Morphology and biochemical characteristics of pistils in the staminate flowers of yellow horn during selective abortion

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhou ◽  
Shumin Gao ◽  
Xiaofang Zhang ◽  
Hua Gao ◽  
Qing Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Normal Activity ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Endogenous Hormones ◽  
Starch Grains ◽  
Biochemical Characteristics ◽  
Pistil Abortion ◽  
Biochemical Assays ◽  
Pistil Development

Yellow horn (Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge), an andromonoecious woody plant, has both hermaphrodite and staminate flowers. Both stamens and pistils in hermaphrodite flowers develop normally, but the pistils are aborted and the stamens develop normally in staminate flowers. To investigate the anatomical and biochemical characteristics of the aborted pistils in staminate flowers, anatomical and biochemical assays were carried out. Microstructure, ultrastructure and their histochemistry were analysed. The hypotheses that amylase and endogenous hormones are involved in pistil abortion were tested by comparing the homochronous pistil tissues in both hermaphrodite and staminate flowers. We conclude that pistil abortion occurs at the meiosis stage of megasporocyte cells and programmed cell death in staminate flowers. Simultaneously, we observed that starch grains and protein abundance are of benefit to megasporocyte meiosis. Our study indicates that the low activity of amylase isozymes α3 and α4 will result in insufficient soluble sugars for pistil development. The endogenous hormones gibberellic acid (GA3) and abscisic acid (ABA) in the pistil of both staminate and hermaphrodite flowers at four stages were measured by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The results suggested that both ABA and GA3 are related to pistil abortion. In addition, a high ratio of GA3 and ABA exists in the stage of megasporocyte cells until the stage of megasporocyte meiosis I, which affects the normal activity of sucrose invertase and pistil development in staminate flowers. These results suggest that starch grains, proteins and endogenous hormones are important for pistil development and, as well, that pistil abortion in staminate flowers is related to the level of endogenous hormones and the activity of amylase isozymes.

scholarly journals Characterization of the Early Events in Dengue Virus Cell Entry by Biochemical Assays and Single-Virus Tracking

2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (21) ◽  
pp. 12019-12028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilde M. van der Schaar ◽  
Michael J. Rust ◽  
Barry-Lee Waarts ◽  
Heidi van der Ende-Metselaar ◽  
Richard J. Kuhn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Membrane Fusion ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Cell Entry ◽  
Viral Membrane ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Biochemical Assays ◽  
Particle Ratio ◽  
Infectious Unit

ABSTRACT In this study, we investigated the cell entry characteristics of dengue virus (DENV) type 2 strain S1 on mosquito, BHK-15, and BS-C-1 cells. The concentration of virus particles measured by biochemical assays was found to be substantially higher than the number of infectious particles determined by infectivity assays, leading to an infectious unit-to-particle ratio of approximately 1:2,600 to 1:72,000, depending on the specific assays used. In order to explain this high ratio, we investigated the receptor binding and membrane fusion characteristics of single DENV particles in living cells using real-time fluorescence microscopy. For this purpose, DENV was labeled with the lipophilic fluorescent probe DiD (1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindodicarbocyanine, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonate salt). The surface density of the DiD dye in the viral membrane was sufficiently high to largely quench the fluorescence intensity but still allowed clear detection of single virus particles. Fusion of the viral membrane with the cell membrane was evident as fluorescence dequenching. It was observed that DENV binds very inefficiently to the cells used, explaining at least in part the high infectious unit-to-particle ratio. The particles that did bind to the cells showed different types of transport behavior leading to membrane fusion in both the periphery and perinuclear regions of the cell. Membrane fusion was observed in 1 out of 6 bound virus particles, indicating that a substantial fraction of the virus has the capacity to fuse. DiD dequenching was completely inhibited by ammonium chloride, demonstrating that fusion occurs exclusively from within acidic endosomes.

scholarly journals PRODUÇÃOE CARACTERIZAÇÃO DOSFRUTOS DE ESPÉCIES DE PhysalisCULTIVADAS NO SEMIÁRIDO BAIANO

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 113-121
Author(s):  
Tamara Torres Tanan ◽  
Marilza Neves do Nascimento ◽  
Romeu da Silva Leite
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Breeding Period ◽  
Total Soluble Sugars ◽  
Biochemical Characteristics ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Solanaceae Family

The Physalisbelongs to the Solanaceae family and has sweetish fruit that can be eaten fresh or processed. In Brazil only Physalis peruvianais commercialized, it is necessary research to encourage the cultivation of other promising speciesof the genus. The aim of this study was evaluate the productivity and the physical and biochemical characteristics of P. angulata, P.pubescensand P. ixocarpafruits, in different stages,in Feira de Santana, Bahia. Productivity and the number of fruits in the breeding period were evaluated.In the fruits, longitudinal (LD) and transverse (TD) diameters, the LD/TD ratio,the masses of fruit, the protein content,reducing sugars,and total soluble sugars were analyzed. The results showed differences between species, with higher number of fruits for P. angulata(140,5). P. ixocarpashowed higher productivity (9 t ha-1) and fruit with greater mass and diameter,however P. pubescensand P. angulatashowed round fruits and higher sugar content, desirable characteristics for fresh consumption and for industrialization.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Physiological Characteristics, Soluble Sugars, Organic Acids and Volatile Compounds in ‘Orin’ Apples (Malus domestica) at Different Ripening Stages

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 807
Author(s):  
Shunbo Yang ◽  
Zhipeng Meng ◽  
Yanan Li ◽  
Rongxin Chen ◽  
Yazhou Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Physiological Characteristics ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Apple Cultivar ◽  
Ripening Stages

‘Orin’ is a popular apple cultivar, which has a yellow-green appearance, pleasant taste, and unique aroma. However, few studies on the fruit quality characteristics of ‘Orin’ apples have been reported before. In this study, changes of the physiological characteristics were measured at different ripening stages, and the soluble sugars and organic acids were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Volatile compounds were identified using the headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). During the fruit ripening, the ‘Orin’ apple fruit weight, size, and total soluble solid were gradually increased by contrast with the titratable acidity, and the firmness decreased. The content of four soluble sugars reached the maximum at the 180 days after full bloom (DAFB) stage. Malic acid was measured as the most abundant organic acid in ‘Orin’ apples. Ethyl butyrate, hexyl propanoate, hexyl acetate and butyl acetate belonging to esters with high odor activity values (OAVs) could be responsible for the typical aroma of ‘Orin’ apples. The aim of this work was to provide information on the flavor characteristics of ‘Orin’ apples and promote this apple cultivar for marketing and processing in the future.

Improvement of formaldehyde-scavenging ability of condensed tannins by ammonia treatment

Holzforschung ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koh Hashida ◽  
Seiji Ohara ◽  
Rei Makino
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Type A ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Type B ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Pyrolysis Gas ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Line Methylation ◽  
On Line

Abstract Condensed tannins have formaldehyde gas-scavenging ability. Tannins consisting of phloroglucinol-type A-rings, such as prodelphinidin and procyanidin, had higher formaldehyde-scavenging ability than those consisting of resorcinol-type A-rings, such as prorobietinidin and profisetinidin. This ability was markedly improved by ammonia treatment. The increase in formaldehyde-scavenging ability was especially notable in the case of condensed tannins with a high ratio of pyrogallol-type B-rings, such as prorobietinidin and prodelphinidin. To clarify the factors affecting improvement of the formaldehyde-scavenging ability by ammonia treatment, the reaction behavior of condensed tannins during ammonia treatment was studied. Analyses using 13C-NMR and on-line methylation pyrolysis/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry revealed that on treatment of condensed tannins with ammonia, amino-substitution at C-4′ of the pyrogallol-type B-ring occurred to form a 4′-amino-3′,5′-dihydroxybenzene-type B-ring. It can be assumed that the introduction of a 4′-amino-3′,5′-dihydroxybenzene-type B-ring into the tannin molecule results in improved formaldehyde-scavenging ability.

scholarly journals Tissue Structure Changes of Aquilaria sinensis Xylem after Fungus Induction

Forests ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Yuxin Liu ◽  
Mengji Qiao ◽  
Yunlin Fu ◽  
Penglian Wei ◽  
Yingjian Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Aquilaria Sinensis ◽  
Starch Grains ◽  
Xylem Structure ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Structure Changes ◽  
Fungal Propagules ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Interxylary Phloem ◽  
Core Part

In this study, we analyzed the mechanism and the process of fungal-induced agarwood formation in Aquilaria sinensis and studied the functional changes in the xylem structure after the process. The microscopic structure of the white zone, transition zone, agarwood zone, and decay zone of 12-and 18-months of inoculation A. sinensis xylem was studied. The distribution of nuclei, starch grains, soluble sugars, sesquiterpenes, fungal propagules, and mycelium in xylem tissues was investigated by histochemical analysis. The results show that the process of agarwood formation was accompanied by apoptosis of parenchyma cells such as interxylary phloem, xylem rays, and axial parenchyma. Regular changes in the conversion of starch grains to soluble sugars, the production of sesquiterpenoids, and other characteristic components of agarwood in various types of parenchyma cells were also observed. The material transformation was concentrated in the interxylary phloem, providing a structural and material basis for the formation of agarwood. It is the core part of the production of sesquiterpenoids and other characteristic products of agarwood. Compared with the A. sinensis inoculated for 12 months, the xylem of the A. sinensis inoculated for 18 months was more vigorous. There were no significant differences between the 12 and 18 months of inoculation in terms of sugars and agarwood characteristic products. In production, harvesting after 12 months of inoculation can improve harvesting efficiency.

scholarly journals Biochemical and genetic analyses of the oomycetePythium insidiosumprovide new insights into clinical identification and urease-based evolution of metabolism-related traits

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theerapong Krajaejun ◽  
Thidarat Rujirawat ◽  
Teerat Kanpanleuk ◽  
Pitak Santanirand ◽  
Tassanee Lohnoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
Accessory Protein ◽  
Pythium Insidiosum ◽  
Biochemical Characteristics ◽  
Biochemical Assays ◽  
Protein Encoding ◽  
Encoding Genes ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Urease Accessory Protein

The oomycete microorganism,Pythium insidiosum, causes the life-threatening infectious condition, pythiosis, in humans and animals worldwide. Affected individuals typically endure surgical removal of the infected organ(s). Detection ofP. insidiosumby the established microbiological, immunological, or molecular methods is not feasible in non-reference laboratories, resulting in delayed diagnosis. Biochemical assays have been used to characterizeP. insidiosum, some of which could aid in the clinical identification of this organism. Although hydrolysis of maltose and sucrose has been proposed as the key biochemical feature useful in discriminatingP. insidiosumfrom other oomycetes and fungi, this technique requires a more rigorous evaluation involving a wider selection ofP. insidiosumstrains. Here, we evaluated 10 routinely available biochemical assays for characterization of 26P. insidiosumstrains, isolated from different hosts and geographic origins. Initial assessment revealed diverse biochemical characteristics across theP. insidiosumstrains tested. Failure to hydrolyze sugars is observed, especially in slow-growing strains. Because hydrolysis of maltose and sucrose varied among different strains, use of the biochemical assays for identification ofP. insidiosumshould be cautioned. The ability ofP. insidiosumto hydrolyze urea is our focus, because this metabolic process relies on the enzyme urease, an important virulence factor of other pathogens. The ability to hydrolyze urea varied amongP. insidiosumstrains and was not associated with growth rates. Genome analyses demonstrated that urease- and urease accessory protein-encoding genes are present in both urea-hydrolyzing and non-urea-hydrolyzing strains ofP. insidiosum. Urease genes are phylogenetically conserved inP. insidiosumand related oomycetes, while the presence of urease accessory protein-encoding genes is markedly diverse in these organisms. In summary, we dissected biochemical characteristics and drew new insights into clinical identification and urease-related evolution ofP. insidiosum.

scholarly journals 5-Aminolevulinic Acid and Soil Fertility Enhance the Resistance of Rosemary to Alternaria dauci and Rhizoctonia solani and Modulate Plant Biochemistry

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hosam O. Elansary ◽  
Diaa O. El-Ansary ◽  
Fahed A. Al-Mana
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Biotic Stress ◽  
Aminolevulinic Acid ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Antioxidant Genes ◽  
Alternaria Dauci

Fungal infection of horticultural and cereal crops by Alternaria dauci and Rhizoctonia solani represents an important biotic stress that could be alleviated by application of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) to fertile and poor soils. Therefore, in this study, the morphological, physiological, biochemical, and genetic effects of ALA application (eight weekly applications at 3–10 ppm) to A. dauci- and R. solani-infected Salvia rosmarinus (rosemary) in fertile and poor soils were investigated. ALA-treated plants produced the longest and highest number of branches and had higher fresh and dry weights. There were increases in the major essential oil constituents (1,8-cineole, linalool, camphor, and borneol), as shown by Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS); higher antioxidant activities in DPPH and β-carotene-bleaching assays; upregulated superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) antioxidant enzyme activities; increased total phenolics, chlorophyll, soluble sugars, and proline; increased gas exchange parameters; enhanced leaf water potential and relative water content (RWC); and upregulated expression of DREB2 and ERF3 (stress-related genes) and FeSOD, Cu/ZnSOD, and MnSOD (antioxidant genes). Several mechanisms were involved, including stress tolerance, antioxidative, and transcription regulation mechanisms. Furthermore, ALA performance was increased in higher-quality soils with higher nutrient content. This study demonstrated the novel application of ALA as a biotic stress ameliorant with enhanced performance in fertile soils.

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