scholarly journals Who are the patients that default tuberculosis treatment? – space matters!

2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (6) ◽  
pp. 1130-1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. NUNES ◽  
R. DUARTE ◽  
A. M. VEIGA ◽  
B. TAYLOR
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Generalized Additive Models ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Predictive Capacity ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Treatment Regimens

SUMMARYThe goals of this article are: (i) to understand how individual characteristics affect the likelihood of patients defaulting their pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) treatment regimens; (ii) to quantify the predictive capacity of these risk factors; and (iii) to quantify and map spatial variation in the risk of defaulting. We used logistic regression models and generalized additive models with a spatial component to determine the odds of default across continental Portugal. We focused on new PTB cases, diagnosed between 2000 and 2013, and included some individual information (sex, age, residence area, alcohol abuse, intravenous drug use, homelessness, HIV, imprisonment status). We found that the global default rate was 4·88%, higher in individuals with well-known risk profiles (males, immigrants, HIV positive, homeless, prisoners, alcohol and drug users). Of specific epidemiological interest was that our geographical analysis found that Portugal's main urban areas (the two biggest cities) and one tourist region have higher default rates compared to the rest of the country, after adjusting for the previously mentioneded risk factors. The challenge of treatment defaulting, either due to other individual non-measured characteristics, healthcare system failure or patient recalcitrance requires further analysis in the spatio-temporal domain. Our findings suggest the presence of significant within-country variation in the risk of defaulting that cannot be explained by these classical individual risk factors alone. The methods we advocate are simple to implement and could easily be applied to other diseases.

Friendship Group Composition and Juvenile Institutional Misconduct

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon E. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Latent Profile Analysis ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Incarcerated Youth ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Friendship Networks ◽  
Institutional Misconduct ◽  
Latent Profile

The present study examines both the patterns of friendship networks and how these network characteristics relate to the risk factors of institutional misconduct for incarcerated youth. Using friendship networks collected from males incarcerated with California’s Division of Juvenile Justice (DJJ), latent profile analysis was utilized to create homogeneous groups of friendship patterns based on alter attributes and network structure. The incarcerated youth provided 144 egocentric networks reporting 558 social network relationships. Latent profile analysis identified three network profiles: expected group (67%), new breed group (20%), and model citizen group (13%). The three network profiles were integrated into a multiple group analysis framework to examine the relative influence of individual-level risk factors on their rate of institutional misconduct. The analysis finds variation in predictors of institutional misconduct across profile types. These findings suggest that the close friendships of incarcerated youth are patterned across the individual characteristics of the youth’s friends and that the friendship network can act as a moderator for individual risk factors for institutional misconduct.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Self-Rated Economic Status and Falls among the Elderly in Shandong Province, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 2150
Author(s):  
Zhuang Hong ◽  
Lingzhong Xu ◽  
Jinling Zhou ◽  
Long Sun ◽  
Jiajia Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Shandong Province ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Economic Level ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Relationship

(1) Background: Older people are more vulnerable and likely to have falls and the consequences of these falls place a heavy burden on individuals, families and society. Many factors directly or indirectly affect the prevalence of falls. The aims of this study were to understand the prevalence and risk factors of falls among the elderly in Shandong, China; the relationship between economic level and falls was also preliminary explored. (2) Methods: Using a multi-stage stratified sampling method, 7070 elderly people aged 60 and over were selected in Shandong Province, China. General characteristics and a self-rated economic status were collected through face to face interviews. Chi-square tests, rank sum tests and two logistic regression models were performed as the main statistical methods. (3) Results: 8.59% of participants reported that they had experienced at least one fall in the past half year. There was a significant difference in experienced falls regarding gender, residence, marital status, educational level, smoking, drinking, hypertension, diabetes, coronary disease, and self-reported hearing. The worse the self-rated economic status, the higher the risk of falling, (poor and worried about livelihood, OR = 3.60, 95%; CI = 1.76–7.35). (4) Conclusions: Women, hypertension, diabetes and self-reported hearing loss were identified as the risk factors of falls in the elderly. The difference of economic level affects the falls of the elderly in rural and urban areas. More fall prevention measures should be provided for the elderly in poverty.

scholarly journals Intimate partner violence against young women: prevalence and associated factors in Europe

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (7) ◽  
pp. 611-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belén Sanz-Barbero ◽  
Patricia López Pereira ◽  
Gregorio Barrio ◽  
Carmen Vives-Cases
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
European Union ◽  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
The European Union

BackgroundThe magnitude of intimate partner violence (IPV) in young women is a source of increasing concern. The prevalence of IPV has not been analysed in Europe as a whole. The objective was to assess the prevalence and main characteristics of experiencing physical and/or sexual and psychological-only IPV among young women in the European Union and to identify individual and contextual associated risk factors.MethodsWe analysed a cross-sectional subsample of 5976 ever-partnered women aged 18–29 years from the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights Violence Against Women Survey, 2012. The main outcomes were current physical and/or sexual IPV and lifetime psychological-only IPV. Risk factors were assessed by the prevalence ratio (PR) from multilevel Poisson regression models.ResultsCurrent prevalence of physical and/or sexual IPV was 6.1%, lifetime prevalence of psychological-only IPV was 28.7%. Having suffered physical and/or sexual abuse by an adult before age 15 was the strongest risk factor for IPV (PR: 2.9 for physical and/or sexual IPV, PR: 1.5 for psychological-only IPV). Other individual risk factors were: perceived major difficulties in living within their household income (PR: 2.6), having children (PR: 1.8) and age 18–24 years (PR: 1.5) for physical/sexual IPV and immigration background for psychological-only IPV (PR: 1.4). Living in countries with a higher prevalence of binge drinking or early school dropout was positively associated with IPV.ConclusionsFindings show that the fight against violence in young women should consider individual characteristics, childhood experiences of abuse and also structural interventions including reduction of alcohol consumption and improvement in the education-related indicators.

scholarly journals Exploring health literacy in Wuhan, China: a cross-sectional analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Mei ◽  
Qing Zhong ◽  
Gong Chen ◽  
Yuanxia Huang ◽  
Junlin Li
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Literacy ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Chi Square Test

Abstract Background In recent years, research on health literacy has become increasingly focused on the health care system and public health. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate health literacy and analyse the risk factors that affect health literacy in Wuhan, China. Methods Multistage stratified random sampling was used to select 5304 urban and rural residents aged 15 to 69 years from 204 monitoring points in 15 districts of Wuhan. Using the Chinese Citizen Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ) (2018 edition), a face-to-face survey was conducted from November to December 2018. Risk factors that may affect health literacy were assessed using the Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression models. Results The knowledge rate of health literacy was relatively low (19.3%). The knowledge rate of health-related behaviour and lifestyle (BAL, 17.3%) was the lowest of the three aspects of health literacy, and the knowledge rate of chronic diseases (CD, 19.0%) was the lowest of the six dimensions of health literacy. Respondents who lived in urban areas, had higher education levels, worked as medical staff, had a higher household income and did not suffer from chronic diseases were likely to have higher health literacy. Conclusions The health literacy levels of citizens in Wuhan are insufficient and need to improve.

scholarly journals Swedish high-school pupils’ attitudes towards drugs in relation to drug usage, impulsiveness and other risk factors

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fariba Mousavi ◽  
Danilo Garcia ◽  
Alexander Jimmefors ◽  
Trevor Archer ◽  
Béatrice M Ewalds-Kvist
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
High School ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Drug Usage ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
And Gender

Background: Illicit drug use influences people’s lives and elicits unwanted here is an increase in young people’s drug use in Sweden. This study aimed to investigate Swedish high-school pupils’ attitudes, impulsiveness and gender differences linked to drug use. Also risk and protective factors relative to drug use were a focus of interest. Method: High school pupils (n = 146) aged 17- 21 years, responded to the Adolescent Health and Development Inventory, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale and Knowledge, and the Attitudes and Beliefs. Direct logistic, multiple regression analyses, and Multivariate Analysis of Variance were used to analyse the data. Results: Positive Attitudes towards drugs was predicted by risk factors (odds ratio = 37.31) and gender (odds ratio = .32). Risk factors (odds ratio = 46.89), positive attitudes towards drugs (odds ratio = 4.63), and impulsiveness (odds ratio = 1.11) predicted drug usage. Risk factors dimensions Family, Friends and Individual Characteristic were positively related to impulsiveness among drug users. Moreover, although males reported using drugs to a greater extent, but female expressed more positive attitude towards drugs and even reported more impulsiveness than male students. Conclusion: This study reinforces the idea that research must focus on gender differences relative to pro-drug attitudes along with testing for differences in the predictors of girls’ and boys’ delinquency and impulsiveness. Positive attitudes towards drugs among adolescents seem to be part of a vicious circle including risk factors, such as friendly drug environments (e.g., friends who use drugs) and unsupportive family environments, individual characteristics, and impulsiveness.

scholarly journals Forecasting Surface O3 in Texas Urban Areas Using Random Forest and Generalized Additive Models

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2815-2826
Author(s):  
Rick Pernak ◽  
Matthew Alvarado ◽  
Chantelle Lonsdale ◽  
Marikate Mountain ◽  
Jennifer Hegarty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Random Forest ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Generalized Additive Models ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Surface O3

scholarly journals Household and individual risk factors of anaemia among under-5 children in Lesotho

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 1478-1486
Author(s):  
Teboho Letuka ◽  
Sasha Frade
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Individual Risk Factors ◽  
Moderate Anaemia ◽  
Children Under 5

Background: Anaemia among under-5 children is a major public health issue worldwide. Some countries with a high prev- alence of anaemia also have high prevalence of malaria. Even though Lesotho does not have a high prevalence of malaria, its prevalence rate of anaemia is as high. According to the 2014 Lesotho Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), the prevalence of anaemia among children under-5 was 51%. Other factors could be influencing the prevalence of anaemia in Lesotho. Objectives: This study examined the household and individual risk factors of anaemia among children under-5 in Lesotho. Methods: Data from the 2014 Lesotho DHS which included 924 children under-5 years were analysed. Descriptive statistics, chi-square cross-tabulations and ordered logistic regression models were run using Stata v15. Results: Twenty-one percent (21%) of children under-5 had mild anaemia while 7% had severe-moderate anaemia. Children residing in households cooking with biogas (aOR=4.88, CI: 1.28-18.58) and those living in households that cook with bio- mass (aOR=4.22, CI: 1.40-12.67) had higher odds of severe-moderate anaemia. Conclusion: Using solid fuels for cooking increases the vulnerability of children under-5 developing anaemia. Therefore, knowledge of renewable energy resources should be increased. This will help reduce levels of anaemia among under-5 chil- dren in Lesotho. Keywords: Household and individual risk factors; anaemia; under-5 children; Lesotho.

scholarly journals Death With Tuberculosis in California, 1994–2008

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Pascopella ◽  
Pennan M. Barry ◽  
Jennifer Flood ◽  
Kathryn DeRiemer
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Tb Treatment ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Abnormal Chest ◽  
Patients At Risk

Abstract Background.  Identifying factors associated with tuberculosis (TB) deaths will inform efforts to prevent deaths. Methods.  We examined deaths among patients with culture-confirmed TB reported to the California TB Registry during 1994–2008. We calculated the age-adjusted percentage of deaths before and during TB treatment and estimated trends. We constructed multivariable logistic regression models to identify factors associated with death during treatment. Results.  Of 40 125 patients with culture-confirmed TB, 4565 (11%) died: 1146 (25%) died before treatment started, and 3419 (75%) died during treatment. The age-adjusted percentage of patients who died before and during treatment declined from 1994 to 2008 (3.5% to 2%, and 10.4% to 7.2%, respectively, both P < .0001). We identified several risk factors for death that may be addressed with public health efforts: acquired multidrug resistance (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 4.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.09–10.45); care in the private sector (aOR = 3.08; 95% CI, 2.75–3.44); and an initial treatment regimen of <3 drugs (aOR = 2.07; 95% CI, 1.63–2.64). We identified other risk factors for death that could be used as markers for intensified diagnostic and treatment processes in hospital: human immunodeficiency virus coinfection; meningeal, peritoneal, and disseminated TB; substance use; and abnormal chest radiograph without cavities. Conclusions.  In California, 1 in 9 TB patients died with a potentially curable disease. Public health departments might prevent deaths in patients with TB by strengthening partnerships with private providers, intensifying diagnostic and treatment processes for patients at risk of death in hospital, optimizing treatment regimens for patients with comorbidities, and preventing the acquisition of drug resistance.

scholarly journals The Hamstrings: Anatomic and Physiologic Variations and Their Potential Relationships With Injury Risk

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Afonso ◽  
Sílvia Rocha-Rodrigues ◽  
Filipe M. Clemente ◽  
Michele Aquino ◽  
Pantelis T. Nikolaidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Individual

The incidence and recurrence of hamstrings injuries are very high in sports, posing elevated performance and financial-related costs. Attempts to identify the risk factors involved in predicting vulnerability to hamstrings injury is important for designing exercise-based programs that aim to mitigate the rate and severity of hamstrings injuries and improve rehabilitation strategies. However, research has shown that non-modifiable risk factors may play a greater role than modifiable risk factors. Recognizing non-modifiable risk factors and understanding their implications will afford the prescription of better suited exercise programs, i.e., that are more respectful of the individual characteristics. In a nutshell, non-modifiable risk factors can still be acted upon, even if indirectly. In this context, an underexplored topic is how intra and inter- individual anatomic and physiologic variations in hamstrings (e.g., muscle bellies, fiber types, tendon length, aponeurosis width, attachment sites, sex- and age-related differences) concur to alter hamstrings injuries risk. Some anatomic and physiologic variations may be modifiable through exercise interventions (e.g., cross-sectional area), while others may not (e.g., supernumerary muscle bellies). This apparent dichotomy may hide a greater complexity, i.e., there may be risk factors that are partially modifiable. Therefore, we explored the available information on the anatomic variations of the hamstrings, providing a deeper insight into the individual risk factors for hamstrings injuries and contributing with better knowledge and potential applications toward a more individualized exercise prescription.

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