scholarly journals The effects of protein degradability and food intake on milk yield and composition in cows in early lactation

1981 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
G. W. Reid ◽  
I. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Groundnut Meal ◽  
Protein Degradability

1. In two experiments measurements were made of food intake, live-weight change, milk yield and milk composition in early lactation when dairy cows were given diets containing varying proportions of protein as fish meal (low rumen degradability) or as groundnut meal (high rumen degradability). In a preliminary trial measurements were also made with cows given supplements of either fish meal or barley and fed at a restricted level of feeding.2. When metabolizable energy (ME) intake exceeded 160 MJ/d there was no evidence of responses to changes in protein degradability, but at ME intakes below 135 MJ/d increases in the supply of undegradable protein led to increases in fat-corrected milk yield, protein content and live-weight loss.3. The interaction between energy intake and protein degradability is unexpected because net protein:net energy requirement increases as milk yield increases, but may be explained in terms of differential effects of changing rumen outflow rates on degradabilities.

Complete diets for dairy cows: comparisons of feeding to appetite with rationing according to milk yield

1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 715-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. D. Greenhalgh ◽  
G. W. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Under Nutrition

SummaryTwo experiments were made, each with 35 autumn-calving cows fed on complete diets containing 40–70% hay and 60–30% concentrates. In both experiments, cows fed to appetite on a diet containing 11 MJ metabolizable energy/kg D.M. for weeks 7–24 of lactation ate about 20% more than cows rationed according to yield, but produced only about 3% more milk. The cows fed to appetite gained more in live weight, but lost their weight advantage during the subsequent grazing season.In Expt 1, a further group of cows were fed to appetite on diets progressively reduced in metabolizable energy content from 11·0 to 9·2 MJ/kg. Dry-matter intake decreased by about 1·2 kg/day per 1 MJ reduction in energy content. The lower dry-matter and energy intakes of cows on this treatment did not significantly reduce their milk yield, but their response when turned out to grass suggested under-nutrition in late winter. In Expt 2, increasing the energy content of the diet in early lactation (weeks 7–12) and reducing it thereafter had no significant effect on milk yield.Within each treatment group there were reasonably close relationships between energy intake and energy requirement. Nevertheless, it seems likely that the efficiency of feed utilization of cows fed on complete diets will be low unless intake is controlled by energy dilution.

Effect of fish meal on the mobilization of body energy in dairy cows

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
G. W. Reid ◽  
C. A. G. Tait
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Fat Mobilization ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Body Energy

ABSTRACTThirty-two Friesian cows in early lactation were divided into four treatment groups to receive ad libitum a mixed diet consisting of silage (0·70) and grain-based concentrate (0·30). Fish meal was subsequently mixed into the diet at levels of 0, 40, 80 and 120 g/kg to provide crude protein concentration (g/kg dry matter) in the complete diets of 156, 181, 200 and 212 respectively. In the 2nd week after calving the yields of fat-corrected milk (FCM) were 28·5, 29·2, 32·0 and 34·9 kg/day for the four levels respectively; at this time, food intake was sufficient only to meet the calculated energy requirement for 15 kg FCM per day. Due to recurring problems with ketosis on the diet containing 120 g fish meal per kg, this treatment was terminated and the experiment continued for 15 weeks with the groups receiving 0, 40 and 80 g/kg fish meal supplements. During this time average yields of FCM were 23·5, 25·6 and 28-0 kg FCM per day respectively and energy intakes were calculated to be sufficient to meet the requirement for 18 kg FCM per day.It appeared possible to increase milk yield by stimulating fat mobilization through giving undegraded protein supplements to underfed cows in early lactation. However, when an excessive mobilization occurred with a high supplement, and when the animals were yielding 15 to 20 kg FCM more than their metabolizable energy intake was calculated to sustain, some cows became ketotic.

The effect of level of feeding on the response of lactating ewes to dietary supplements of fish meal

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Gonzalez ◽  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
I. McHattie
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Low Protein

ABSTRACTThirty-six individually-penned ewes (mean live weight 69 kg), each suckling two lambs, were given one of three diets containing either 128 (low), 155 (medium) or 186 (high) g crude protein (CP) per kg dry matter. All diets contained (g/kg), milled hay, 570; molasses, 95; and a barley/fish meal concentrate, 330. The three protein concentrations were achieved by adjusting the proportions of barley and fish meal in the concentrate. Each diet was given at daily metabolizable energy (ME) intakes of 19, 23 and 27 MJ. Mean daily yields of milk in weeks 3 to 8 of lactation for ewes given the diet with the low concentration of crude protein increased from 2·32 kg at 19 MJ ME to 2·53 kg at 27 MJ. Corresponding values for the medium concentration of CP were 2·49 and 2·67 kg and for the high concentration 2·52 and 3·09 kg (P < 0·05 for differences between ME intakes and differences between dietary protein concentrations). For milk composition, interactions between the concentration of dietary protein and level of ME intake were not statistically significant but the main treatment effects were significant, with the protein concentration in milk increasing from 49·6 g/kg for ewes given the low concentration of dietary protein to 54·1 g/kg for those given the high (P < 0·001). Corresponding values for protein concentration in milk for the lowest and highest energy intake were 51·2 and 53·4 g/kg (P < 0·05). Losses of tissue protein were variable but decreased from 26 g/day for ewes given the low-protein diet to 8 g/day for those given the high. In discussing the responses in milk yield to dietary protein and ME intake attention is drawn to the modifying influence of the energy contributed from body tissue.

The effect of supplementary light on the production and behaviour of dairy cows

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. C. Phillips ◽  
S. A. Schofield
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Mean Intensity ◽  
Supplementation Period ◽  
Specific Behaviour ◽  
Increase Food Intake

ABSTRACTIn experiment 1, 12 cows (treatment L) received natural daylight (mean 8 h), 10 h supplementary light (mean intensity 481 lux) and dark (mean 6 h), and 12 cows (treatment N) received natural daylight (mean 8 h) and dark (mean 16 h) for 8 weeks. Supplementary light increased milk yield and tended to increase food intake and loss of live weight. There were no significant effects on milk composition although milk fat concentration tended to be reduced for cows in treatment L. Daily feeding times were not affected by treatment although more feeding took place during the supplementary light in treatment L. Supplementary light increased the time spent lying down per day and reduced the distance walked per day, although cows in treatment L spent less time lying during the light supplementation period. In both treatments, the activity rate was increased on the day of oestrus, but in treatment L the incidence of oestrus-specific behaviour was significantly reduced compared with treatment N.In experiment 2, 16 cows received natural daylight (mean 9 h) and 10 h supplementary light of mean intensity 0, 101, 191 or 529 lux in a change-over design. There were no significant effects of supplementary light or its intensity on the food intake, milk yield or live-weight change of the cows, but milk fat concentration was reduced for cows receiving supplementary light at 101 or 529 lux and milk protein concentration was reduced for cows receiving light at 529 lux.

Predicting food intake in dairy heifers from early lactation records

1991 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Simm ◽  
P. Persaud ◽  
D. R. Neilson ◽  
H. Parkinson ◽  
B. J. McGuirk
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Or Efficiency ◽  
Precise Prediction ◽  
Breeding Schemes

ABSTRACTNucleus breeding schemes for dairy cattle give opportunities for selection on characteristics other than milk production, such as food intake or efficiency, and for the application of reproductive technologies such as embryo transfer. The emphasis in such schemes involving embryo transfer will be on early lactation measurements of production and food intake, to minimize generation intervals. The aim of this study was to examine the value of early lactation measurements of food intake and other characteristics in predicting longer-term food intake. Intakes of a complete diet, offered ad libitum, were available for 101 heifers up to week 38 of lactation, from the Edinburgh School of Agriculture's Langhill herd. Partial correlations between weekly dry-matter (DM) or metabolizable energy (ME) intakes in early lactation and cumulated intakes to week 38 of lactation, after fitting year and month of calving as fixed effects, and proportion of Holstein blood as a covariate, ranged from 0·27 for week 1, to 0·70 for week 12. Cumulated ME intakes, up to week 38, were regressed on shorter measures of ME intake, together with fat plus protein yield in weeks 1 to 10 of lactation. Other independent variables, such as point estimates of, or changes in, live weight, condition score and backfat depth did not further increase the precision of prediction. The means and standard deviations for milk yield, DM intake and ME intake up to week 38 of lactation were 5877 (s.d. 1087) kg, 4070 (s.d. 400) kg and 51579 (s.d. 4614) MJ respectively. For a fixed duration of intake recording, measurements taken later in lactation gave the most precise prediction of 38-week ME intake (e.g. residual s.d.s from models including 4-week cumulated ME intakes in weeks 1 to 4, 3 to 6 and 5 to 8 of lactation were 2865, 2636 and 2501 MJ respectively, with R2 values of 0·62, 0·67 and 0·71). Shorter periods of intake recording started in week 5 of lactation gave slightly more precise prediction than longer periods of recording started in weeks 1 to 4 (e.g. residual s.d.s from models including cumulative ME intakes in weeks 1 to 10, 3 to 10 and 5 to 10 were 2391, 2298 and 2277 respectively, with R2 values of 0·69, 0·75 and 0·76). These results have implications for the cost: benefit of food intake recording in breeding schemes.

Influence of feeding pattern on the biological efficiency of high-yielding dairy cows

1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Fixed Amount

SUMMARYAn experiment has been made to study the effect of the pattern of distribution of a fixed amount of production compound on milk yield, milk composition and live-weight change in the first 20 weeks of lactation and any carry-over effects on performance in the remaining part. Adult British Friesian cows of predicted high yield potential were randomly allocated to a graded (G) or flat-rate (F) system of feeding.There was no significant effect of treatment on milk yield, milk composition or yield of milk constituents in the experimental period or in the whole lactation.Live-weight changes were not significantly different between treatments at any stage of lactation. Calculated energy balances showed losses until the 4th week of lactation. Thereafter positive balances occurred but it was not until the 9th week for treatment G and the 15th week for treatment F that the original zero balance was restored. The total balance was in good agreement with live-weight gain for treatment F but not for treatment G.Calculated efficiencies of utilization of metabolizable energy for milk production (Klo) were variable throughout lactation and lower than the currently accepted standards.

The intake of silage and grazed herbage by Masham ewes with single or twin lambs and its repeatability during pregnancy, lactation and after weaning

1981 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Newton ◽  
R. J. Orr
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Coefficient Of Concordance ◽  
In Pregnancy

ABSTRACTThe intake of silage, concentrates and grazed herbage, and the performance of 16 Masham ewes carrying and suckling either single or twin lambs, was measured during the last 7 weeks of pregnancy, during lactation and after weaning.There was no difference in intake between ewes with singles or twins in pregnancy, lactation or after weaning. The metabolizable energy intakes, from silage and concentrates, of the ewes with singles and twins were 101 and 100 MJ per head per day in weeks 7 and 6 pre partum, 21·4 and 19·9 MJ in weeks 3 and 2 pre partum, and 24·4 and 23·8MJ in the 1st week of lactation. The intakes from grass and concentrates were 32·3 and 338MJ in weeks 5 and 6 of lactation for the ewes with singles and twins respectively, and 13·8 and 15 2M J from grass alone after weaning. There was no effect of ewe live weight on intake and, although the ewes with singles were producing less milk than those with twins, their intakes were similar.The same ewes consistently ate the most feed. The overall coefficient of concordance was 05 6 and the coefficients for mid- and late-pregnancy, late pregnancy and early lactation, and early- and mid-lactation were 0·57, 0·62 and 0·66 respectively. The ewes with twins that consistently ate the most lost less weight in pregnancy, produced similar litter weights and suckled lambs that grew faster. Their levels of intake and production were high: the growth rate from 0 to 6 weeks of age of the twin lambs suckling the large-eaters was 721 g/day compared with 631 g/day for those suckling the small-eaters. During lactation the ewes with singles appeared t o consume more metabolizable energy than their maintenance, milk yield and live-weight gain requirements justified, whereas the group of smaller-eating ewes with twins put on more weight than expected from their intakes.

scholarly journals Effect of Supplemental Fish Meal on Milk Yield and Milk Composition of Holstein Cows during Early Lactation

2000 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Adachi ◽  
K. Suzuki ◽  
K. Kasai ◽  
M. Hiroki ◽  
S. Kume ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Early Lactation

The interaction between dietary fibre level and protein degradability in dairy cows

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Garnsworthy
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Systematic Correction ◽  
High Fibre ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Protein Degradability

ABSTRACTA trial was performed to investigate the interaction between energy and protein source for cows in negative energy balance. Six cows were assigned to each of four types of concentrate (metabolizable energy (ME) 12 MJ/kg dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) 180 g/kg DM) with low or high fibre contents (LF or HF) and protein degradability (LD or HD). For groups HDLF, LDLF, HDHF and LDHF respectively, acid-detergent fibre contents (g/kg diet DM) were 69·2, 66·1, 117·5 and 113·3; protein degradability values were determined as 0·78, 0·61, 0·72 and 0·66. Low-fibre diets were given at the rate of 11 kg/day concentrates with 6 kg/day hay (ME 8 MJ/kg DM, CP 84·5 g/kg DM) and high-fibre diets at the rate of 10 kg/day concentrates with 7·5 kg/day hay from weeks 4 to 13 of lactation. Cows were given a standard diet over the first 3 weeks of lactation and performance in week 3 was used as a covariate.Milk yield was not affected by treatment but the butterfat content of milk from cows given the high-fibre diets (44·9 g/kg) was higher than the low-fibre diets (36·4 g/kg; P < 0·01), which resulted in significant differences in fat-corrected milk yield (HDHF: 25·1, LDHF: 26·2, HDLF: 22·7, LDLF: 21·5, s.e.d. 1·5 kg/day). ME balance was lower for the LDHF group (−4·1 MJ/day) than for groups LDLF and HDLF (-15·4 and -16·8 MJ/day; P < 0·05) but was not significantly different from the HDHF group (-29·4 MJ/day). Undegradable protein (UDP) balances were 53·4, 93·8, -21·2 and 193·8 (s.e.d. 45, P < 005) g/day for groups HDLF, LDLF, HDHF and LDHF respectively. Differences from zero in ME and UDP balance were accounted for in all groups except LDHF by changes in live weight plus a systematic correction of approximately 10 MJ/day. It is considered that the cows given high-fibre diets responded to high UDP by increasing fat-corrected milk production but mobilization of body fat to support this increase was accompanied by retention of protein with associated water, resulting in very little change in live weight. It is also probable that the high UDP levels improved the digestion of fibre i n the rumen, but this is unlikely to have been sufficient to have accounted for all of the response.

Effect of diet energy density and season on voluntary dry-matter and energy intake in male red deer

2000 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.R. Webster ◽  
I.D. Corson ◽  
R.P. Littlejohn ◽  
B.M. Masters ◽  
J.M. Suttie
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pelleted Diet

AbstractFood intake and growth of red deer is lower in winter than in spring and this reduces the efficiency of venison production. Rumen capacity is also lower during winter and this may contribute to the reduced food intake and therefore growth. In the present study, we investigated the ability of deer to regulate food intake during winter and spring by feeding diets of differing energy densities.Six groups of eight male red deer calves were housed indoors in separate pens. Each group was given,ad libitum, a pelleted diet of a different energy density (8·5, 9·0, 9·5, 10·0, 10·5 and 11·0 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) per kg dry matter (DM) for groups 1 to 6 respectively) but the same amount of protein (156 g/kg DM). Food intake of each group was recorded every 2nd day and animals were weighed every 6 days from 17 May to 9 December. For seasonal comparisons, winter was defined as 24 May to 31 August and spring as 1 September to 9 December.There was no difference (P> 0·05) between the mean live weights of the groups at any time during the study. Live-weight gain (LWG) reached a minimum on 4 July and was lower in winter than spring (161 v. 308 g/day, s.e.d. = 10·0,P< 0·001). LWG was positively related (P< 0·001) to diet ME during winter. DM intake (g/kg M0·75per day) and ME intake (MJ ME per kg M0·75per day) decreased until 16 July and increased thereafter. Mean DM intake was lower in winter than spring (83·5 v. 97·2 g/kg M0·75per day, s.e.d. = 2·05,P< 0·001). DM intake increased as diet energy decreased (P< 0·001) in winter and spring with a steeper slope (P< 0·05) in spring than winter. ME intake was not related to diet ME (P> 0·005) and was lower in winter than spring (0·82 v. 0·95 MJ/kg M0·75per day, s.e.d. = 0·25,P< 0·001). Maintenance energy requirement (MEm) across groups and seasons was calculated to be 0·45 (s.e. 0·22) MJ ME per kg M0·75and the energy requirement for LWG (MEf) was 53 (s.e. 8·5) MJ/kg LWG. MEfwas related (P< 0·01) negatively to diet ME during winter.In summary, deer consuming diets with a wide range of energy densities, altered their DM intake, resulting in similar energy intakes and growth rates on all diets. Animals seemed less able to achieve this compensation in winter compared with spring when food intake increased to support the natural rise in growth rate at that time. These results indicate that deer have target growth rates and/or energy intakes that change with season, and are defended by adjusting food intake.

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