Sugarcane sucrose metabolism: scope for molecular manipulation

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher P. L. Grof ◽  
James A. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Sucrose Metabolism ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
The Status ◽  
Biochemical Research ◽  
Review Reports ◽  
Molecular Manipulation ◽  
Transformation Processes ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical ◽  
Review Current

Improvement of the sucrose content of commercial sugarcane by conventional breeding has reached a plateau, primarily due to the narrow gene pool, and the potential to introduce novel genes or manipulate native genes to influence metabolism may have significant application. This review reports on progress in developing new, and optimising existing, transformation processes for sugarcane, and confirms that the requisite molecular tools for modifying sugarcane metabolism are as yet poorly developed when compared with those currently being applied to dicotyledonous model and crop species. Drawing from the considerable base of biochemical research into sucrose metabolism in sugarcane, a number of target steps for metabolic manipulation are reviewed. Specifically, we review current research into the physiological and biochemical elucidation of the key processes of sucrose synthesis, transport and cleavage. Given the focus of this review on molecular manipulation, particular emphasis is placed on the status of research into the isolation of genes encoding the key enzymes and transporters in the sucrose accumulation process.

scholarly journals THE FUNCTIONAL READINESS OF ATHLETES FROM CYCLIC SPORTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-134
Author(s):  
V Kornyakova ◽  
V Badtieva ◽  
V Сonway
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Stress Index ◽  
Physical Fatigue ◽  
Maximum Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Highly Skilled ◽  
Biochemical Research ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

Aim. The study aims at assessing the functional status of highly skilled athletes from track-and-field and ski sports and determining fatigue criteria. Materials and methods. Highly skilled track-and-field athletes (43) and skiers (16) underwent examination at the preparatory stage of a training cycle. The functional readiness of athletes was assessed using questionnaires, anthropometric, physiological and biochemical research methods. Results. According to the medical history and questionnaire data, all athletes were divided into two groups: the first group included subjects without any signs of fatigue, the second group comprised athletes with fatigue complaints. In athletes with fatigue complaints, increased heart rate was recorded both at rest and after the recovery period; physical efficiency reduced by 28 %, maximum oxygen consumption – by 17.7 %. Heart rate variability in these athletes demonstrates the increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system and increased stress index of the regulatory systems. Glutathione content and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase) were lower in the erythrocytes of the second group. Some alterations in physiological and biochemical data of the second group demonstrated the presence of physical fatigue. Conclusion. 37.3 % of athletes from cyclic sports experienced any fatigue. The data of antioxidant protection, physical efficiency, maximum oxygen consumption and heart rate variabi­lity can be used for a comprehensive assessment of functional readiness and physical fatigue in athletes.

scholarly journals Understanding Urinary Toxicity after Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer: First Steps Forward

2017 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 395-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiziana Rancati ◽  
Federica Palorini ◽  
Cesare Cozzarini ◽  
Claudio Fiorino ◽  
Riccardo Valdagni
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
External Beam Radiotherapy ◽  
Clinical Endpoints ◽  
The Status ◽  
First Results ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Review Reports

One of the most relevant achievements of Professor Gianni Bonadonna was the implementation of the methodology of controlled clinical trials in medical oncology. It is valid for all cancer types, oncological disciplines and clinical endpoints, both survival and toxicity. This narrative review reports on the status of the current knowledge of the radiation-induced urinary syndrome after external-beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer. In recent years, the syndrome has been the object of large-scale prospective observational trials specifically devoted to investigating the association of patient and treatment features with acute/late urinary toxicity. The first results of these trials allow initial attempts at predictive modeling, which can serve as a basis for the optimization of patient selection and treatment planning.

scholarly journals Physiological and biochemical research characteristics of plant Nicotiana tabacum, expressing genes desA or desC under different temperatures stress

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-186
Author(s):  
T. M. Kyrpa-Nesmiian ◽  
Y. V. Sheludko ◽  
M. V. Kuchuk
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Reporter Protein ◽  
Acyl Lipid ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Biochemical Research ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

Aim. For modifying of the plant organisms with genetic engineering techniques to produce genus stress resistant low temperatures or frosts it is necessary to check their physiological characteristics at high temperatures stress. Methods. In this study we used Nicotiana tabacum plants, expressing of cyanobacterial acyl-lipid desaturases genes (desA or desC), plants were tested for the level of malondialdehyde accumulation and gene expression by the reporter protein thermostable lichenase after exposure to thermal stress. Results. We discovered the reduced malondialdehyde accumulation in plants and increased expression desaturases genes after cold stress and high temperature stress. Conclusions. Cyanobacterial desaturases gene expression in Nicotiana tabacum plants did not increase their sensitivity to the high temperatures stress.Keywords: acyl-lipid desaturases, malondialdehyde, thermostable lichenase

scholarly journals Transcriptome Sequencing and Differential Expression Analysis Reveal Molecular Mechanisms for Seed Starch Accumulation in Chinese Chestnut Metaxenia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengxing Li ◽  
Zhuogong Shi ◽  
Zhiheng Zhao ◽  
Qiurong Zhu ◽  
Liang Tao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Differential Expression Analysis ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Sucrose Metabolism ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Seed Kernel ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Lim Proteins

Abstract Background: Chestnut is an important kind of edible nut rich in starch and protein. The characteristics and nutrient contents of chestnut have been found to show obvious metaxenia effects in previous studies. To improve the understanding of the metaxenia effect on chestnut starch and sucrose metabolism, this study used three varieties of chestnut, ‘Yongfeng 1’, ‘Yong Renzao’ and ‘Yimeng 1’, as male parents to pollinate ‘Yongfeng 1’, as the female parent, and studied the mechanisms of starch and sucrose metabolism in three starch accumulation stages (70 (S1), 82 (S2), and 94 (S3) days after pollination , DAP) in the chestnut seed kernel.Result: Most carbohydrate metabolism genes were highly expressed in YFF in stage S2 and in YFR and YFM in stage S3. In stage S3, hub genes encoding HSF_DNA-binding, ACT, Pkinase, and LIM proteins and four transcription factors were highly expressed, with YFF showing the higest expression, followed by YFR and, finally, YFM. In addition, transcriptome analysis of the kernels at 70, 82 and 94 DAP showed that the starch granule-bound starch synthase (EC 2.4.1.242) and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (EC 2.7 .7.27) genes were actively expressed at 94 DAF. Chestnut seeds regulate the accumulation of soluble sugars, reducing sugars and starch by controlling glycosyl transferase and hydrolysis activity during development.Conclusion: These studies and resources have important guiding significance for further research on starch and sucrose metabolism and other types of metabolism related to chestnut metaxenia.

scholarly journals TRICHODERMAVIRIDE CRUCIAL ROLE IN PLANTDEFENCE AND REPLACE THE CHEMICAL FUNGICIDE THAT HIGH HEALTH RISK TO FARMER LIFE

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (07) ◽  
pp. 119-123
Author(s):  
Yashpal a
Keyword(s):  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Biochemical Mechanisms ◽  
Ecological Importance ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical Mechanisms ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

The plant-Trichoderma-pathogen triangle is a complexnet of several techniques. Trichoderma spp. are avirulent opportunistic plant symbionts. In addition to being a hitplant Symbioticorganisms. Trichoderma spp. additionally behave as a low cost, powerful and ecofriendly biocontrol agent. They can set themselves up in numerouspatho-systems, have minimum effectat the soil equilibrium and do now no longer impair beneficial organisms that make contributions to the manipulate of pathogens. This symbiotic affiliation in plant life results in the purchase of plant resistance to pathogens, improves developmental techniques and yields and promotes absorption of nutrient and fertilizer use efficiency. Among different biocontrol mechanisms, antibiosis, opposition and mycoparasitism are a number of the major capabilities through which microorganisms, including Thrichoderma, react to the presence of different aggressive pathogenic organisms, thereby stopping or obstructing their development. Stimulation of each systementails the biosynthesis of centered metabolites like plant increase regulators, enzymes, siderophores, antibiotics, etc. This evaluation summarizes the organic manipulate past time exerted by Trichoderma spp. and sheds mildat thecurrentdevelopment in pinpointing the ecological importance of Trichoderma on the biochemical and molecular stagewithinside the rhizosphere in addition to the blessings of symbiosis to the plant host in phrases of physiological and biochemical mechanisms. From an applicative factor of view, the prooffurnished herein strongly helps the opportunity to use Trichoderma as a safe, ecofriendly and powerful biocontrol agent for one-of-a-kind crop species.

scholarly journals LEPTIN RESISTANCE AND TYPE 2 DIABETES

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. M. Oleshchuk ◽  
H. Ya. Loi
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Leptin Receptor ◽  
Hepatic Glucose Production ◽  
Glucose Production ◽  
The Body ◽  
Leptin Resistance ◽  
Pharmacologic Agent ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
The Status

Leptin is one of adipocyte-secreted hormones. It signals to the brain and other tissues about the status of body energy reserves. Circulating leptin levels are directly proportional to the amount of the body fat. Leptin concentration increases when surfeit and decreases during fasting. Obese patients are hyperleptinemic compared with thin persons and they are tolerant to the central hypothalamic effects of leptin. The reduced sensitivity toward exogenous and endogenous leptin is commonly referred to as leptin resistance. Alterations in the signaling of the long isoform of the leptin receptor play the crucial role in leptin resistance. Surfeit may induce leptin resistance and other metabolic sequelae of obesity. Leptin insensitivity and insulin resistance play a major role in the development of type 2 diabetes. Metformin remains the preferred first-line pharmacologic agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. It reduces hepatic glucose production, increases glucose uptake in peripheral tissue and can lead to weight loss. Metformin decreases both insulin and leptin concentration, restores the sensitivity to these hormones. But some studies have shown poor relationship between metformin action and leptin level. And the mechanism of metformin action on leptin resistance remains unclear. Thus, these issues should be studied as well as polymorphisms in genes encoding metformin action.

scholarly journals Effect of ethylene on physiological and biochemical parameters in different crop plants - A review

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1064-1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanchan Pahwa ◽  
Navita Ghai
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Plant Hormone ◽  
Growth Inhibitor ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Source Sink ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

A phytohormone may be defined as an organic substance other than a nutrient active in very minute amounts which is formed in certain parts of all plants and which is usually translocated to other sites, where it evokes specific biochemical, physiological and morphological responses. The gaseous plant hormone ethylene modulates many internal processes and growth responses to environmental stimuli. Ethylene is known to exert its effects by altering gene expression both at transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. Ethylene has long beenrecognized as a growth inhibitor, but evidence is accumulating that ethylene can also promote growth. Therefore, the concept of ethylene as a general growth inhibitor needs reconsideration. Different authors screened various concentrations viz. 100 ppm, 150 ppm which promotes the plant growth in groundnut, soybean, mustard, barley, pigeonpea etc. The lower concentration of ethylene (100ppm) has increased the yield by 17 percent in pigeonpea. It increased the yield by manipulating source-sink relationships and flower retention The present study highlights the various processes of growth stimulated by ethylene and its use in enhancing yield of various crop species. It could be inferred that lower concentration of ethrel sprayed at pre-flowering stage promoted the growth and yield of various crops (barley, corn, groundnut, pigeonpea, soybean etc.).

scholarly journals New finding of green algae with potential for algal biotechnology, Chlorococcum oleofaciens and its molecular investigation

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 532-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. I. Maltsev ◽  
T. V. Konovalenko
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Forest Litter ◽  
Base Change ◽  
Compensatory Base Change ◽  
Algal Biotechnology ◽  
The Status ◽  
Biochemical Research ◽  
Different Strains

The practice of soil algology shows that algae from the order Chlamydomonadales are among the most poorly studied and difficult to identify due to the high heterogeneity of their morphology and ultrastructure. Only the involvement of molecular genetic methods usually makes it possible to determine their taxonomic status with high accuracy. At the same time, in the algae flora of Ukraine there are more than 250 species from the order Chlamydomonadales, the status of which in most cases is established exclusively on the basis of light microscopy. This work is devoted to the study of the biotechnologically promising green alga Chlorococcum oleofaciens, taking into account the modern understanding of its taxonomic status. Two new strains of this species, separated from samples of forest litter and oak forest soil (the Samara Forest, Dnipropetrovsk region), are described. The strains were studied at the morphological level by using light microscopy methods, as well as using molecular genetic methods based on the studies of the nucleotide genes sequences of the 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and chloroplast rbcL genes, the topology of secondary structures of internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2). The obtained results helped to confirm the presence of C. oleofaciens in the algae flora of Ukraine. Also, the authors of the article discuss the differences in the secondary structure of ITS2 in different strains of C. oleofaciens associated with the presence of compensatory base change (CBC), hemi-CBC in helices I and II, as well as deletions in helix IV and providing a basis for the hypothesis of the existence of cryptic species within C. oleofaciens. The obtained data can be used at the stage of preliminary selection of biochemical research objects. 

Assessment of Home Garden: A Case of Purkot VDC, Tanahun District

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-462
Author(s):  
Arjun Dev Jnawali ◽  
Sushma Marahatta
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pest ◽  
Home Garden ◽  
Annual Income ◽  
Climatic Impact ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Home Gardening ◽  
The Status ◽  
Average Annual Income ◽  
Home Consumption ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Growing different crop species in combination with mushroom, honey bee, livestock around homestead is an ancient practice of home gardening where marginal land, labour, limited capital with simple tools and technology are used. A survey was conducted in Purkot VDC of Tanahun district in April 2015 with the purpose of assessing the status and annual income of home garden. Data was collected through purposive method by using structured questionnaire at four wards of the VDC. The economic return was assessed through calculating the local retail value of the product without considering cost associated with it. The average annual income of home garden was NRs. 33528.65 from average 377.78 m2 (0.76 Ropani) home garden, derived from cultivation of vegetables, fruits, legumes, medicinal & aromatic plants and cereals. About 65 % household involved in multistoried gardening with the objective of home consumption (66.7 %). Home garden of study area was truly vegetable based (100 %). Income of home garden was determined by objectives of gardening, education level of respondents and type of species grown. The key problem of home garden was insufficient water (81.2 % of cases), incidence of disease insect/pest (66.7 % of cases), weather and climatic impact (56.2 %), animal trespass (41.7 %) and labour insufficiency in gardening (31.2 %). Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 7(4): 453-456

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