A study of the principal factors affecting the establishment and development of the field bean (Vicia faba)

1952 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. R. Soper
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Field Bean ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
The Individual

1. A survey of bean crops was carried out in the Oxford area in the years 1947–9 with the object of studying farmers' methods, and the factors affecting establishment and development of the crop in the field.2. The season and the fertility status of the soil have a profound influence on the development of the crop, while plant density affects the growth of the individual plant.3. Hard winters cause crop losses which may amount to more than 50% of the plants. Mortality continues throughout the season.4. A warm dry spring and an equable summer temperature favour pod production more than hot, dry seasons.5. High plant densities cause: (1) a reduced rate of pod formation on each plant over a wide range of conditions, but a greater reduction on poor land than under good conditions; (2) a reduction in stem formation on low fertility fields (but not on high fertility land); (3) a significant increase in pod production per acre on high quality fields.6. A high level of fertility leads to significantly more pods/acre, owing to better plant survival and increased branching and podding.7. Under conditions favouring vegetative growth, there appears to be some competition between stem production and pod production, for the correlation between stems/plant and pods/plant found on low fertility land and in dry seasons no longer holds under good growing conditions.8. In an average crop, there is a very serious loss of flowers and partly matured pods, which may amount to 85% of the flowers formed.9. This wastage may be due to (1) unsatisfactory pollination or self-infertility, (2) inadequate availability of certain plant nutrients, (3) unsuitable environmental conditions, particularly low light intensity in dense crops.10. Botrytis cinerea can cause a high wastage of crop, but it did not figure prominently during the 3 years of the survey, and appeared to be associated with deficiency of potash and/or phosphate in the only two severe outbreaks that occurred.

scholarly journals Plant density and peanut crop yield (Arachis hypogaea) in the peanut growing region of Córdoba (Argentina)

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.D. Morla ◽  
O. Giayetto ◽  
E. M. Fernandez ◽  
G. A. Cerioni ◽  
C. Cerliani
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Peanut Crop ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Growing Region

ABSTRACT Plant density is one of the most important management factors affecting the peanut growth, modifying the capacity to capture radiation, water and nutrients. Peanut yield response to increased plant density changes according to environmental conditions, the genotype used, and planting date. Therefore, the optimum plant density (OPD) may vary with location. The aim of this project was (i) to fit the Mitscherlich's equation of diminishing productivities to the yield response of runner-type peanuts to increasing plant density under different growing conditions in the peanut growing region of Cordoba Argentina; and (ii) validate this model with independent experimental data. The first stage was based on the analysis of data from different projects of plant densities carried out in the peanut growing area of Córdoba. This information was adjusted to the decreasing yield equation and the OPD was calculated. For validation, a field experiment was conducted during the 2013/14 and 2014/15 growing seasons under irrigated and rain-fed conditions where pod yield was evaluated for 5, 12, 18, 25 and 36 plants/m2. No interaction was detected between soil moisture conditions and plant density. Yield response to plant density had a high degree of fitness for a wide range of environmental and crop conditions. In field experiments, the peanut yield decreased only at the lowest plant density (5 plants/m2). Yield response to density adjusted to the Mitscherlich equation indicated that OPD ranged from 10.5 to 24.8 plants/m2. Using a single adjustment equation y = 1(1 – e−0.1784x), OPD was estimated to be 16.8 plants/m2 at harvest (11.7 plants per linear meter in 0.7 m between rows) for the peanut growing region of Cordoba. This approach can be a valuable input, along with other variables to analyze, when choosing peanut sowing density.

scholarly journals The OsERF115/AP2EREBP110 Transcription Factor Is Involved in the Multiple Stress Tolerance to Heat and Drought in Rice Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 7181
Author(s):  
Seong-Im Park ◽  
Hyeok Jin Kwon ◽  
Mi Hyeon Cho ◽  
Ji Sun Song ◽  
Beom-Gi Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Hormone Signaling ◽  
Combined Stress ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Multiple Stress Tolerance

The AP2/EREBP family transcription factors play important roles in a wide range of stress tolerance and hormone signaling. In this study, a heat-inducible rice ERF gene was isolated and functionally characterized. The OsERF115/AP2EREBP110 was categorized to Group-IIIc of the rice AP2/EREBP family and strongly induced by heat and drought treatment. The OsERF115/AP2EREBP110 protein targeted to nuclei and suppressed the ABA-induced transcriptional activation of Rab16A promoter in rice protoplasts. Overexpression of OsERF115/AP2EREBP110 enhanced thermotolerance of seeds and vegetative growth stage plants. The OsERF115/AP2EREBP110 overexpressing (OE) plants exhibited higher proline level and increased expression of a proline biosynthesis P5CS1 gene. Phenotyping of water use dynamics of the individual plant indicates that the OsERF115/AP2EREBP110-OE plant exhibited better water saving traits under heat and drought combined stress. Our combined results suggest the potential use of OsERF115/AP2EREBP110 as a candidate gene for genetic engineering approaches to develop heat and drought stress-tolerant crops.

scholarly journals Regional brands produced beyond the region: An analysis of beer brands from recently closed breweries in Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 168-183
Author(s):  
Jiří Hasman ◽  
David Hána ◽  
Kryštof Materna
Keyword(s):  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Economic Perspective ◽  
Complete Sample ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Global Industry ◽  
Production Location ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Global industry has been undergoing changes in the concentration of brand ownership and production, with acquisitions and closures being a major factor in this evolution. The impacts of such activities are commonly studied from an economic perspective and from the perspective of internal firm-level and deal-level factors, while the influence of external geographical factors is largely neglected. Our research focuses mainly on the importance of geographical cultural factors affecting beer brands whose production location was moved after the closure of the original breweries. The research includes a complete sample of 30 brands from recently closed breweries across Europe. Brands are divided into seven categories according to how their marketing strategy has (or has not) changed in terms of exploiting regional and national identity. The overall success of these brands is then measured in terms of the development of their share in the home countries’ markets. Differences in brands’ strategies and successes are explained through a wide range of country-level factors and the individual characteristics of the breweries. It is shown that the level of beer tradition or identity in the countries, as well as the country’s beer life-cycle position, plays a crucial role in the evolution of the studied brands.

scholarly journals Patterns of tillering and grain production of winter wheat at a wide range of plant densities.

1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Darwinkel
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Plant Densities

The effect of plant density on the growth and productivity of the various ear-bearing stems of winter wheat was studied in detail to obtain information on the pattern of grain production of crops grown under field conditions. Strong compensation effects were measured: a 160-fold increase in plant density (5-800 plants/m2) finally resulted in a 3-fold increase in grain yield (282 to 850 g DM/m2). Max. grain yield was achieved at 100 plants/m2, which corresponded to 430 ears/m2 and to about 19 000 grains/m2. At higher plant densities more ears and more grains were produced, but grain yield remained constant. Tillering/plant was largely favoured by low plant densities because these allowed tiller formation to continue for a longer period and a greater proportion of tillers produced ears. However, at higher plant densities more tillers/unit area were formed and, despite a higher mortality, more ears were produced. The productivity of individual ears, from main stems as well as from tillers, decreased with increasing plant density and with later emergence of shoots. In the range from 5 to 800 plants/m2 grain yield/ear decreased from 2.40 to 1.14 g DM. At 800 plants/m2 nearly all ears originated from main stems, but with decreasing plant density tillers contributed increasingly to the number of ears. At 5 plants/m2, there were 23 ears/plant and grain yield/ear ranged from 4.20 (main stem) to 1.86 g DM (late-formed stems). Grain number/ear was reduced at higher densities and on younger stems, because there were fewer fertile spikelets and fewer grains in these spikelets. At the low density of 5 plants/m2, plants developed solitarily and grain yield/ear was determined by the number of grains/ear as well as by grain wt. Above 400 ears/m2, in this experiment reached at 100 plants/m2 and more, grain yield/ear depended solely on grain number, because the wt. of grains of the various stems were similar. The harvest index showed a max. of about 44% at a moderate plant density; at this density nearly max. grain yield was achieved. At low plant densities the harvest index decreased from 45% in main stems to about 36% in late-formed stems. However, no differences in harvest index existed between the various ear-bearing stems if the number of ears exceeded 400/m2. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

The effect of plant density on populations of the cabbage root fly (Erioischia brassicae (Bch.)) and the cabbage stem weevil (Ceutorhynchus quadridens (Panz.)) on cauliflowers

1976 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Finch ◽  
G. Skinner
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Cabbage Root Fly ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Equivalent Area ◽  
Concentric Circles ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Absolute Population

AbstractTo study the effects of plant density on populations of the cabbage root fly (Erioischia brassicae (Bch.) ) and the cabbage stem weevil (Ceutorhynchus quadridens (Panz.)), cauliflowers were planted in 24 concentric circles to achieve spacings of 10–90 cm at 22 plant densities (1·5–83/m2). Some plants were treated with a root drench of chlorfenvinphos. Each week female cabbage root flies laid approximately three times as many eggs per individual plant at the lowest than at the highest plant densities tested. This was equivalent to approximately 350 and 5000 eggs/m2, respectively. The numbers of cabbage root fly pupae produced ranged from 11/m2 at the lowest to 210/m2 at the highest plant density. In the absence of an insecticide, increasing the plant density considerably increased the absolute population of the pest without affecting cauliflower yield. Approximately seven times as many flies were produced per unit area of untreated mini-cauliflowers as from an equivalent area of plants growing at a conventional density. When chlorfenvinphos was not applied, damage by the cabbage stem weevil occurred in 30% and 70% of the plants grown at the lowest and highest densities, respectively.

Effect of plant density on grain yield and yield stability of sorghum hybrids differing in maturity

1990 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
LJ Wade ◽  
ACL Douglas
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Yield Stability ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Yield Level ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Sorghum Grain

The extent and significance of the maturity x density interaction in dryland grain sorghum, and its implications for yield stability, were examined for 3 hybrids over 6 locations. Site mean grain yield ranged from 0.44 to 4.96 t/ha. Early maturity was superior in environments truncated by water stress, while late maturity was superior in favourable environments. Mid-season maturity provided greater stability of grain yield. Maximum yield by each hybrid at each yield level did not differ significantly from yield at a density of 75 000 plants/ha. The highest grain yields should be obtained with plant densities of 50000-100000 plants/ha under rainfed conditions, where yield expectations range from 0 to 5.0 t/ha. The results demonstrate the stability of sorghum grain yield over a wide range of plant density and crop maturity. Regression analysis aided data presentation and interpretation.

scholarly journals The Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Herb Yield of Dragonhead

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 387-394
Author(s):  
B. Galambosi ◽  
Y. Holm
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Herb Yield

The influence of a top-dressing of nitrogen fertilizer (calcium nitrate, CaNO3) on the individual plant height and weight, herb yield and nitrate content of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) was studied in 1987 in Puumala, Finland. The nitrogen doses applied ranged from 0 to 270 kg/ha. Nitrogen fertilization increased both the individual plant height and weight, the fresh and dry herb yield and the nitrate content of the plants. However, no optimum nitrogen dose could be found since the maximum was not reached in most of the cases. An exception was the herb yield (d.w.) of transplanted plants, harvested at the flowering stage, where a nitrogen dose of 70—80 kg/ha gave the highest yield. If the plants were allowed to grow a few weeks more the yield was four fold compared to the earlier harvesting. Sown plants gave a yield two times higher than the transplanted plants, but this was partly due to the greater plant density on the sown plots.

INFLUENCE OF PLANT DENSITY ON PRODUCTIVINESS AND CORRELATION BETWEEN PRODUCTIVITY ELEMENTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 03 (04) ◽  
pp. 14-25
Author(s):  
Mahira Aydin Veliyeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Density Dependence ◽  
Cotton Plant ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Experimental Plot ◽  
Irrigation Regime ◽  
Vegetative Organs ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Irrigation Regimes ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
External Conditions

The article is devoted to the introduction of the “Studying of the effect of external conditions and components of agro-technical cultivation components on falling degree of vegetative organs of cotton plant” which was started in 2011, where the plant density is also described. The experiment was carried out in the plots with 100m length, 4- rowed fields by 4 repeats and 12 options. The size of each of the rows was 240 m2, total experimental plot equaled 240 x 12 x 4=11520m2. By that purpose observation over plant densities had been conducted in the experiments which were based on introduction of microelements at two periods, on background of fertilizers N100 P100 K50, two plant densities and three deeply varying irrigation regimes. The factors affecting on decline at 6020x1; 60x20x2 plant density, dependence between plant density and mass of a ball, plant density and productiveness are determined. Key words:plant density, water-nutrition, irrigation regime, hard, optimal, high regime of irrigation, nutrition area, fruit organs, falling, correlation.

scholarly journals Tillering does not interfere on white oat grain yield response to plant density

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milton Luiz de Almeida ◽  
Luís Sangoi ◽  
Márcio Ender ◽  
Anderson Fernando Wamser
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Plant Densities

Plant density is one of the cropping practices that has the largest impact on individual plant growth. This work was conducted to evaluate the response of white oat (Avena sativa) cultivars with contrasting tillering patterns to variations in plant density. Two field experiments were carried out in Lages, SC, Brazil, during the 1998 and 1999 growing seasons. A split plot experimental design was used. Four oat cultivars were tested in the main plots: UFRGS 14, UFRGS 18, UPF 16 and UPF 17 using five plant densities split plots: 50, 185, 320, 455 and 550 plants m-2. Five plant samples were taken 25, 34, 48, 58 and 70 days after plant emergence to assess the treatment effects on dry matter partition between main stem and tillers. UFRGS 18 promoted dry matter allocation to tillers whereas UPF 17 directed dry mass mostly to the main stem. Differences in dry mass allocation between the main stem and tillers had no impact on grain yield, UPF 16 presenting the highest values for both growing seasons. The lack of interaction between population density and cultivar and the small effect of plant population on grain yield indicates that the oat tillering ability is not fundamental to define its grain yield.

scholarly journals Spacing experiments with brussels sprouts grown for single-pick harvests.

1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-104
Author(s):  
E.W.M. Verheij
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
High Density ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Planting Pattern ◽  
Brussels Sprouts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Time Of Harvest

Two-year trials are discussed on the effects of different spacings, planting pattern and row orientation, stopping the plants, and time of harvest on the cropping, habit and root growth of the hybrid brussels sprouts variety Thor. Yields of dry matter per sq.m. rose sharply with increasing plant density up to about 4 plants per sq.m., above which there was little further increase. The average weight per plant, however, showed the reverse trend, and declined with closer spacing. The total yields of sprouts from unstopped plants attained a maximum at a density of about 1 plant per sq.m., but the maximum yields and numbers of marketable sprouts were obtained with densities of about 2 and 2 plants per sq.m., respectively. Plants grown at high densities were taller and more slender than low-density plants, a habit well suited to mechanical stripping. Moreover, the sprouts from high-density plants were more uniform, which facilitated grading. There was little difference between the number and distribution of the roots, including depth of rooting, over a wide range of plant densities. However, high-density plants had fewer thick roots, and at the widest spacings the total number of roots per sq.m. declined. The pattern of planting had a slight influence on the height of the low-density plants, but differential effects of various row orientations were negligible. Stopping the plants greatly increased the total yields of sprouts at all densities; the numbers of marketable sprouts from the stopped plants were also greater, especially at densities of 3 plants per sq.m. and above. Harvesting stopped plants in late October instead of late September resulted in much higher yields of sprouts at all densities except the lowest, despite a decline in the fresh weights of the plants during this period.-I.T.T., Wageningen. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

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