6. Words in the world

Author(s):  
Matthew Reynolds

Translation happens everywhere all the time. But when it comes to the public and commercial world of printed books, political documents, diplomatic negotiations, business transactions, and world news, translation is strictly limited. Official rules and market forces combine to determine who can do it, how it is done, and which languages it involves. ‘Words in the world’ looks at translation in the international book trade, in official organizations such as the United Nations and the European Union, and in mainstream global news. It also considers how computers are used for translation and how the internet has allowed crowd translation to flourish.

Quaerendo ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Noblett

AbstractThis study attempts to show how the English entomologist, Dru Drury (1725-1804) exported his only published book, Illustrations of natural history, which appeared in three volumes between 1770 and 1782. Drury used three contacts on the European mainland: the Amsterdam bookseller, Jan Christian Sepp; the German botanist, Paul Dietrich Giseke and the Danish naturalist, Morten Thrane Brunnich. Drury's letters to these three men form the basis of the study. An examination of them reveal some of the problems encountered in the international book-trade in the eighteenth century (such as parcels going missing and the difficulties of payment) and show some of the formalities that had to be undertaken when exporting.


Dental Update ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-160
Author(s):  
Lakshman Samaranayake ◽  
Sukumaran Anil

COVID-19 Vaccines are currently the talk of the world. The internet is full of memes on COVID-19 vaccines - myths more than truths. In this commentary we further review some of the issues related to the success and failure of COVID-19 vaccines, and the theoretical and practical elements on vaccinations and immunity that the dental health care providers have to be knowledgeable, so as to offer advice and guidance to their team, the patients, as well as the public.


Author(s):  
I. Khokhlov

The article is devoted to the consideration of socio-cultural state of the European community during the period of crisis and mass manifestations of protest. In spite of the current instability in the world the EC continues to maintain its “acquis” (the composition of the membership, single currency etc.). This article contains a periodization that reflects tendencies in the trends of public opinion under the influence of internal and external factors. Countries are ranked according to the level of their social and economic development, which allowed to analyze the dependence of public opinion in support of the EC upon the state of the economy. For instance, in the Mediterranean countries that use to be “euroenthusiasts” the level of support became lower than the average for the EC.


Author(s):  
Deborah L. Wheeler

In Chapter 4, data collected through ethnographic research and structured interviews are used to argue that new media tools when used, can profoundly alter social and political practices in Kuwait. Internet use removes inhibitions, gives the public a voice, encourages people to demand access to current, transparent news and information, and enables citizens to become more engaged and active in the world. In the words of one 55 year old female Kuwaiti participant, the Internet “opens the eyes of the younger generation and because of this, they find more freedom to exercise and they can compare freedom in their countries to that in other countries” (Interview, July 2009, Kuwait City). Explanations for the increasingly volatile political and social environment in Kuwait are explored in light of new media use. The persistence of patriarchy in spite of enhanced civic engagement reveals the puzzling nature of oppositional compliance in the emirate.


Author(s):  
Jarrod M. Rifkind ◽  
Seymour E. Goodman

Information technology has drastically changed the ways in which individuals are accounted for and monitored in societies. Over the past two decades, the United States and other countries worldwide have seen a tremendous increase in the number of individuals with access to the Internet. Data collected by the World Bank shows that 17.5 of every 100 people in the world had access to the Internet in 2006, and this number increased to 23.2 in 2008, 29.5 in 2010, and 32.8 in 2011 (World Bank 2012). According to the latest Cisco traffic report, Internet traffic exceeded 30 exabytes (1018 bytes) per month in 2011 and is expected to reach a zettabyte (1021 bytes) per month by 2015 (Cisco Systems 2011). Activities on the Web are no longer limited to seemingly noncontroversial practices like e-mail. The sheer growth of the Internet as a medium for communication and information sharing as well as the development of large, high-performance data centers have made it easier and less expensive for companies and governments to aggregate large amounts of data generated by individuals. Today, many people’s personal lives can be pieced together relatively easily according to their search histories and the information that they provide on social networking websites such as Facebook and Twitter. Therefore, technological breakthroughs associated with computing raise important questions regarding information security and the role of privacy in society. As individuals begin using the Internet for e-commerce, e-government, and a variety of other services, data about their activities has been collected and stored by entities in both the public and private sectors. For the private sector, consumer activities on the Internet provide lucrative information about user spending habits that can then be used to generate targeted advertisements. Companies have developed business models that rely on the sale of such information to third-party entities, whether they are other companies or the federal government. As for the public sector, data collection occurs through any exchange a government may have with its citizens.


Author(s):  
Chung-wei Lee ◽  
Weidong Kou ◽  
Wen-Chen Hu

With the introduction of the World Wide Web (WWW), electronic commerce has revolutionized traditional commerce and boosted sales and exchanges of merchandise and information. Recently, the emergence of wireless and mobile networks has made possible the extension of electronic commerce to a new application and research area: mobile commerce, which is defined as the exchange or buying and selling of commodities, services or information on the Internet through the use of mobile handheld devices. In just a few years, mobile commerce has emerged from nowhere to become the hottest new trend in business transactions. Mobile commerce is an effective and convenient way of delivering electronic commerce to consumers from anywhere and at any time. Realizing the advantages to be gained from mobile commerce, companies have begun to offer mobile commerce options for their customers in addition to the electronic commerce they already provide (The Yankee Group, 2002).


Author(s):  
Laura DeNardis

This chapter demonstrates the significance of the emerging field of Internet governance, highlighting issues over standards, names and numbers, and net neutrality, which are unfolding in a variety of contexts around the world, including the Internet Governance Forum. It describes how technology could bias outcomes across policy arenas, such as privacy or freedom of expression. Internet governance generally refers to policy and technical coordination issues related to the exchange of information over the Internet. Governance has had immediate implications for freedom of expression online. Despite the significant public interest implications, Internet governance is largely hidden from public view. A crucial role of Internet governance research is to evaluate the implications of the tension between forces of openness and forces of enclosure, examine the implications of the privatisation of governance, and bring to public light the key issues at stake at the intersection of technical expediency and the public interest.


2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-188
Author(s):  
Eugenijus Chlivickas ◽  
Laura Leščinskaitė

Lithuanian integration in the financial Eurozone and Lithuanian publishing business development in the European Union and outside it, becomes an important problem requiring a solution. Promoting the dissemination of printed books and literacy in Lithuania and beyond, to properly introduce the achievements of Lithuania in foreign countries, it is important to ensure Lithuanian letter, educational and scientific book publishing development. The article examines the characteristics of the international marketing publishing, the world and Lithuanian state publishing houses on the basis of foreign and Lithuanian scientists theoretical insights about the instruments of international marketing opportunities, developing proposals for publishing business integration of new economic conditions. Lietuvai integruojantis į finansinę euro zoną, Lietuvos leidybos verslo plėtra Europos Sąjungoje bei už jos ribų tampa svarbia problema, kurią reikia spręsti. Skatinant spausdintų knygų sklaidą ir raštingumą Lietuvoje bei už jos ribų, siekiant tinkamai pristatyti Lietuvos pasiekimus užsienio šalyse, svarbu užtikrinti Lietuvos rašto, švietimo ir mokslo knygų leidybos plėtrą. Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos leidybos verslo ypatybės, pasaulio bei Lietuvos leidyklų būklė, remiantis užsienio ir Lietuvos mokslininkų teorinėmis įžvalgomis apie tarptautinio marketingo instrumentų panaudojimo galimybes, pateikti siūlymai dėl leidybos verslo plėtros naujomis ekonominės integracijos sąlygomis.


2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-16
Author(s):  
Nori Sahrun ◽  
Sularno Larno

Container which is considered one of the greatest role in the world of information and communication technology is the internet. Generally, any person already have internet access, so the use of the Internet as a medium of information and knowledge to provide convenience. In the medical field utilizing the Internet as a means of interaction for the purposes of providing information to the public, which will then more often we refer to as a web-based information systems. In this case the web-based information system is a system that utilizes focused web method in a network the Internet is used as a means of interaction information, both in terms of service delivery schedule and type of specialist medical services.


Archeion ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Niewęgłowski

W artykule przedstawiono problematykę digitalizacji materiałów archiwalnych, pod którym to pojęciem rozumie się przekształcanie ich tradycyjnego zapisu do cyfrowej postaci. Obecnie coraz częściej materiały archiwalne istnieją od początku w formie cyfrowej. Dawniej przybierały jednak formy wydrukowanych książek, spisanych dokumentów itp. Rozwój technologii sprawia, że bardzo duża część archiwów dokonuje cyfryzacji swoich tradycyjnych zbiorów, m.in. w celu sprawniejszego udostępniania materiałów archiwalnych. Po nadaniu archiwaliom cyfrowej postaci, mogą być one rozpowszechniane na dużą skalę za pośrednictwem Internetu. Takie zabiegi nie są jednak często obojętne z punktu widzenia obowiązujących w danym państwie przepisów z zakresu prawa autorskiego. Czasami regulacje te przewidują zasady, na jakich może odbywać się digitalizacja. Problematyka, której dotyczy artykuł, jest bardzo szeroka. Dlatego też analizie poddano najważniejsze aspekty zagadnienia, mające praktyczny walor dla działalności archiwalnej. W artykule poruszono m.in. problem udostępniania materiałów w postaci cyfrowej. Odniesiono się do nowych przepisów, w tym z zakresu dzieł osieroconych. Digitalization of archival materials in the light of copyright law. Selected issues The article presents the issue of digitization of archival materials, which is the transformation of their traditional form into a digital one. Currently, more and more archival materials are born in digital form. In the past, however, they were created especially as copies of printed books, written documents, etc. Due to the development of technology a large part of archives is digitalizing their traditional collections in order to make access to archival materials more efficient. Once the archives have been digitized, they can be made available on a large scale via the Internet. However, such activities are often not indifferent to the copyright law of a particular country. Sometimes these regulations provide certain rules under which digitization may take place. The problem addressed in the article is very broad. That is why the analysis covers the most important aspects of the issue which have practical value for archival policy. Some topics have been excluded. The article discusses, among others, the problem of making the materials available to the public in digital form. Reference is made to the new legislation, including that concerning orphan works.


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