hakan Atapek ◽  
Baran Gürkan Beleli ◽  
Seyda Polat ◽  
Serap Gümüs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Behaviour ◽  
Pipeline Steel ◽  
Sheet Material ◽  
Sheet Steel ◽  
Grain Morphology ◽  
Tensile Fracture ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fracture Surfaces ◽  
Impact Tests

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the fracture of grade X42 microalloyed steel used as pipe material after tensile test at room temperature and impact tests at 0, −20 and −40°C, respectively. Design/methodology/approach – In the first stage of the study, X42 steels in the form of sheet and pipe materials were selected and etched samples were characterized using light microscope. In the second stage, mechanical properties of steels were obtained by microhardness measurements, static tensile and impact tests and all the broken surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscope to determine the fracture type as a function of both microstructure and loading. Findings – The examinations revealed that: first, the sheet material had a typical ferritic-pearlitic matrix, second, the transverse section of the sheet steel exhibited a matrix consisting of polygonal ferrite-aligned pearlite colonies and the longitudinal one had elongated ferrite phase and pearlite colonies in the direction of rolling, third, ferrite and pearlite distribution was different from the sheet material due to multiaxial deformation in the pipe material, fourth, tensile fracture surfaces of the steels had typical dimple fracture induced by microvoid coalescence, fifth, impact fracture surfaces of the steels changed as a function of the test temperature and cleavage fracture mode of ferritic-pearlitic matrix became more dominant as the temperature decreased, and sixth, grain morphology had an effect on the fracture behavior of the steels. Originality/value – The paper explains the fracture behaviour of X42 microalloyed pipeline steel and its fractographical analysis.

Low Velocity Impact Resistance of CPVC Pipes Exposed to Natural Outdoor Weathering Conditions

2012 ◽  
Vol 445 ◽  
pp. 959-964
Author(s):  
Z. Khan ◽  
Necar Merah ◽  
A. Bazoune ◽  
S. Furquan
Keyword(s):  
Impact Resistance ◽  
Outdoor Exposure ◽  
Impact Testing ◽  
Low Velocity Impact ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Impact Energies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Impact Events ◽  
Outdoor Weathering

Low velocity drop weight impact testing of CPVC pipes was conducted on 160 mm long pipe sections obtained from 4-inch (100 mm) diameter schedule 80 pipes. Impact test were carried out for the base (as received) pipes and after their exposure to out door natural weathering conditions in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. The results of the impact testing on the natural (outdoor exposure) broadly suggest that the natural outdoor exposures produce no change in the impact resistance of CPVC pipe material for the impact events carrying low incident energies of 10 and 20J. At the impact energies of 35 and 50J the natural outdoor exposures appear to cause appreciable degradation in the impact resistance of the CPVC pipe material. This degradation is noted only for the longer exposure periods of 12 and 18 months.

Welding Procedure Establishment for Tubular Joints Welded by Single Station, Solid State Welding Machine

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganesan S. Marimuthu ◽  
Per Thomas Moe ◽  
Bjarne Salberg ◽  
Junyan Liu ◽  
Henry Valberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Welding Process ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Tubular Joints ◽  
Welding Machine ◽  
Single Station ◽  
Welding Procedure ◽  
Treatment Procedures

Forge welding is an efficient welding method for tubular joints applicable in oil and gas industries due to its simplicity in carrying out the welding, absence of molten metal and filler metals, small heat-affected zone and high process flexibility. Prior to forging, the ends (bevels) of the joining tubes can be heated by torch or electromagnetic (EM) techniques, such as induction or high frequency resistance heating. The hot bevels are subsequently pressed together to establish the weld. The entire welding process can be completed within seconds and consistently produces superior quality joints of very high strength and adequate ductility. Industrial forge welding of tubes in the field is relatively expensive compared to laboratory testing. Moreover, at the initial stages of a new project sufficient quantities of pipe material may not be available for weldability testing. For these and several other reasons we have developed a highly efficient single station, solid state welding machine that carefully replicates the thermomechanical conditions of full-scale Shielded Active Gas Forge Welding Machines (SAG-FWM) for pipeline and casing applications. This representative laboratory machine can be used to weld tubular goods, perform material characterization and/or simulate welding and heat treatment procedures. The bevel shapes at mating ends of the tubes are optimized by ABAQUS® simulations to fine tune temperature distribution. The main aim of this paper is to establish a welding procedure for welding the tubular joints by the representative laboratory machine. The quality of the welded tubular joint was analyzed by macro/micro analyses, as well as hardness and bend tests. The challenges in optimizing the bevel shape and process parameters to weld high quality tubular joints are thoroughly discussed. Finally a welding procedure specification was established to weld the tubular joints in the representative laboratory machine.

Design of crack arrestors for ultra high grade gas transmission pipelines: simulation of crack initiation, propagation and arrest

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-319
Author(s):  
F. Van den Abeele ◽  
M. Di Biagio ◽  
L. Amlung
Keyword(s):  
Crack Initiation ◽  
Crack Propagation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Ductile Crack ◽  
Reinforced Plastics ◽  
Four Point Bending

One of the major challenges in the design of ultra high grade (X100) gas pipelines is the identification of areliable crack propagation strategy. Recent research results have shown that the newly developed highstrength and large diameter gas pipelines, when operated at severe conditions, may not be able to arrest arunning ductile crack through pipe material properties. Hence, the use of crack arrestors is required in thedesign of safe and reliable pipeline systems.A conventional crack arrestor can be a high toughness pipe insert, or a local joint with higher wall thickness.According to experimental results of full-scale burst tests, composite crack arrestors are one of the mostpromising technologies. Such crack arrestors are made of fibre reinforced plastics which provide the pipewith an additional hoop constraint. In this paper, numerical tools to simulate crack initiation, propagationand arrest in composite crack arrestors are introduced.First, the in-use behaviour of composite crack arrestors is evaluated by means of large scale tensile testsand four point bending experiments. The ability of different stress based orthotropic failure measures topredict the onset of material degradation is compared. Then, computational fracture mechanics is applied tosimulate ductile crack propagation in high pressure gas pipelines, and the corresponding crack growth inthe composite arrestor. The combination of numerical simulation and experimental research allows derivingdesign guidelines for composite crack arrestors.

Simplified LBB Guidance: Stage 1 — Development of a New Software Tool and Initial Scoping Calculations

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Gill ◽  
John Sharples ◽  
Chris Aird
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Software Tool ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Loading Conditions ◽  
Design Rules ◽  
Inner Radius ◽  
Inner Diameter ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Leak Before Break

This study is focussed on establishing more simplified Leak-before-Break (LbB) guidance for inclusion into Section III.11 of the R6 procedure. The approach adopted has involved the development of a universal software tool for LbB simplified assessments which can be used to perform initial scoping calculations to demonstrate typical LbB cases. It is envisaged that this simplified methodology will enable plant assessment engineers to be more informed on which sites on plant are likely to have LbB successfully applied and to be able to undertake LbB assessments in a more simplistic way than is currently available. Using the developed software tool, a range of LbB calculations for different cracks and loading conditions have been performed to provide guidance on where LbB is more likely to be applied on plant. Loading conditions include primary and secondary stresses, where through-wall changes have been accounted for. The pipe geometries included in this study have been defined by the inner radius and the wall thickness, calculated by minimum pipe thickness required according to meet the design rules of ASME III. The pipe inner radius varies from 40mm to 200mm (80mm to 400mm inner diameter (ID)). All pipe outer diameters are less than 0.5m. All cracks considered in this study are through-wall and circumferential. Pipe material properties are chosen to be broadly representative of an Austenitic Stainless Steel, where the fracture toughness varies from 100 to 180MPa√m and the yield stress is 150MPa.

Modified Equation to Predict Leak/Rupture Criteria for Axially Through-Wall Notched X80 and X100 Linepipes Having Higher Charpy Energy

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinobu Kawaguchi ◽  
Naoto Hagiwara ◽  
Mitsuru Ohata ◽  
Masao Toyoda
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Flow Stress ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Absorbed Energy ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Full Scale Tests ◽  
Hoop Stresses ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Modified Equation

A method of predicting the leak/rupture criteria for API 5L X80 and X100 linepipes was evaluated, based on the results of hydrostatic full-scale tests for X60, X65, X80 and X100 linepipes with an axially through-wall (TW) notch. The TW notch test results clarified the leak/rupture criteria, that is, the relationship between the initial notch lengths and the maximum hoop stresses during the TW notch tests. The obtained leak/rupture criteria were then compared to the prediction of the Charpy V-notch (CVN) absorbed energy-based equation, which has been proposed by Kiefner et al. The comparison revealed that the CVN-based equation was not applicable to the pipes having a CVN energy (Cv) greater than 130 J and flow stress greater than X65. In order to predict the leak/rupture criteria for these linepipes, the static absorbed energy for ductile cracking, (Cvs)i, was introduced as representing the fracture toughness of a pipe material. The (Cvs)i value was determined from the microscopic observation of the cut and buffed Charpy V-notch specimens after static 3-point bending tests. The CVN energy in the original CVN-based equation was replaced by an equivalent CVN energy, (Cv)eq’ which was defined as follows: (Cv)eq = 4.5 (Cvs)i. The leak/rupture criteria for the X80 and X100 linepipes with higher CVN energies were reasonably predicted by the modified equation using the (Cvs)i value.

Development of X90 and X100 Steel Grades for Seamless Linepipe Products

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Toma ◽  
Silke Harksen ◽  
Dorothee Niklasch ◽  
Denise Mahn ◽  
Ashraf Koka
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Materials Development ◽  
Additional Tool ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Steel Grades

The general trend in oil and gas industry gives a clear direction towards the need for high strength grades up to X100. The exploration in extreme regions and under severe conditions, e.g. in ultra deep water regions also considering High Temperature/High Pressure Fields or arctic areas, becomes more and more important with respect to the still growing demand of the world for natural resources. Further, the application of high strength materials enables the possibility of structure weight reduction which benefits to materials and cost reduction and increase of efficiency in the pipe line installation process. To address these topics, the development of such high strength steel grades with optimum combination of high tensile properties, excellent toughness properties and sour service resistivity for seamless quenched and tempered pipes are in the focus of the materials development and improvement of Vallourec. This paper will present the efforts put into the materials development for line pipe applications up to grade X100 for seamless pipes manufactured by Pilger Mill. The steel concept developed by Vallourec over the last years [1,2] was modified and adapted according to the technical requirements of the Pilger rolling process. Pipes with OD≥20″ and wall thickness up to 30 mm were rolled and subsequent quenched and tempered. The supportive application of thermodynamic and kinetic simulation techniques as additional tool for the material development was used. Results of mechanical characterization by tensile and toughness testing, as well as microstructure examination by light-optical microscopy will be shown. Advanced investigation techniques as scanning electron microcopy and electron backscatter diffraction are applied to characterize the pipe material up to the crystallographic level. The presented results will demonstrate not only the effect of a well-balanced alloying concept appointing micro-alloying, but also the high sophisticated and precise thermal treatment of these pipe products. The presented alloying concept enables the production grade X90 to X100 with wall thickness up to 30 mm and is further extending the product portfolio of Vallourec for riser systems for deepwater and ultra-deep water application [1, 3, 4].

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