Effect of fluorinated saline water on oats

1986 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-431
Author(s):  
R. P. S. Chauhan ◽  
C. P. S. Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Soluble Salts ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Tissue Content ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Germination And Growth ◽  
Arid And Semiarid

Poor quality underground irrigation water occurs in most arid and semiarid regions. This water contains not only excessive amounts of soluble salts but also fluoride (F) from traces to 30 mg/1 in India, but usually the concentration of F is below 5 mg/1 (Gupta, 1979). The effect of F on plants is not well known but plants accumulate it when it is present in the soil or applied through irrigation water. Singh, Chhabra & Abrol (1980) found that soil-applied F at 50 mg/kg was toxic to rice and 32 mg/kg tissue content of F was toxic to wheat. Paliwal (1972) found that F content in berseem increased from 18·1 to 52·7 mg/kg when the crop was irrigated with F contaminated water. He further found that 10 mg F/kg inhibited germination and growth of wheat seedlings, and whilst low concentrations of F may not be toxic to plants they may be hazardous to animals continuously fed on fodders containing fluoride.The effect of fluoride-rich saline water on the yield and F content of fodder oats has therefore been determined.

scholarly journals BALANÇO DE SAIS E CRESCIMENTO INICIAL DE MUDAS DE PINHEIRA (Annona squamosa L.) SOB SUBSTRATOS IRRIGADOS COM ÁGUA SALINA

Irriga ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 544-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Vaniés da Silva Sá ◽  
Marcos Eric Barbosa Brito ◽  
Ilkelan Bezerra Pereira ◽  
Pedro Antônio Neto ◽  
Luderlandio De Andrade Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Seedling Production ◽  
Annona Squamosa ◽  
Custard Apple ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
E Mail ◽  
Arid And Semiarid

BALANÇO DE SAIS E CRESCIMENTO INICIAL DE MUDAS DE PINHEIRA (Annona squamosa L.) SOB SUBSTRATOS IRRIGADOS COM ÁGUA SALINA  FRANCISCO VANIES DA SILVA SÁ1; MARCOS ERIC BARBOSA BRITO2; ILKELAN BEZERRA FERREIRA3; PEDRO ANTÔNIO NETO3; LUDERLÂNDIO DE ANDRADE SILVA3 E FRANCISCLEUDO BEZERRA DA COSTA2 1 Eng. Agrônomo, Mestrando em Manejo de Solo e Água, Departamento de Ciências Ambientais e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido, Mossoró, RN. E-mail: [email protected] Eng. Agrônomo, Doutor, Professor da Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Pombal, PB. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Graduando em Agronomia, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Pombal, PB. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]  1 RESUMO A salinidade da água e do solo são problemas que mais concorrem para redução no crescimento e rendimento das culturas, notadamente em regiões áridas e semiáridas, observando-se na identificação de estratégias de manejo, uma alternativa para os sistemas de produção. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o uso de dois substratos na fase de formação de mudas de pinheira sob irrigação com águas salinizadas. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação no município de Pombal, PB, Brasil, no período de maio a julho de 2011, sob delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com tratamentos distribuídos em esquema fatorial (5x2), sendo cinco níveis de salinidade da água (NS= 0,3; 1,2; 2,4; 3,6; 4,8 dS m-1) e dois substratos (S) (S1= 50% de solo + 25% de esterco bovino + 25% de areia; S2= 40% de solo + 40% de esterco bovino + 20% de areia), repetido em três blocos, totalizando trinta parcelas experimentais, sendo cada uma constituídas por 10 plantas. O experimento foi conduzido durante 45 dias após a semeadura, quando foram avaliadas as características químicas do solo, a emergência e o crescimento inicial das plantas. A irrigação com água salina aumentou a salinidade do substrato, sendo está menos intensa no substrato 2. As altas concentrações de sais na água de irrigação inibem a emergência, o crescimento e o ganho de biomassa das plântulas de pinheira. As plantas de pinheira alcançaram o melhor desenvolvimento quando cultivadas no substrato 2. A salinidade da água de irrigação até 1,2 dSm-1 não compromete a formação de mudas de pinheira. Palavras-chave: estresse salino, formação de mudas, matéria orgânica.  SÁ, F.V.S;  BRITO, M.E.B.; FERREIRA, I.B.; ANTÔNIO NETO, P.; SILVA, L.A.; COSTA, F.BSALT BALANCE AND INITIAL GROWTH OF CUSTARD APPLE UNDER SUBSTRATES IRRIGATED WITH SALINE WATER    2 ABSTRACT Water and soil salinity are the major pitfalls which  contribute to reduction in growth and crop yield, especially in arid and semiarid regions. Identification of management strategies is an alternative tool for the crop system.  Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the use of two substrates in the seedling stage of custard apple under irrigation with saline water.   The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in the municipality of Pombal, PB, Brazil, from May to July 2011, using randomized blocks  and treatments in a factorial design (5 x 2) with five levels of water salinity ( 0.3; 1.2;  2.4; 3.6 and  4.8 dS m-1).  Two substrates (S) (S1 = 50% soil + 25% manure + 25% sand; S2 = 40% soil+ 40% manure + 20% sand)   repeated in three blocks were used, amounting to 30 plots with 10 plants each. The experiment was conducted for 45 days after sowing, and then,  chemical characteristics of the soil solution, emergence and initial growth of plants were evaluated.   Irrigation with saline water increased substrate salinity, which was lower in the substrate 2. High concentrations of salts in the irrigation water inhibited emergence, growth and gain of biomass of custard apple seedlings.   Plants of custard apple achieved   their best development when  cultivated in the substrate 2 containing 40% soil, 40% manure and 20% sand. Salinity of irrigation water up to 1.2 dSm-1 did not compromise seedling growth of custard apple. Keywords: Annona squamosa L., salt stress, seedling production, organic matter. 

THE EFFECT OF SALINITY OF IRRIGATION WATER AND SPRAYING BY HUMIC ACID IN SOME OF MORPHOLOGICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES, GROWTH AND YIELD OF WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
E. K. Al-Fahdawe ◽  
A. A. Al-Sumaidaie ◽  
Y. K. Al-Hadithy
Keyword(s):  
Humic Acid ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Biological Yield ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium

A pots experiment was conducted at the Department of Biology/College of Education for Girls/University of Anbar during Autumn season of 2018-2019 to study the effect of the salinity irrigation water and spray by humic acid in some of morphological, physiological, growth and yield traits of wheat cv. IPa. The experiment was randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The first factor was assigned for irrigation by saline water at four level (S0, S1, S2 and S3), while the second factor was the foliar spraying of humic acid in three level (0.0, 1.0 and 1.5 g l-1). The results showed that there was significant reduction in plant height, vegetative dry weight, biological yield and chlorophyll leaves content when the plants were irrigated by saline water approached to 41.09 cm, 0.747 g, 0.849 g plant-1 and 38.67 SPAD, respectively at salinity level of 8.3 ds m-1 compared with the plants which irrigated by fresh water. The total carbohydrates were significantly decreased at the treatment of 8.3 ds m-1 reached 18.71 mg g-1. Spray levels humic acid achieved a significant increase in plant height, dry weight of the vegetative part, biological yield and chlorophyll leaves content sprayed at 1.0 and 1.5 g l-1 compared to no sprayed. Nitrogen concentration was significantly increased, while both phosphorus and potassium were decreased in the vegetative parts of wheat as the salinity of irrigation water increased. However, the increase of humic acid levels led to significant increasing in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentration.

scholarly journals Effects of Various Quantities of Three Irrigation Water Types on Yield and Fruit Quality of ‘Succary’ Date Palm

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 796
Author(s):  
Mohamed A. Mattar ◽  
Said S. Soliman ◽  
Rashid S. Al-Obeed
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Water Types ◽  
Palm Trees

A field experiment was conducted on date palm trees (Phoenix dactylifera ‘Succary’) cultivated on sandy loam soil from 2017 to 2018. This study investigated the effects of providing water of three different qualities, namely freshwater (FR) and two saline water sources: reclaimed wastewater (RW) and well-water (WE) applied through three irrigation levels representing 50% (I50), 100% (I100), and 150% (I150) of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), on the soil water and salt distribution patterns, yield, water productivity (WP), and fruit quality of the ′Succary′ date palm. The electrical conductivity (ECw) of FR, RW, and WE were 0.18, 2.06, and 3.94 dS m−1, respectively. Results showed that WE applied by the I150 treatment had the highest soil water content, followed by RW used in the I100 irrigation level and FR with I50, whereas the soil salt content was high for WE applied in the I50 level and low for FR applied by the I150 treatment. Deficit irrigation (I50) of date palms with either RW or WE reduced date yields on average 86 kg per tree, whereas the yield increased under over-irrigation (I150) with FR to 123.25 kg per tree. High WP values were observed in the I50 treatments with FR, RW, or WE (on average 1.82, 1.68, and 1.67 kg m−3, respectively), whereas the I150 treatment with each of the three water types showed the lowest WP values. Fruit weight and size were the lowest in the full irrigation (I100) with WE, whereas the I150 treatment with RW showed the highest values. There were no significant differences in either total soluble solids (TSS) or acidity values when the irrigation level decreased from 100% to 50% ETc. Compared with both I50 and I100 treatments, reduced values of both TSS and acidity were observed in the I150 treatment when ECw decreased from 3.94 to 0.18 dS m−1,. Fruit moisture content decreased with the application of saline irrigation water (i.e., RW or WE). Total sugar and non-reducing sugar contents in fruits were found to be decreased in the combination of RW and I150, whereas the 50% ETc irrigation level caused an increment in both parameters. These results suggest that the application of deficit irrigation to date palm trees grown in arid regions, either with FR or without it, can sufficiently maximize WP and improve the quality of fruits but negatively affects yield, especially when saline water is applied. The use of saline water for irrigation may negatively affect plants because of salt accumulation in the soil in the long run.

scholarly journals The Effect of Salinity and Irrigation Regimes on the Level of Fatty Acids in Olive Flesh Oil

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Ali Asghar Ghaemi ◽  
Ali Dindarlou ◽  
Mohammad Taghi Golmakani ◽  
Fatemeh Razzaghi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Oil Quality ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Irrigation Levels

<p>Olive trees have the capability of growing under semi-arid regions, where drought and salinity are the major concerns. Two years field experiments were carried out to investigate the interaction effects of natural saline well water and irrigation levels on the quantity and quality of fatty acids in the olive flesh fruits (“Roghani” cultivar). A factorial layout within a randomized complete blocks design with three replications of five irrigation levels (I<sub>1</sub> to I<sub>5</sub> as 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1 and 1.25 ET<sub>c</sub>) and three saline water levels  (S<sub>1</sub> to S<sub>3</sub> as 100%WW, 50%WW+50%FW and 100%FW) were considered. The fresh and brackish irrigation water were withdrawn from two different natural wells (fresh water (FW) and saline water wells (WW)). <em>Results revealed that <strong>increasing salinity and decreasing irrigation water levels caused significant increment in the ratio of unsaturated fatty acids, palmitic acid to the percentage of oil and oil percentage in olive flesh fruit</strong></em>. It is found that as water<em> </em>salinity increased from lowest to the highest level, the oleic acid trends to its highest value of 23.68% in I<sub>1</sub>S<sub>1</sub>. Mean values of palmitic acid in 2013 were 27.52% and decreased to 19% in 2014. <em>It is concluded that highest percentage of oleic, linoleic, linolenic and palmitic acids obtained under high saline and less applied irrigation treatment (S<sub>1</sub>I<sub>2</sub>) yielding to improve the olive oil quality.</em></p>

scholarly journals Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy to Study Effects of Magnetic Field Treatment on Wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) Seedlings

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenlin Wei ◽  
Dejie Jiao ◽  
Junxiao Xu
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Structural Variation ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
Germination And Growth ◽  
Insight Into

Magnetic field treatments have been utilized to promote germination and growth of a variety of species of plants; however the mechanism of concern has not been fully elucidated. In this research, wheat seedlings were treated with 500 mT and 1500 mT static magnetic field (SMF) for 10 and 20 min, respectively. Analyzing Fourier transform infrared spectra collected from leaves of seedlings showed that SMF treatments decreased the contents of lipids and proteins, shifted bands to higher wavenumbers in 3000–2800 cm−1regions, and increased the ratio of CH2/CH3which likely indicates a structural variation of lipids. For bands assigned to different second structures of proteins, slight bands shifting and changing the ratio of different second structures of proteins were observed due to SMF treatments. To summarize, the results revealed that lipids rather than proteins were sensitive to SMF treatments. The results provided insight into the SMF induced conformational changes of lipids and proteins in wheat leaves, which will help elucidate the biological mechanisms of SMF on plant growth and development.

scholarly journals Water Relations and Gas Exchanges of West Indian Cherry under Salt Stress and Nitrogen and Phosphorus Doses

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco V. da S. Sá ◽  
Hans R. Gheyi ◽  
Geovani S. de Lima ◽  
Emanoela P. de Paiva ◽  
Pedro D. Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Chlorophyll A Fluorescence ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Block Design ◽  
West Indian ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Gas Exchanges

This study aimed to evaluate the interaction between the fertilization with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and irrigation with saline water on the water relations, gas exchanges and chlorophyll a fluorescence in West Indian cherry in the vegetative stage. The study was carried out in protected environment, using lysimeters filled with clay loam Regolithic Neosol, with low P content, installed in a randomized block design, arranged in a factorial scheme with five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (ECw), and four managements of P and N fertilization, with three replicates and one plant per plot. Along the experiment, water relations, gas exchanges and chlorophyll a fluorescence were evaluated in West Indian cherry plants. The increase in irrigation water salinity reduces the gas exchanges of the plants, but the increment of 40% in N supply increases the photosynthetic activity of West Indian cherry at recommendation levels higher than 100:100% of the P/N ratio, when irrigated with ECw of up to 3.0 dS m-1. The combined action of N and P, at doses of 140:140% N/P recommendation, increases leaf turgor in the plants, regardless of the ECw level. The increment of 40% in N dose reduces the effects of salinity on the initial fluorescence of chlorophyll a in West Indian cherry irrigated with up to 2.2 dS m-1.

scholarly journals Saline Irrigation Water Retards Growth of Amaranthus in Coastal Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ogalo Baka Oluoch ◽  
Esther Mwende Muindi ◽  
Elisha Otieno Gogo
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Root Volume ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Coastal Kenya ◽  
Emergence Rate

Salinity is a major biotic factor that negatively affects growth and yield of crops. Over 90% of the coastal region of Kenya is arid and semi-arid, most farmers in the region use borehole irrigation water which is saline. Amaranthus spp. is one of the main vegetables grown in coastal region. There is limited information regarding the effect of salinity on amaranthus production. The study sought to determine the effect of saline irrigation water on amaranthus growth in coastal Kenya. Two experiments were set up, one at Mivumoni Secondary School farm in Kwale County and another at Pwani University farm in Kilifi County from beginning of September 2019 to the end of January, 2020. The experiments were laid out in a randomized complete block design and replicated three times. The six treatments tested were: fresh water alone, 75% saline water alone, 100% saline water alone, fresh water + DAP, 75% saline water + DAP, 100% saline water + DAP. Crop growth data collected were: emergence rate, plant height, leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll content, stem thickness, root density, root weight, root volume and total plant biomass. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance using SAS statistical package (SAS, Version 10) and treatment effects were tested for significance using F-test. Significant means at F-test was ranked using Tukey’s test at 5% level of significance. Amaranthus seeds sown in fresh water had higher emergence rate compared to seeds sown in saline water. Salinity regardless of concentration used and application of DAP, resulted in decrease in height, leaf number, leaf area, stem tickness, chlorophyll content, root length, root weight, root volume and total biomass. The study demonstrates that saline irrigation water in coastal Kenya has a negative effect on Amaranthus growth.

scholarly journals Production of Pityrocarpa moniliformis (Benth.) Luckow & R.W. Jobson (Fabaceae) seedlings irrigated with saline water

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 182-188
Author(s):  
Adriana dos S. Ferreira ◽  
Caio C. P. Leal ◽  
Bruno da S. Guirra ◽  
Salvador B. Torres ◽  
Marco Porceddu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Total Soluble Sugars ◽  
Chlorophylls A And B

ABSTRACT Saline irrigation water at high levels causes disturbance in the growth of more sensitive plants. The objective of this research was to evaluate the initial growth of Pityrocarpa moniliformis seedlings under different electrical conductivity in irrigation water through physiological and biochemical analyses. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with five water electrical conductivities (0.5, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 dS m-1) and four repetitions of 20 plants each, arranged in a randomized block design. Application of the treatments with irrigation water containing NaCl began at 30 days after sowing. To determine the behaviour of the species, the following variables were analysed: stem diameter, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, Dickson quality index, shoot dry mass, root dry mass and total dry mass, as well as the biochemical variables, such as the concentrations of total soluble sugars, free proline and chlorophylls a and b. The increase in irrigation water salinity hampered the growth of P. moniliformis seedlings, with electrical conductivity of 0.5 dS m-1 being the limit for maximum production. The results also indicated that the deleterious effects of salt stress on P. moniliformis seedlings variables increase in concentrations of proline, total soluble sugars and betaine glycine.

scholarly journals Growth and Water Relations of Sun-cured Tobacco Irrigated with Saline Water

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 394-401
Author(s):  
G Angelino ◽  
S Ascione ◽  
C Ruggiero
Keyword(s):  
Water Relations ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Crop Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Plant Salt Tolerance

AbstractWe have investigated the effects of saline irrigation on growth and water relations of two sun-cured tobacco genotypes, Xp102 and Px107, which belong to the Xanthia and Perustitza tobacco ecotypes, respectively. We compared three commercial sea salt concentrations of the irrigation water (0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% w/v) plus a non-salinized control, corresponding to an electrical conductivity (ECw) of 4.4, 8.5, 15.7, 0.5 dS m-1 and osmotic potentials of -0.22, -0.35, -0.73, -0.02 MPa, respectively. The ECsoil increased with the salinity of the irrigation water. At high salinity (1%), the soil where Px107 plants were grown showed a significantly higher salinity compared to the soil of Xp102. For both genotypes, the soil water content increased at increasing salinity and during the growth season. Increasing salinity progressively reduced the leaf turgor pressure and enhanced the cellular osmotic adjustment. The latter resulted to be more pronounced in Px107 compared to Xp102 (0.36 vs. 0.20 MPa). At higher salinity (0.5% and 1%), both genotypes showed reduced leaf surface area, dry matter accumulation, water use, net assimilation rate (NAR) and crop growth rate (CGR). Px107 roots were more sensitive than shoot to salinity (3% reduction per dS m-1) and compared to Xp102 roots, which showed a reduced development only at 1% salinity. Assessment of plant salt tolerance according to the Maas and Hoffman model revealed a slope of 1-2% for both genotypes, indicating that these tobaccos are relatively more salt tolerant compared to other species.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF SALINE WATER AND POTASH FERTILIZER ON PROLINE CONTENT AND WATER POTENTAL IN PISUM SATIVUM L. (VAR.SENADOR CAMBADOS)

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-357
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Proline Accumulation ◽  
Proline Content ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Fertilizer Rates

Filed experiment was conducted to test the effect of saline water and potassium fertilizers rate on proline and water potential of Pisum sativum L. (Var.Senador Cambados ) leaves . Treatments of the experiment included two levels of water salinity( 2, 7 dSm-1) as a main plot and fertilizer rates as a sub plot. Results indicated that irrigation of plant with saline water 7 dSm-1 and fertilization 150 kg/donum increased proline accumulation and water potential 0.31 mmol/g,-17.00 bar at 9 AM morning and 0.62 mmol/g , -21.00 bar at 3 PM afternoon ,Irrigating plant with a 2 dSm-1 and fertilization 300 kg/donum decreased proline accumulation and water potential of leaves 0.22 mmol/g, -16.00 bar at 9 AM and 0.43 mmol/g,-18.00 bar at 3 PM . Irrigation plants with saline water 7 dSm-1 and fertilizer with 150 kg/ Donum K2SO4 increased Root/Shoot to 0.89 ,while 0.41 after irrigation with 2 dSm-1 saline water and fertilization with 300 kg/ Donum K2SO4 . The Na/K ratio increased to 0.53 under 7 dSm-1 of irrigation water and 150 kg/Donum fertilization and decreased to 0.1 under 2 dSm-1 irrigation water and fertilized 300 kg/ Donum . The results lead to the conclusion that potassium fertilization may reduce the inhibitory effect of increasing salinity of irrigation water on pea.

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