Life events and changes in the course of depression in young adults

SummaryBackground.Few community-based studies have examined the impact of life events, life conditions and life changes on the course of depression. This paper examines associations of life events on depressive symptom onset, improvement, and stability.Methods.Direct interview data from the Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology Study (EDSP), a 4–5 year prospective-longitudinal design based on a representative community sample of adolescents and young adults, aged 14–24 years at baseline, are used. Life events were measured using the Munich Event-Questionnaire (MEL) consisting of 83 explicit items from various social role areas and subscales for the assessment of life event clusters categorized according to dimensions such as positive and negative and controllable and uncontrollable. Depressive disorders were assessed with the DSM-IV version of the Munich Composite Diagnostic Interview (M-CIDI). Multiple logistic regression analyses examined the effects of 22 predictors on the course of depression (onset, improvement, stability).Results.Younger age, low social class, negative and stressful life events linked to the family were associated with increased risk of new onset of depression. Anxiety was a significant independent predictor of new onset of depression. Absence of stressful school and family events was related to improvement in depression. The weighted total number of life events predicted stable depression.Conclusions.The association between life events and the course of depression appears to vary according to the outcome being examined, with different clusters of life events differentially predicting onset, improvement, and stability.

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Danger and loss events and the incidence of anxiety and depressive disorders: a prospective-longitudinal community study of adolescents and young adults

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291714001160 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 153-163 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

E. Asselmann ◽

H.-U. Wittchen ◽

R. Lieb ◽

M. Höfler ◽

K. Beesdo-Baum

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Depressive Disorders ◽

Community Sample ◽

Adolescents And Young Adults ◽

Co Morbidity ◽

Dsm Iv ◽

Logistic Regressions ◽

Anxiety Depression ◽

Prospective Longitudinal

BackgroundThere are inconclusive findings regarding whether danger and loss events differentially predict the onset of anxiety and depression.MethodA community sample of adolescents and young adults (n = 2304, age 14–24 years at baseline) was prospectively followed up in up to four assessments over 10 years. Incident anxiety and depressive disorders were assessed at each wave using the DSM-IV/M-CIDI. Life events (including danger, loss and respectively mixed events) were assessed at baseline using the Munich Event List (MEL). Logistic regressions were used to reveal associations between event types at baseline and incident disorders at follow-up.ResultsLoss events merely predicted incident ‘pure’ depression [odds ratio (OR) 2.4 per standard deviation, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5–3.9, p < 0.001] whereas danger events predicted incident ‘pure’ anxiety (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.1–4.6, p = 0.023) and ‘pure’ depression (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.7–3.5, p < 0.001). Mixed events predicted incident ‘pure’ anxiety (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.5–5.7, p = 0.002), ‘pure’ depression (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.6–3.4, p < 0.001) and their co-morbidity (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.8–7.0, p < 0.001).ConclusionsOur results provide further evidence for differential effects of danger, loss and respectively mixed events on incident anxiety, depression and their co-morbidity. Since most loss events referred to death/separation from significant others, particularly interpersonal loss appears to be highly specific in predicting depression.

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Obesity, Abdominal Obesity and Chronic Kidney Disease in Young Adults: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10051065 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 1065

Author(s):

Eun Hui Bae ◽

Sang Yeob Lim ◽

Jin-Hyung Jung ◽

Tae Ryom Oh ◽

Hong Sang Choi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Young Adults ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Abdominal Obesity ◽

Population Based ◽

Baseline Body Mass Index ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Baseline Examination ◽

New Onset

Obesity has become a pandemic. It is one of the strongest risk-factors of new-onset chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the effects of obesity and abdominal obesity on the risk of developing CKD in young adults has not been elucidated. From a nationwide health screening database, we included 3,030,884 young adults aged 20–39 years without CKD during a baseline examination in 2009–2010, who could follow up during 2013–2016. Patients were stratified into five levels based on their baseline body mass index (BMI) and six levels based on their waist circumference (WC; 5-cm increments). The primary outcome was the development of CKD. During the follow up, until 2016, 5853 (0.19%) participants developed CKD. Both BMI and WC showed a U-shaped relationship with CKD risk, identifying the cut-off values as a BMI of 21 and WC of 72 cm in young adults. The obesity group (odd ratio [OR] = 1.320, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.247–1.397) and abdominal obesity group (male WC ≥ 90, female WC ≥ 85) (OR = 1.208, 95%CI: 1.332–1.290) showed a higher CKD risk than the non-obesity or non-abdominal obesity groups after adjusting for covariates. In the CKD risk by obesity composite, the obesity displayed by the abdominal obesity group showed the highest CKD risk (OR = 1.502, 95%CI: 1.190–1.895), especially in those under 30 years old. During subgroup analysis, the diabetes mellitus (DM) group with obesity or abdominal obesity paradoxically showed a lower CKD risk compared with the non-obesity or non-abdominal obesity group. Obesity and abdominal obesity are associated with increased risk of developing CKD in young adults but a decreased risk in young adults with diabetes.

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An RDoC-Based Approach to Adolescent Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors: The Interactive Role of Social Affiliation and Cardiac Arousal

10.31234/osf.io/uavs9 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Benjamin W Nelson

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Design ◽

Sensitive Period ◽

Future Research ◽

Peer Conflict ◽

Biological Stress ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Transition To Adolescence ◽

And Behaviors ◽

Prospective Longitudinal

Self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (SITB) increase dramatically across adolescence. Despite the prevalence and severity of these outcomes, remarkably little research has elucidated why adolescence represents a particularly high-risk period for the emergence of SITB. Recent theoretical models have posited that SITB may result from failures in biological stress regulation in the context of social stress. However, there is a lack of data examining these associations during the transition to adolescence, a sensitive period of development that is characterized by changes across socio-affective and psychophysiological domains that may interact to heighten risk for SITB. The present study used a prospective longitudinal design among 147 adolescents. We built on advantages offered by the RDoC framework to test the interaction of experiences of social conflict (i.e., parent and peer conflict) with cardiac arousal (i.e., resting heart rate) to predict adolescent non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicidal ideation (SI) across one year. Longitudinal analyses revealed that while neither greater peer conflict nor higher cardiac arousal at baseline were associated with SITB outcomes at follow-up, adolescents experiencing the combination of greater peer conflict and higher cardiac arousal at baseline showed significant longitudinal increases in NSSI at follow-up. In addition, there were null effects for family conflict and SI outcomes. Findings indicate that youth with greater peer conflict and heightened arousal during the transition to adolescence may be at increased risk for NSSI. Future research should examine these processes at finer timescales in order to elucidate whether these factors are proximal predictors of within-day SITB.

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Parental Divorce and Union Disruption Among Young Adults in Sweden

Journal of Family Issues ◽

10.1177/0192513x08331028 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 30 (5) ◽

pp. 688-713 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Michael Gähler ◽

Ying Hong ◽

Eva Bernhardt

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Parental Divorce ◽

Interpersonal Behavior ◽

Unique Contribution ◽

Union Dissolution ◽

Socioeconomic Conditions ◽

Union Commitment ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Questionnaire Surveys ◽

The Impact

This article analyzes the impact of parental divorce on the disruption of marital and nonmarital unions among young adults in Sweden, using longitudinal data from repeated mail questionnaire surveys (1999 and 2003) with 1,321 respondents (aged 26, 30, and 34 in 2003). The study takes into account several possible mechanisms governing the parent—offspring union dissolution link, including indicators on life course and socioeconomic conditions, attitudes toward divorce, union commitment, and interpersonal behavior. Findings reveal that respondents with divorced parents exhibit an increased risk for their own union disruption of almost 40%. When controls for all mechanisms are added, the excess risk ceases to be statistically significant. The unique contribution of each mechanism, however, is limited. Rather, the mechanisms seem to operate jointly.

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Mother and Father Controlling Feeding Behaviors and Associations With Observed Mealtime Family Functioning

Journal of Pediatric Psychology ◽

10.1093/jpepsy/jsz060 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 44 (10) ◽

pp. 1174-1183

Author(s):

Sarah C Westen ◽

Tarrah B Mitchell ◽

Sarah Mayer-Brown ◽

Alana Resmini Rawlinson ◽

Ke Ding ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Family Functioning ◽

Longitudinal Design ◽

Community Sample ◽

Future Research ◽

Coding System ◽

Feeding Behaviors ◽

Child Feeding ◽

Self Reports ◽

The Impact ◽

Preschool Aged Children

Abstract Objective Mealtime family functioning is important in shaping health behaviors associated with overweight/obesity, particularly for preschool-aged children. Parental controlling feeding behaviors (i.e., restriction and pressure to eat), may impact mealtime family functioning and thus be targets of prevention and intervention efforts. The current study aimed to address literature gaps by examining both mother and father self-reports of controlling feeding behaviors, and the discrepancies between parents’ reports. Further, the study examined the associations among controlling feeding behaviors and objective mealtime family functioning in a community sample of preschool-aged children. Methods The sample included 27 children between 2 and 6 years of age and their immediate family members. Two mealtimes were videotaped for each family and coded for family functioning using the Mealtime Interaction Coding System, and self-reports of feeding practices were collected using the Child Feeding Questionnaire. Results Mother controlling feeding behaviors were not significantly related to any mealtime family functioning domain. Father controlling feeding behaviors were only significantly related to interpersonal involvement. However, discrepancies in the use of controlling feeding behaviors accounted for nearly one fourth of the variance in overall family functioning and affect management, with greater discrepancies being related to poorer family functioning. Conclusions Interventions may be designed to reduce parental discrepancies in the use of controlling feeding behaviors. Future research should consider longitudinal design, using larger, more representative samples, to better understand the impact of parental controlling feeding behaviors, particularly the impact of parental discrepancies in these areas, on mealtime family functioning and subsequent health outcomes.

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Anxiety Sensitivity and Panic-Related Symptomatology in a Representative Community-Based Sample: A 1-Year Longitudinal Analysis

Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy ◽

10.1891/0889.8391.22.1.48 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 48-56 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Brian J. Cox ◽

Steven Taylor ◽

Ian P. Clara ◽

Lance Roberts ◽

Murray W. Enns

Keyword(s):

Life Events ◽

Anxiety Sensitivity ◽

Stressful Life Events ◽

Longitudinal Research ◽

Community Sample ◽

Panic Attacks ◽

Stressful Life ◽

Sensitivity Index ◽

Community Based ◽

The Impact

Anxiety sensitivity is the fear of anxiety sensations based on beliefs that they have harmful physical, psychological, or social consequences. Anxiety sensitivity may represent a psychological vulnerability for panic attacks, but much of the research to date has been limited to selective college student or treatment-seeking samples. There is a paucity of research based on representative community-based samples. There is also a lack of longitudinal research in this regard. The current study addressed both of these issues by investigating the impact of anxiety sensitivity in a large community sample (N = 585) assessed longitudinally over a 1-year period. A hierarchical regression model was used to determine whether baseline scores on the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) could prospectively predict scores on the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), a continuous scale that is largely a measure of panic-related symptomatology. Baseline BAI scores, neuroticism and stressful life events’ main effects, their interaction, and the ASI were all significant predictors of Time 2 BAI scores. The results thereby show that anxiety sensitivity predicts subsequent panic-related symptomatology even after adjusting for the effects of neuroticism, stressful life events, and their interaction.

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The role of life events and psychological factors in the onset of first and recurrent mood episodes in bipolar offspring: results from the Dutch Bipolar Offspring Study

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291715000495 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 45 (12) ◽

pp. 2571-2581 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

S. M. Kemner ◽

E. Mesman ◽

W. A. Nolen ◽

M. J. C. Eijckemans ◽

M. H. J. Hillegers

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Mood Disorders ◽

Life Events ◽

Passive Coping ◽

Established Risk Factor ◽

Mood Episode ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Character Inventory ◽

Axis I ◽

The Impact

BackgroundLife events are an established risk factor for the onset and recurrence of unipolar and bipolar mood episodes, especially in the presence of genetic vulnerability. The dynamic interplay between life events and psychological context, however, is less studied. In this study, we investigated the impact of life events on the onset and recurrence of mood episodes in bipolar offspring, as well as the effects of temperament, coping and parenting style on this association.MethodBipolar offspring (n = 108) were followed longitudinally from adolescence to adulthood. Mood disorders were assessed with: the Kiddie Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia – Present and Lifetime Version or the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders; life events with the Life Events and Difficulties Schedule; and psychological measures using the Utrecht Coping List, Temperament and Character Inventory and short-EMBU (memories of upbringing instrument). Anderson–Gill models (an extension of the Cox proportional hazard model) were utilized.ResultsLife events were associated with an increased risk for first and, although less pronounced, subsequent mood episodes. There was a large confounding effect for the number of previous mood episodes; findings suggest a possible kindling effect. Passive coping style increased the risk of mood episode onset and recurrent episodes, but also altered the effect of life events on mood disorders. Harm avoidance temperament was associated with mood episode recurrence.ConclusionsLife events are especially a risk factor in the onset of mood disorders, though less so in recurrent episodes. Psychological features (passive coping and harm-avoidant temperament) contribute to the risk of an episode occurring, and also have a moderating effect on the association between life events and mood episodes. These findings create potential early intervention strategies for bipolar offspring.

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Professors' Expectations About Online Education and Its Relationship With Characteristics of University Entrance and Students' Academic Performance During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.642391 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Karla Lobos Peña ◽

Claudio Bustos-Navarrete ◽

Rubia Cobo-Rendón ◽

Carolyn Fernández Branada ◽

Carola Bruna Jofré ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Academic Performance ◽

Online Education ◽

Online Courses ◽

Longitudinal Design ◽

First Semester ◽

Student Academic Performance ◽

Academic Information ◽

University Performance ◽

Prospective Longitudinal ◽

The Impact

Due to COVID-19, universities have been facing challenges in generating the best possible experience for students with online academic training programs. To analyze professors' expectations about online education and relate them to student academic performance during the COVID-19 pandemic, and considering the socio-demographic, entry, and prior university performance variables of students. A prospective longitudinal design was used to analyze the expectations of 546 professors (54.8% male) in T1. In T2, the impact of the expectations of 382 of these professors (57.6% men) was analyzed, who taught courses during the first semester to a total of 14,838 university students (44.6% men). Professors' expectations and their previous experience of online courses were obtained during T1, and the students' academic information was obtained in T2. A questionnaire examining the Expectations toward Virtual Education in Higher Education for Professors was used. 84.9% of the professors were considered to have moderate to high skills for online courses. Differences in expectations were found according to the professors' training level. The professors' self-efficacy for online education, institutional engagement, and academic planning had the highest scores. The expectations of professors did not directly change the academic performance of students; however, a moderating effect of professor's expectations was identified in the previous student academic performance relationship on their current academic performance.

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Geographical Distribution of Fast Food and CRC Incidence in Young Adults

Journal of Global Oncology ◽

10.1200/jgo.18.79701 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement 2) ◽

pp. 193s-193s

Author(s):

M.-S.K. Ku

Keyword(s):

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Young Adults ◽

Incidence Rate ◽

Geographic Distribution ◽

Fast Food ◽

Random Effect ◽

Food Stores ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Increasing Trend ◽

The Impact

Background: There is an increasing trend of colorectal cancer (CRC) in young adults who also used to take fast food. However, little is known about the association between fast food and the occurrence of CRC in young adults. Aim: To investigate the impact of fast food diet on the incidence rate of CRC in terms of geographic distribution. Methods: Geographic distribution of fast food diet was measured by the density of fast food stores (numbers of fast food stores/population per 105) according to each county. We summed up total numbers of the fast food stores ranking the top 3 in Taiwan from the corresponding official Web sites. The incidence of CRC from 2004 to 2013 for young adults aged 15 to 49 years old was computed from Interactive Information System of the National Cancer Registry, provided by Health Promotion Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare. Multilevel random-effect regression model was applied to estimating the effects of geographical location of fast food stores at city/county level on incidence of CRC with adjustment for age and gender at individual level. Results: The incidence rate of CRC in young adults aged 50 years or below was in parallel with the distribution of fast food stores in geographical pattern. After adjusting for age and sex, the results show that an increase in the growth of 1 unit of density in fast food store led to an increase in incidence of CRC by 2%. Approximately 87% accuracy was noted in predicting the highest one-third percentage of incident CRC cases in young adults. Conclusion: The density of fast food stores was highly associated with the increased risk of colorectal cancer incidence in young adults. This may account for the increasing trend of CRC in young adults in Taiwan.

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Learning optimal opioid prescribing and monitoring: a simulation study of medical residents

JAMIA Open ◽

10.1093/jamiaopen/ooy026 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 246-254 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Thomas G Kannampallil ◽

Robert McNutt ◽

Suzanne Falck ◽

William L Galanter ◽

Dave Patterson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pain Management ◽

Pain Score ◽

Acute Pain ◽

Management Practices ◽

Longitudinal Design ◽

Simulator Training ◽

Appropriate Use ◽

Long Acting ◽

Prospective Longitudinal ◽

The Impact

Abstract Objective Hospitalized patients often receive opioids. There is a lack of consensus regarding evidence-based guidelines or training programs for effective management of pain in the hospital. We investigated the viability of using an Internet-based opioid dosing simulator to teach residents appropriate use of opioids to treat and manage acute pain. Materials and methods We used a prospective, longitudinal design to evaluate the effects of simulator training. In face-to-face didactic sessions, we taught 120 (108 internal medicine and 12 family medicine) residents principles of pain management and how to use the simulator. Each trainee completed 10 training and, subsequently, 5 testing trials on the simulator. For each trial, we collected medications, doses, routes and times of administration, pain scores, and a summary score. We used mixed-effects regression models to assess the impact of simulation training on simulation performance scores, variability in pain score trajectories, appropriate use of short- and long-acting opioids, and use of naloxone. Results Trainees completed 1582 simulation trials (M = 13.2, SD = 6.8), with sustained improvements in their simulated pain management practices. Over time, trainees improved their overall simulated pain management scores (b = 0.05, P < .01), generated lower pain score trajectories with less variability (b = −0.02, P < .01), switched more rapidly from short-acting to long-acting agents (b = −0.50, P < .01), and used naloxone less often (b = −0.10, P < .01). Discussion and conclusions Trainees translated their understanding of didactically presented principles of pain management to their performance on simulated patient cases. Simulation-based training presents an opportunity for improving opioid-based inpatient acute pain management.

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