Cubosomal lipid formulation of nitroalkene fatty acids: Preparation, stability and biological effects

The study was designed to investigate the chemical composition and the biological effects of G. parviflora and V. polyanthes ethanolic extracts in vitro. Total content of phenols, flavonoids and tannins was quantified by spectrophotometry; chemical characterization was permed by mass spectrometry (ESI (-) FT-ICR MS and APCI (+) FT-ICR MS analysis). Antioxidant activities were determined by FRAP and Fe2+ chelating methods. Extracts cytotoxicity was evaluated in human lymphocytes, sarcoma-180 (S-180) and human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells, by MTT assay. V. polyanthes presented higher total content of tannins and G. parviflora presented higher amount of phenols and flavonoids. Chemical characterization showed the presence of flavonoids, phenolic acids and sesquiterpene lactones in V. polyanthes extract, and steroids, phenolic acids and fatty acids (Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids - PUFA) in G. parviflora extract. V. polyanthes extract stood out in the Fe2+ chelation test. G. parviflora extract did not present outstanding antioxidant results in the tested protocols. Both species showed a tendency to promote cytotoxicity in human lymphocyte cells. Regarding the antiproliferative effect, both species were able to reduce S-180 cell viability and G. parviflora extract showed high antiproliferative potential in the assay with AGS cells. These findings reinforce the medicinal use of these plants, as well as suggest their potential use for the development of new drugs and for the treatment of cancers.

Download Full-text

Optimization Model of Phenolics Encapsulation Conditions for Biofortification in Fatty Acids of Animal Food Products

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10040881 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 881

Author(s):

Roberta Tolve ◽

Fernanda Galgano ◽

Nicola Condelli ◽

Nazarena Cela ◽

Luigi Lucini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Condensed Tannins ◽

Encapsulation Efficiency ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Fatty Acid Content ◽

Food Products ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Animal Nutrition ◽

Loading Capacity ◽

Wide Range

The nutritional quality of animal products is strongly related to their fatty acid content and composition. Nowadays, attention is paid to the possibility of producing healthier foods of animal origin by intervening in animal feed. In this field, the use of condensed tannins as dietary supplements in animal nutrition is becoming popular due to their wide range of biological effects related, among others, to their ability to modulate the rumen biohydrogenation and biofortify, through the improvement of the fatty acids profile, the derivate food products. Unfortunately, tannins are characterized by strong astringency and low bioavailability. These disadvantages could be overcome through the microencapsulation in protective matrices. With this in mind, the optimal conditions for microencapsulation of a polyphenolic extract rich in condensed tannins by spray drying using a blend of maltodextrin (MD) and gum Arabic (GA) as shell material were investigated. For this purpose, after the extract characterization, through spectrophotometer assays and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight (UHPLC-QTOF) mass spectrometry, a central composite design (CCD) was employed to investigate the combined effects of core:shell and MD:GA ratio on the microencapsulation process. The results obtained were used to develop second-order polynomial regression models on different responses, namely encapsulation yield, encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, and tannin content. The formulation characterized by a core:shell ratio of 1.5:5 and MD:GA ratio of 4:6 was selected as the optimized one with a loading capacity of 17.67%, encapsulation efficiency of 76.58%, encapsulation yield of 35.69%, and tannin concentration of 14.46 g/100 g. Moreover, in vitro release under varying pH of the optimized formulation was carried out with results that could improve the use of microencapsulated condensed tannins in animal nutrition for the biofortification of derivates.

Download Full-text

Distinct Influence of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on the Plasma Metabolome of Healthy Older Adults

The Journals of Gerontology Series A ◽

10.1093/gerona/glz141 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 75 (5) ◽

pp. 875-884 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Souzana-Eirini Xyda ◽

Ivan Vuckovic ◽

Xuan-Mai Petterson ◽

Surendra Dasari ◽

Antigoni Z Lalia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

1H Nmr ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Pufa Supplementation ◽

Healthy Older Adults ◽

Insight Into

Abstract Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFA) are well recognized for their potent triglyceride-lowering effects, but the potential influence of these bioactive lipids on other biological processes, particularly in the context of healthy aging, remains unknown. With the goal of gaining new insight into some less well-characterized biological effects of n3-PUFAs in healthy older adults, we performed metabolomics of fasting peripheral blood plasma collected from 12 young adults and 12 older adults before and after an open-label intervention of n3-PUFA (3.9 g/day, 2.7 g eicosapentaenoic [EPA], 1.2 g docosahexaenoic [DHA]). Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) based lipoprotein subclass analysis revealed the expected reduction in total triglyceride (TG), but also demonstrated that n3-PUFA supplementation reduced very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particle number, modestly increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and shifted the composition of HDL subclasses. Further metabolite profiling by 1H-NMR and mass spectrometry revealed pronounced changes in phospholipids, cholesterol esters, diglycerides, and triglycerides following n3-PUFA supplementation. Furthermore, significant changes in hydroxyproline, kynurenine, and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid (CMPF) following n3-PUFA supplementation provide further insight into some less well-recognized biological effects of n3-PUFA supplementation, including possible effects on protein metabolism, the kynurenine pathway, and glucose metabolism.

Download Full-text

Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2 Related Factor 2 Activator JC-5411 Inhibits Atherosclerosis Through Suppression of Inflammation and Regulation of Lipid Metabolism

Frontiers in Pharmacology ◽

10.3389/fphar.2020.532568 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Xinhai Jiang ◽

Yining Li ◽

Weizhi Wang ◽

Xiaowan Han ◽

Jiangxue Han ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Luciferase Reporter ◽

Related Factor ◽

Nuclear Factor ◽

Phenethyl Isothiocyanate ◽

Aortic Sinus ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Phenethyl isothiocyanate is widely present in cruciferous vegetables with multiple biological effects. Here we reported the antiatherogenic effects and the underlying mechanisms of JC-5411 (Phenethyl isothiocyanate formulation) in vitro and in vivo. Luciferase reporter assay showed that JC-5411 increased the activity of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and antioxidant response element (ARE). JC-5411 treatment significantly increased the protein expression of Nrf2 and its downstream target gene hemeoxygenase 1 (HO-1) in liver of apolipoprotein E deficient (ApoE−/−) mice. Importantly, JC-5411 treatment significantly reduced atherosclerotic plaque area in both en face aorta and aortic sinus when compared with model group in WD induced ApoE−/− mice. JC-5411 obviously decreased proinflammatory factors’ levels in serum of ApoE−/− mice, LPS stimulated macrophages and TNFα induced endothelial cells, respectively. JC-5411 significantly decreased the levels of total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) in both serum and liver of ApoE−/− mice and hyperlipidemic golden hamsters. Mechanism studies showed that JC-5411 exerted anti-inflammatory effect through activating Nrf2 signaling and inhibiting NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. JC-5411 exerted regulating lipid metabolism effect through increasing cholesterol transfer proteins (ABCA1 and LDLR) expression, regulating fatty acids synthesis related genes (p-ACC, SCD1 and FAS), and increasing fatty acids β-oxidation (CPT1A) in vivo. Furthermore, JC-5411 treatment had a favorable antioxidant effect in ApoE−/− mice by increasing the antioxidant related genes expression. Taken together, we conclude that JC-5411 as a Nrf2 activator has anti-inflammatory, rebalancing lipid metabolism, and antioxidant effects, which makes it as a potential therapeutic agent against atherosclerosis.

Download Full-text

Biological Effects of -3 Fatty Acids in Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes Care ◽

10.2337/diacare.14.12.1160 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 14 (12) ◽

pp. 1160-1179 ◽

Cited By ~ 97

Author(s):

T. H. Malasanos ◽

P. W. Stacpoole

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Biological Effects

Download Full-text

Dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids: Biological effects and nutritional essentiality

Free Radical Biology and Medicine ◽

10.1016/0891-5849(92)90106-q ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 527

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Biological Effects

Download Full-text

Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Deletion Limits High-Fat Diet-Induced Inflammation

Frontiers in Pharmacology ◽

10.3389/fphar.2021.778470 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Karen M. Wagner ◽

Jun Yang ◽

Christophe Morisseau ◽

Bruce D. Hammock

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

High Fat Diet ◽

Epoxide Hydrolase ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase ◽

Bioactive Lipids ◽

High Fat ◽

Female Mice ◽

Epoxy Fatty Acids ◽

Fat Diets

The soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) enzyme is a major regulator of bioactive lipids. The enzyme is highly expressed in liver and kidney and modulates levels of endogenous epoxy-fatty acids, which have pleiotropic biological effects including limiting inflammation, neuroinflammation, and hypertension. It has been hypothesized that inhibiting sEH has beneficial effects on limiting obesity and metabolic disease as well. There is a body of literature published on these effects, but typically only male subjects have been included. Here, we investigate the role of sEH in both male and female mice and use a global sEH knockout mouse model to compare the effects of diet and diet-induced obesity. The results demonstrate that sEH activity in the liver is modulated by high-fat diets more in male than in female mice. In addition, we characterized the sEH activity in high fat content tissues and demonstrated the influence of diet on levels of bioactive epoxy-fatty acids. The sEH KO animals had generally increased epoxy-fatty acids compared to wild-type mice but gained less body weight on higher-fat diets. Generally, proinflammatory prostaglandins and triglycerides were also lower in livers of sEH KO mice fed HFD. Thus, sEH activity, prostaglandins, and triglycerides increase in male mice on high-fat diet but are all limited by sEH ablation. Additionally, these changes also occur in female mice though at a different magnitude and are also improved by knockout of the sEH enzyme.

Download Full-text

Narrative Review of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation upon Immune Functions, Resolution Molecules and Lipid Peroxidation

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13020662 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 662

Author(s):

Gary P. Zaloga

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Lipid Peroxidation ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Immune Functions ◽

Pufa Supplementation ◽

Fish Oil Supplementation

Fish oil supplementation is commonplace in human nutrition and is being used in both enteral and parenteral formulations during the treatment of patients with a large variety of diseases and immune status. The biological effects of fish oil are believed to result from their content of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). These fatty acids are known to have numerous effects upon immune functions and are described as immunomodulatory. However, immunomodulatory is a nondescript term that encompasses immunostimulation and immunosuppression. The primary goal of this review is to better describe the immune effects of n-3 PUFA as they relate to immunostimulatory vs. immunosuppressive effects. One mechanism proposed for the immune effects of n-3 PUFA relates to the production of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). A second goal of this review is to evaluate the effects of n-3 PUFA supplementation upon production of SPMs. Although n-3 PUFA are stated to possess anti-oxidative properties, these molecules are highly oxidizable due to multiple double bonds and may increase oxidative stress. Thus, the third goal of this review is to evaluate the effects of n-3 PUFA upon lipid oxidation. We conclude, based upon current scientific evidence, that n-3 PUFA suppress inflammatory responses and most cellular immune responses such as chemotaxis, transmigration, antigen presentation, and lymphocyte functions and should be considered immunosuppressive. n-3 PUFA induced production of resolution molecules is inconsistent with many resolution molecules failing to respond to n-3 PUFA supplementation. n-3 PUFA supplementation is associated with increased lipid peroxidation in most studies. Vitamin E co-administration is unreliable for prevention of the lipid peroxidation. These effects should be considered when administering n-3 PUFA to patients that may be immunosuppressed or under high oxidative stress due to illness or other treatments.

Download Full-text

Detection and Characterization of Phosphorylation, Glycosylation, and Fatty Acid Bound to Fetuin A in Human Blood

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10030411 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 411

Author(s):

Markéta Kovářová ◽

Hubert Kalbacher ◽

Andreas Peter ◽

Hans-Ulrich Häring ◽

Triantafyllos Didangelos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Human Plasma ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Pattern ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Fatty Acid Binding ◽

Fetuin A

The hepatokine fetuin A (Fet A) has been associated with diverse pathological states such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, macrovascular disease, and systemic ectopic and vascular calcification. Fet A may also play a role in tumor growth and metastasis. The biological activity of Fet A may be affected by various modifications, including phosphorylation, O- and N-glycosylation and fatty acid binding. We developed an antibody-based assay for the detection of Fet A phosphorylated at serine 312. Fatty acid pattern was determined by gas chromatography. Using the antibody, we found that the phosphorylation was stable in human plasma or serum at room temperature for 8 h. We observed that Fet A is present in several glycosylation forms in human plasma, but the extent of Ser312 phosphorylation was not associated with glycosylation. The phosphorylation pattern did not change during an oral glucose tolerance test (0–120 min). We further found that human Fet A binds preferentially saturated fatty acids (>90%) at the expense of mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids. Our results indicate that different molecular species of Fet A are present in human plasma and that these different modifications may determine the different biological effects of Fet A.

Download Full-text

206 Beyond NRC Requirements: The Role of Non-nutritives in Equine Health and Performance

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab235.197 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 108-109

Author(s):

Lori K Warren

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Dietary Supplements ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Essential Fatty Acids ◽

Group Discussion ◽

High Stress ◽

Normal Diet ◽

Sufficient Evidence ◽

Nutrient Requirements ◽

Future Revision

Abstract Billions of dollars are spent annually on dietary supplements, with similarities between products consumed by humans and those offered to horses and other animals. Dietary supplements encompass a variety of substances, some non-nutritive and others recognized as essential nutrients, but all are fed with the intent of providing a health or performance benefit beyond that supported by the normal diet. Though many of these products are sold without sufficient evidence of efficacy, their increasing popularity has driven horse owner curiosity and researcher interest. Over the past two decades, funding for research on dietary supplements in horses has exceeded that spent addressing knowledge gaps in the nutrient requirements of horses. Many of these substances are difficult to study (e.g., herbs, botanical extracts), due to their complex composition, unidentifiable active compounds, or broad biological effects that are difficult to characterize. Others have shown promise for reducing inflammation and improving immunocompetence, including various fatty acids, probiotics, prebiotic fibers, and antioxidants. Among these are well-known nutrients that are either being fed above current requirements (e.g., vitamins, minerals), or are presumed to be essential but requirements have not been established for the horse (e.g., essential fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins). In most cases, the benefits are not realized in an already healthy horse but are instead demonstrable in animals under high stress conditions (e.g., intense exercise, transport) or states of immunocompromise (e.g., inflammatory disease, senior horses, foals). Should dietary supplements be included in discussions of nutrient requirements and a future revision of the horse NRC publication? When does a compound become a nutrient – or a drug? Could there be a situational requirement for a dietary supplement if it returns the animal to homeostasis when the regular diet does not? This presentation will provide fodder for a group discussion on future directions of equine nutrition.

Download Full-text