Abstract
Application of chemical enhanced oil recovery (C-EOR) processes to low-permeability sandstone reservoirs (in the 10-100 mD range) can be very challenging as strong retention and difficult in-depth propagation of polymer and surfactant can occur. Transport properties of C-EOR chemicals are particularly related to porous media mineralogy (clay content). The present experimental study aimed at identifying base mechanisms and providing general recommendations to design economically viable C-EOR injection strategies in low permeability clayey reservoirs.
Polymer and surfactant injection corefloods were conducted using granular packs (quartz and clay mixtures) with similar petrophysical characteristics (permeability 70-130 mD) but having various mineralogical compositions (pure quartz sand, sand with 8 wt-% kaolinite and sand with 8 wt-% smectite). The granular packs were carefully characterized in terms of structure (SEM) and specific surface area (BET). The main observables from the coreflood tests were the resistance and residual resistance factors generated during the chemical injections, the irreversible polymer retention and the surfactant retention in various injection scenarios (polymer alone, surfactant alone, polymer and surfactant).
A first, the impact of the clay contents on the retention of polymer and surfactant considered independently was examined. Coreflood results have shown that retention per unit mass of rock strongly increased in presence of both kaolinite and smectite, but not in the same way for both chemicals. For polymer, retention was about twice higher with kaolinite than with smectite, despite the fact that the measured specific surface area of the kaolinite was about 5 times less than that of the smectite. Conversely, for surfactant, retention was much higher with smectite than with kaolinite.
Secondly, the impact of the presence of surfactant on the polymer in-depth propagation and retention was investigated in pure quartz and kaolinite-bearing porous media. In both mineralogies, the resistance factor quickly stabilized when polymer was injected alone whereas injection of larger solution volumes was required to reach stabilization when surfactant was present. In pure quartz, polymer retention was shown, surprisingly, to be one order of magnitude higher in presence of surfactant whereas with kaolinite, surfactant did not impact polymer retention.
The results can be interpreted by considering adsorption-governed retention. The mechanistic pictures being that (a) large polymer macromolecules are not able to penetrate the porosity of smectite aggregates, whereas surfactant molecules can, and (b) that surfactant and polymer mixed adsorbed layers can be formed on surfaces with limited affinity for polymer. Overall, this study shows that C-EOR can be applied in low permeability reservoirs but that successful injection strategies will strongly depend on mineralogy.
Editorials: Comparison of Proposed Alternative Methods for Rescaling Dialysis Dose: Resting Energy Expenditure, High Metabolic Rate Organ Mass, Liver Size, and Body Surface Area
