scholarly journals KPCA over PCA to assess urban resilience to floods

2021 ◽  
Vol 314 ◽  
pp. 03005
Author(s):  
Narjiss Satour ◽  
Badreddine Benyacoub ◽  
Badr El Mahrad ◽  
Ilias Kacimi
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Index Flood ◽  
Resilience Index ◽  
Nonlinear Form ◽  
Resilience Indicators

Global increases in the occurrence and frequency of flood have highlighted the need for resilience approaches to deal with future floods. The principal component analysis (PCA) has been used widely to understand the resilience of the urban system to floods. Based on feature extraction and dimensionality reduction, the PCA reduces datasets to representations consisting of principal components. Kernel PCA (KPCA) is the nonlinear form of PCA, which efficiently presents a complicated data in a lower dimensional space. In this work the KPCA techniques was applied to measure and map flood resilience across a local level. Therefore, it aims to improve the performance achieved by non-linear PCA application, compared to standard PCA. Twenty-one resilience indicators were gathered, including social, economic, physical, and natural components into a composite index (Flood resilience Index). The experimental results demonstrate the KPCA performance to get a better Flood Resilience Index, guiding q decision making to strengthen the flood resilience in our case of study of M’diq-Fnideq and martil municipalities in Northern of Morocco.

scholarly journals Assessment of Urban Resiliency Concerning Disaster Risk: A Review on Multi- Dimensional Approaches

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 111-125
Author(s):  
Tusar Kanti Roy ◽  
Sharmin Siddika ◽  
Mizbah Ahmed Sresto
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Disaster Resilience ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Resilience Index ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Resilience Indicators ◽  
New Research ◽  
Hierarchy Process

There have been a number of new research published with different methodologies and frameworks in recent years, aimed at improving city resilience to a variety of man-made and natural calamities. As climate change progresses, resilience will become a more important topic in scientific and policy circles that influence future urban development. This review article first provides the definition of resilience. Then it represents some of the adopted methodologies in an extensive way. Approaches including Baseline Resilience Indicators for Communities (BRIC), Climate Disaster Resilience Index (CDRI), Disaster resilience index based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Composite indicator based approach, Hyogo Framework and so on. This section discusses about urban resiliency assessments to mitigate vulnerability, offer a set of principles and indicators for creating an urban resilience assessment tool. Findings of this study not only address a variety of qualitative and quantitative aspects of urban resilience but also describes about different indicators such as environmental resources, socio-economic and built environment, infrastructure, governance and institutional indicators. Journal of Engineering Science 12(3), 2021, 111-125

scholarly journals More Resilient Cities to Face Higher Risks. The Case of Genoa

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 4825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Pirlone ◽  
Ilenia Spadaro ◽  
Selena Candia
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Learning By Doing ◽  
Quadruple Helix ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Joint Work ◽  
Emergency Plan ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
The City

This paper analyzes some natural and man-made disasters that happened in recent years, which demonstrate how the resilience of a city does not depend only on the actions carried out by public authorities, but it requires the joint work of all actors that live or work in a city. Resilience represents the ability of an urban system to adapt to an external event and quickly return to normality. In recent years, urban resilience has mainly addressed natural risks, neglecting man-made disaster. Therefore, this study considers the risk issue in relation to the resilience concept within urban planning and policies to achieve sustainability and urban security. Urban resilience has become an important objective for cities, particularly to face climate change. The paper proposes a review of the existing Civil Protection Urban Emergency Plan, as a sector plan to support urban planning at the local level, aimed at building resilience in cities. In particular, the proposed Emergency Plan reduces risk and increases resilience by identifying specific scenarios and actions that every city actor—public authorities, research, enterprises, and citizens—can implement. This proposal contributes to the implementation of the quadruple helix principle, according to which the involvement of these four actors is necessary to achieve a common goal, such as increasing urban resilience. The proposed methodology is then applied to the man-made disasters that have involved the city (such as the flood of 2011 and the collapse of the Morandi Bridge in 2018). Genoa represents a good example to be studied according to the “learning-by-doing” approach to understand how the city has responded, adapting resiliently, to natural and man-made events thanks to the collaboration of all the actors above mentioned. The new scenarios, included in the Urban Emergency Plan, can play a fundamental role, both in the emergency and prevention phase, and can help other cities around the world in planning more resilient cities to face higher risks.

scholarly journals To Weight or Not to Weight, That Is the Question: The Design of a Composite Indicator of Landscape Fragmentation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 3208
Author(s):  
Andrea De Montis ◽  
Vittorio Serra ◽  
Giovanna Calia ◽  
Daniele Trogu ◽  
Antonio Ledda
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Expert Judgment ◽  
Landscape Fragmentation ◽  
Composite Indicator ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

Composite indicators (CIs), i.e., combinations of many indicators in a unique synthetizing measure, are useful for disentangling multisector phenomena. Prominent questions concern indicators’ weighting, which implies time-consuming activities and should be properly justified. Landscape fragmentation (LF), the subdivision of habitats in smaller and more isolated patches, has been studied through the composite index of landscape fragmentation (CILF). It was originally proposed by us as an unweighted combination of three LF indicators for the study of the phenomenon in Sardinia, Italy. In this paper, we aim at presenting a weighted release of the CILF and at developing the Hamletian question of whether weighting is worthwhile or not. We focus on the sensitivity of the composite to different algorithms combining three weighting patterns (equalization, extraction by principal component analysis, and expert judgment) and three indicators aggregation rules (weighted average mean, weighted geometric mean, and weighted generalized geometric mean). The exercise provides the reader with meaningful results. Higher sensitivity values signal that the effort of weighting leads to more informative composites. Otherwise, high robustness does not mean that weighting was not worthwhile. Weighting per se can be beneficial for more acceptable and viable decisional processes.

scholarly journals Research on Spatiotemporal Differentiation and Influence Mechanism of Urban Resilience in China Based on MGWR Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1056
Author(s):  
Yu Chen ◽  
Mengke Zhu ◽  
Qian Zhou ◽  
Yurong Qiao
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Heterogeneity ◽  
Spatial Correlation ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Entropy Method ◽  
Driving Factors ◽  
Spatial Data Analysis ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Urban Resilience

Urban resilience in the context of COVID-19 epidemic refers to the ability of an urban system to resist, absorb, adapt and recover from danger in time to hedge its impact when confronted with external shocks such as epidemic, which is also a capability that must be strengthened for urban development in the context of normal epidemic. Based on the multi-dimensional perspective, entropy method and exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) are used to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of urban resilience of 281 cities of China from 2011 to 2018, and MGWR model is used to discuss the driving factors affecting the development of urban resilience. It is found that: (1) The urban resilience and sub-resilience show a continuous decline in time, with no obvious sign of convergence, while the spatial agglomeration effect shows an increasing trend year by year. (2) The spatial heterogeneity of urban resilience is significant, with obvious distribution characteristics of “high in east and low in west”. Urban resilience in the east, the central and the west are quite different in terms of development structure and spatial correlation. The eastern region is dominated by the “three-core driving mode”, and the urban resilience shows a significant positive spatial correlation; the central area is a “rectangular structure”, which is also spatially positively correlated; The western region is a “pyramid structure” with significant negative spatial correlation. (3) The spatial heterogeneity of the driving factors is significant, and they have different impact scales on the urban resilience development. The market capacity is the largest impact intensity, while the infrastructure investment is the least impact intensity. On this basis, this paper explores the ways to improve urban resilience in China from different aspects, such as market, technology, finance and government.

scholarly journals Spatial Conditions Supporting Sustainable Development of Enterprises on Local Level

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2292
Author(s):  
Aneta Ptak-Chmielewska ◽  
Agnieszka Chłoń-Domińczak
Keyword(s):  
Social Insurance ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Clustering Methods ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
The Status ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
High Share

Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) represent more than 99% of enterprises in Europe. Therefore, knowledge about this sector, also in the spatial context is important to understand the patterns of economic and social development. The main goal of this article is an analysis of spatial conditions and the situation of MSMEs on a local level using combined sources of information. This includes data collected in the Social Insurance Institution and Tax registers in Poland, which provides information on the employment, wages, revenues and taxes paid by the MSMEs on a local level as well as contextual statistical information. The data is used for a diagnosis of spatial circumstances and discussion of conditions influencing the status of the MSMEs sector in a selected region (voivodeship) in Poland. Taxonomy methods including factor analysis and clustering methods based on k-means and SOM Kohonen were used for selecting significant information and grouping of the local units according to the situation of the MSMEs. There are eight factors revealed in principal component analysis and five clusters of local units distinguished using these factors. These include two clusters with a high share of rural local units and two clusters with a high share of rural-urban and urban local units. Additionally, there was an outstanding cluster with only two dominant urban local units. Factors show differences between clusters in the situation of MSMEs sector and infrastructure. Different spatial conditions in different regions influence the situation of MSMEs.

Measuring the Employment Vulnerability Among Female Workers in Uttar Pradesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-322
Author(s):  
Nomita P. Kumar ◽  
Achala Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Women Workers ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Informal Workers ◽  
Garment Workers ◽  
Principal Component Loading ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Component Loading

This article attempts to measure employment vulnerability among women workers in Uttar Pradesh by constructing a multidimensional vulnerability index (MVI). The index is based on 23 dichotomous (binary) variables corresponding to various dimensions of vulnerability related to employment. A composite index of vulnerability is developed for each occupational category, sector of employment and gender. Here, MVI is the average of five indices which are computed for the respective dimensions of employment vulnerability. The findings suggest high levels of vulnerability among informal workers with the MVI values ranging from 0.087 (low) to 0.783 (high).The overall MVI (measured by principal component loading [PCA]) was 0.768 for the construction and domestic workers, followed by tailors (0.629) and garment workers (0.635). Appropriate policies are needed to help lift women from the cumulative neglect that they experience in unorganised labour market.

A comparative study of urban resilience in coping with the crisis in the metropolises of Tehran and Mashhad

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amin Nedaei ◽  
Mirali Seyednaghavi ◽  
Marzieh Firouzfar ◽  
Nahid Zamani
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Delphi Method ◽  
Rockefeller Foundation ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
Resilience Indicators ◽  
First Time

Purpose In recent years, cities have been facing economic, social and environmental crises that need to be prevented and dealt with. The new subject that has been brought up to improve city resistance to crises is urban resilience. The purpose of this study is to compare the resilience of Tehran and Mashhad to identify the strengths and weaknesses of these two cities for better planning in critical situations. Design/methodology/approach The research methodology is a comparative survey. The importance of the subject was manifested through a literature review. A questionnaire is designed using “the Rockefeller Foundation and ARUP’s model” and the Delphi method for testing 21 research hypotheses to evaluate resilience in the two cities (12 Delphi questionnaires and 232 urban resilience questionnaires). The data is analyzed using independent samples t-test by SPSS software. Findings The results show that both the cities are weak in terms of resilience indicators and sub-indicators, but Mashhad is more resilient than Tehran. Originality/value This paper compares urban resilience in Iran for the first time through a comparative study between two metropolises in the country. The Delphi method also is used for the first time (in Iranian case studies) to obtain the dimensions of urban resilience. By comparing the two cities, we can better understand their strengths and weaknesses.

ERT and GPR surveys for the detection of incipient collapse areas in urban environment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Capozzoli ◽  
Gregory De Martino ◽  
Giacomo Fornasari ◽  
Valeria Giampaolo ◽  
Enzo Rizzo
Keyword(s):  
Urban System ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Innovative Strategies ◽  
Electromagnetic Methods ◽  
Ground Collapse ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Safety And Reliability ◽  
Car Park

<p>Urban Resilience represents the capability of an urban system to preserve its features (in terms of public and private qualities and services) when shock events occur [1]. This topic is receiving an increasing interest for the climate change emergency which require innovative strategies for preserving the natural and anthropic resources present in the subsoil. In this framework, the Urban Geophysics could give a strong contribution to improving the knowledge of the critical issues affecting urban area [2].</p><p>One of the most interesting challenges is represented by the detection of ground collapse phenomena that can hardly reduce the safety and reliability of civil structures and infrastructures, as clearly demonstrated by the ground occurred in the Ospedale del Mare car park (Naples, Italy) [3] during the COVID-19 emergency that has brought the light on the weakness of the planning processes of the public authorities when fast decisions are required. Indeed, decision making in urban planning can be effectively supported by rational and reasoned use of the geophysical technologies able to reduce the risks imputable to the activities and decision required by the emergency planning in urban contexts.</p><p>This work focuses its attention on the capability of geophysical methodologies to detect, characterize and monitoring the presence of buried sinkholes, collapses, voids within the subsoil able to cause severe structural stability problems with rapid and non-invasive applications based on the use of Ground Penetrating Radar and Electrical Resistivity Tomographies. The studied cases showed how the cooperative use of the geoelectrical and electromagnetic methods can identify and monitor potential risks of collapses highlighting the pros and cons of the two techniques in terms of resolution and depth of study.</p><p> </p><p>REFERENCES</p><p>[1] Lapenna V. (2016) Resilient and sustainable cities of tomorrow: the role of applied geophysics. Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica ed Applicata 58(4):237–251. https ://doi.org/10.4430/bgta0204</p><p>[2] Capozzoli L., De Martino G., Polemio M. et E. Rizzo, Surveys in Geophysics 2019, Geophysicaltechniquesfor monitoring settlement phenomena occurring in reinforced concrete buildings, Surveys in Geophysics, DOI: 10.1007/s10712-019-09554-8;</p><p>[3] Borghese L.,  Mortensen A. and R. Picheta, https://edition.cnn.com/2021/01/08/europe/italy-hospital-sinkhole-scli-intl/index.html (latest access 01/20/2021, January 9, 2021</p>

scholarly journals Optimizing the structure and movement of a robotic bat with biological kinematic synergies

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 1233-1252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Hoff ◽  
Alireza Ramezani ◽  
Soon-Jo Chung ◽  
Seth Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Topological Structure ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Biologically Inspired ◽  
Wing Kinematics ◽  
Wing Motion ◽  
Kinematic Synergies ◽  
Low Dimensional

In this article, we present methods to optimize the design and flight characteristics of a biologically inspired bat-like robot. In previous, work we have designed the topological structure for the wing kinematics of this robot; here we present methods to optimize the geometry of this structure, and to compute actuator trajectories such that its wingbeat pattern closely matches biological counterparts. Our approach is motivated by recent studies on biological bat flight that have shown that the salient aspects of wing motion can be accurately represented in a low-dimensional space. Although bats have over 40 degrees of freedom (DoFs), our robot possesses several biologically meaningful morphing specializations. We use principal component analysis (PCA) to characterize the two most dominant modes of biological bat flight kinematics, and we optimize our robot’s parametric kinematics to mimic these. The method yields a robot that is reduced from five degrees of actuation (DoAs) to just three, and that actively folds its wings within a wingbeat period. As a result of mimicking synergies, the robot produces an average net lift improvesment of 89% over the same robot when its wings cannot fold.

scholarly journals Brief communication "An auto-diagnosis tool to highlight interdependencies between urban technical networks"

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2219-2224 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Toubin ◽  
D. Serre ◽  
Y. Diab ◽  
R. Laganier
Keyword(s):  
Collaborative Research ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Urban Networks ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Diagnosis Method ◽  
Solution Design ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Operational Tool

Abstract. Natural hazards threaten the urban system and its components that are likely to fail. With their high degree of interdependency, urban networks and services are critical issues for the resilience of a city. And yet, network managers are scarcely aware of their flaws and dependencies and they are reluctant to take them into account. In order to develop an operational tool to improve urban resilience, we propose here an auto-diagnosis method to be completed by network managers. The subsequent confrontation of all diagnoses is the basis of collaborative research for problem identification and solution design. The tool is experimented with the Parisian urban transport society.

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