314 Carbohydrases Enzymes Improve the Productive Performance of Grazing Nellore Bulls Fed Different Nutritional Plans During the Rainy Season

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 169-170
Author(s):  
Anderson Acosta ◽  
Alexandre Perdigão ◽  
Guilherme S Vasconcellos ◽  
Victor Valério de Carvalho ◽  
Tiago S Acedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Beta Glucanase ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Automatic Scale ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Carbohydrate Enzymes ◽  
Supplement Intake

Abstract The aim with this trial was to evaluate two nutritional plans with the addition of dosages of carbohydrases enzyme blend on productive performance of grazing Nellore bulls in rainy season. One hundred and two contemporary Nellore steers (BW = 294.10 ± 3.35 kg) were equally distributed in six paddocks (17 steers/paddock) following a completely randomized design in a 2x3 factorial arrangement, being the factors two nutritional plans: mineral-proteic supplementation (Fosbovi® Proteico 30; PS) offered at 0,1% BW or mineral-protein-energetic supplementation (Fosbovi® Proteico-Energético 25; PES) offered at 0.3% BW); and three levels of enzymatic carbohydrases blend (0, 4,75 or 9,50 g/animal/day). The enzymatic blend was mainly composed by beta-glucanase and xylanase enzymes (Ronozyme® VP and Ronozyme® WX); Both enzymes and supplemented were provided by DSM Nutritional Products Brasil S.A. Supplement intake and animal weighting were carried out daily and individually by an automatic scale system installed in each paddock. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS and means were compared by polynomial regression. Animals that received PES had greater ADG (0.896 vs. 0.775 kg/day; P < 0.001) compared to those fed PS. Intermediary level (4.75 g/day) of carbohydrate enzymes also presented the highest ADG in PES compared to 0.0 level (0.941 vs. 0.896 kg/day; P = 0.006). Still, higher enzyme levels (9.5 g/day) presented greater ADG on PS, when compared to 0.0 level (0.852 vs. 0.775 kg/day, P = 0.006). PES animals presented greater intake, compared to PS (1.112 vs. 0.432 kg/day, P < 0.001). According to polynomial regression, it is recommended to include 4.75 g/day of these carbohydrases enzymes in PS and 4.39 g/day in PES for growing Nellore bulls in rainy season.

scholarly journals PSII-3 Carbohydrases enzymes improve the productive performance of grazing Nellore steers fed different nutritional plans during dry season

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 396-397
Author(s):  
Anderson P Acosta ◽  
Guilherme S Vasconcellos ◽  
Alexandre Perdigão ◽  
Victor V Valério de Carvalho ◽  
Tiago S Acedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Enzyme Level ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Beta Glucanase ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Automatic Scale ◽  
Supplement Intake

Abstract The aim was to evaluate two nutritional plans with the addition of dosages of carbohydrases enzyme blend on productive performance of grazing Nellore bulls in dry season. A total of 102 Nellore bulls (BW = 294.10 ± 3.35 kg) were equally distributed in six paddocks (17 bulls/paddock) following a completely randomized design in a 2x3 factorial arrangement, being the factors different nutritional plans (2): mineral-proteic supplementation (PS; Fosbovi® Proteico 35) offered at 0,1% BW or mineral-protein-energetic supplementation (PES; Fosbovi® Proteico-Energético 25) offered at 0.3% BW; and levels of enzymatic carbohydrases blend (3):0,00 (control), 4,75 or 9,50 g/animal/day. The enzymatic blend was mainly composed by beta-glucanase and xylanase enzymes (Ronozyme® VP and Ronozyme® WX) and included in the supplements (both enzymes and supplements provided by DSM Nutritional Products Brasil S.A.). Supplement intake and animal weighting were carried out daily and individually by an automatic scale system installed in each paddock, thus, animal was considered the experimental unit. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS and means were compared by polynomial regression. A quadratic effect was observed on enzyme level for ADG in both nutritional plans (P = 0.014), with intermediary dosages presenting the highest values of ADG for PS (0,283 vs. 0,188 kg/day) and PES (0.429 vs. 0.391 kg/day), over control respectively. Although no linear and quadratic enzyme effect was observed for final BW (FBW), animals supplemented with PES presented 20,06 kg higher FBW compared to PS (341,63 vs. 321,57 kg, P < 0.001). An increasing linear effect was observed for supplement intake (kg/day), for both PS and PES (P = 0.020). According the polynomial regression, it is recommended to include 4.67 g/day of carbohydrases blend in PS and 3.77 g/day in PES, being the carbohydrases blend a viable technology to grazing cattle. Moreover, mineral-protein-energetic supplementation can optimize Nellore bulls performance during dry season.

scholarly journals Performance, gut morphometry and enzymatic activity of broilers fed neonatal supplementation in housing

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 38423
Author(s):  
Tatiane Souza dos Santos ◽  
Adriano Barbieri ◽  
Robert Guaracy Aparecido Cardoso Araujo ◽  
Gustavo Do Valle Polycarpo ◽  
Daniela Felipe Pinheiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Pancreatic Enzyme ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Quadratic Effect ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Intestinal Length ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Relative Organ Weight ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

The objective was to evaluate the performance, relative organ weight, morphometry, intestinal length and pancreatic enzyme activity of broilers receiving neonatal supplementation. A total of 900 Cobb 500 broiler chicks was housed in 30 boxes of 2.5 m². The treatments were divided in a completely randomized design with six replications, and consisted of five inclusion levels (0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 grams per bird). The supplement used was based of amino acids, vitamins and minerals, which was provided on the ration on the first day in the housing. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS (2008) and when significant broken down using a polynomial regression. Due to the inclusion of the neonatal supplement in the period from one to seven and one to 21 days of age, the feed intake presented a linear effect and the weight gain, a quadratic effect. The relative weights of the gizzard and liver showed a quadratic effect, and the inclusions of 4.18 and 3.41 grams/bird provided the lowest weights, respectively. The jejunum villi height decreased with supplementation as well as the activity of pancreatic lipase. It can be concluded that neonatal supplementation benefited the performance of birds up to 21 days of age.

scholarly journals Fish by-product meal in diets for commercial laying hens

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 273
Author(s):  
André Ferreira Silva ◽  
Frank George Guimarães Cruz ◽  
João Paulo Ferreira Rufino ◽  
Waldo Mateus Plácido Miller ◽  
Nathália Siqueira Flor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Cost ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

 This study aimed to evaluate the increasing levels (0, 1, 2, 3 e 4%) of fish by-product meal in diets for laying hens on performance, egg quality and economic analysis. A total of 160 Dekalb White hens with 52-wk old were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replicates of eight birds each. The experiment lasted 84 days divided into four periods of 21 days. Estimates of fish by-product meal levels were determined by polynomial regression. Differences (p < 0.05) were detected for all variables of performance, in egg weight, yolk and albumen percentage, yolk and albumen height, feed cost and production cost, in which the inclusion of fish by-product meal in the diets showed better results. It can be concluded that fish by-product meal can be used in diets for hens as alternative feed, with better results in egg production, feed conversion, egg weight, yolk-albumen ratio and a reduction in feed cost and production cost. 

scholarly journals Broccoli yield in response to top-dressing fertilization with green manure and biofertilizer

Revista CERES ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 645-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilberto Bernardo de Freitas ◽  
Márcio Sousa Rocha ◽  
Ricardo Henrique Silva Santos ◽  
Letícia Monteiro da Silva Freitas ◽  
Leandro de Almeida Resende
Keyword(s):  
Green Manure ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Protected Cultivation ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Organic Compost

The objective of this work was to evaluate the productive performance of broccoli under different top-dressing organic fertilizations. The experiment was conducted under protected cultivation, in a completely randomized design with four replications, with two plants per experimental unit. Broccoli seedlings were produced in a commercial substrate in styrofoam trays. The seedlings were transplanted to plastic pots containing 10.0 L of substrate made up of subsoil and organic compost at the ratio of 3:1 (v/v), respectively, which is equivalent to about 20.0 t ha-1 of organic compost at planting. After seedling establishment, the top-dressing fertilization treatments were applied: gliricidia biomass associated or not with liquid biofertilizer of cattle manure to the soil and bokashi. Two control treatments were established: one with mineral fertilization recommended for the crop and the other without top-dressing fertilization. The broccoli production was evaluated (commercial standard). Plants that received mineral fertilizer were more productive, however, they were not significantly different (p>0.05), by Dunnet test, from the plants fertilized with 2.5 t ha-1 gliricidiabiomass (dry mass) associated with liquid biofertilizer (2.0 L m-2) applied to soil. Top-dressing fertilizations with only gliricidia, at 2.5 and 5.0 t ha-1 of biomass (dry mass), resulted in no significant increase in production of broccoli inflorescence. The use of bokashi in addition to gliricidia biomass and liquid biofertilizer reduced the efficiency of the fertilization compared with plants that received only gliricidia and liquid biofertilizer.

PSVII-14 Feeding carbohydrases to grazing beef cattle under different nutritional strategies on dry season: Ruminal fermentation

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 449-450
Author(s):  
Anderson Acosta ◽  
Guilherme S Vasconcellos ◽  
Alexandre Perdigão ◽  
Victor Valério de Carvalho ◽  
Tiago S Acedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Beta Glucanase ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Nutritional Strategy ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Nutritional Strategies

Abstract The aim with this trial was to evaluate two nutritional plans with the addition of carbohydrases enzyme blend (CEB) on ruminal fermentation of grazing Nellore bulls in dry season. Five rumen cannulated Nellore steers (BW = 350 kg) were used. Animals were randomly assigned to a treatment sequence in a 5×5 Latin square experiment with 15 d-periods (10 d to diet adaptation and 5 d for data collection), following a completely randomized design, being the treatments: mineral-proteic supplementation (Fosbovi® Proteico 35; PS) offered at 0,1% BW (0 or 4.75 g/animal/day of CEB) or mineral-protein-energetic supplementation (Fosbovi® Proteico-Energético 25; PES) offered at 0.3% BW (0, 4.75 or 9.50 g/animal/day of CEB). The CEB was mainly composed by beta-glucanase and xylanase enzymes (Ronozyme® VP and Ronozyme® WX). Both enzymes and supplements were provided by DSM Nutritional Products Brasil S.A. Rumen fluid samples were collected on the last day of each experimental period before (0), and 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after supplements were offered. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Steers fed PSE had greater (P ≤ 0.041) rumen concentration of acetate, propionate, and butyrate, and lower (P = 0.028) acetate to propionate ratio in comparison with animals fed PS. Rumen acetate concentrations were 61.6 and 58.8 mmol/L and rumen propionate concentrations were 15.2 and 13.7 mmol/L for animals under the PSE and PS, respectively. A quadratic effect (P = 0.048) for carbohydrases enzyme blend was observed in NH3-N ruminal concentration of PES animals, where 4.75 g/day level presented the lower concentrations compared to control (24.13 vs. 32.20 mg/dL). Furthermore, rumen concentrations of acetate (P = 0.002) and propionate (P = 0.021) linearly increased with enzymes inclusion for PSE plan. PSE nutritional strategy positively influence ruminal fermentation of Nellore steers in dry season and its effects can be enhanced with CEB inclusion of 4.75 g/day.

scholarly journals ANALISIS POLA HUJAN DAN DISTRIBUSI HUJAN BERDASARKAN KETINGGIAN TEMPAT DI PULAU FLORES

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-128
Author(s):  
Elisabet Marlin Lesik ◽  
Hery Leo Sianturi ◽  
Apolinaris S Geru ◽  
Bernandus Bernandus
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Geographic Information System ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Rainfall Data ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Average Rainfall ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Rainfall Patterns

Abstrak Telah dilakukan analisis pola dan distribusi hujan berdasarkan ketinggian tempat di pulau Flores. Data rata-rata bulanan untuk mendapatkan pola curah hujan, data curah hujan harian ke dasarian untuk mendapatkan data curah hujan dan data periode curah hujan selama musim hujan. Penelitian ini menggunakan software Geographic Information System (GIS) untuk membuat peta distribusi curah hujan dan di analisis menggunakan metode Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) untuk mendeteksi perbedaan nilai tengah variabel pengamatan pada elevasi yang berbeda. Berdasarkan grafik pola hujan yang ada di pulau Flores adalah pola hujan monsunal. Hasil dari perhitungan menggunakan RAL, diperoleh nilai populasi pengamatan P1 pada ketinggian tempat (0-300 m dpl) dengan curah hujan rata-rata 851,75 mm dan periode musim hujan rata-rata 10,50 dasarian. P2 pada ketinggian tempat (301-600 m dpl) memiliki curah hujan rata-rata 1367,75 mm dan periode musimhujan rata-rata 13,75 dasarian. P3 pada ketinggian tempat (601-900 m dpl) memiliki curah hujan rata-rata 1875,25 mm dan periode musim hujan rata-rata 15,75 dasarian. P4 pada ketinggian tempat (901-1200 m dpl) memiliki curah hujan rata-rata 3164,50 mm dan periode musim hujan rata-rata 22,25 dasarian. Hal ini menunjukan ketinggian tempat memiliki pengaruh terhadap curah hujan dan periode musim hujan di pulau Flores.Kata Kunci: Pola hujan; curah hujan; periode musim hujan; Geographic Information System (GIS); Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Abstract An analysis of rainfall patterns and distribution based on altitude on the island of Flores has been done. Monthly average data to get rainfall patterns, daily to basic rainfall data to get rainfall data, and rainfall period data during the rainy season. This study used Geographic Information System (GIS) software to create rainfall distribution maps and is analyzed using the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method to detect differences in mean values of observational variables at different elevations. Based on a chart of rain patterns on Flores island is a monsoonal rain pattern. The results of calculations using RAL, observational population obtained values P1 at altitude (0-300 m asl) with an average rainfall of 851.75 mm and an average rainy season period of 10.50 dasarian. P2 at altitude (301-600 m asl) has an average rainfall of 1367.75 mm and an average rainy season period of 13.75 dasarian. P3 at altitude (601-900 m above sea level) has an average rainfall of 1875.25 mm and an average rainy season period of 15.75 dasarian. P4 at altitude (901-1200 m asl) has an average rainfall of 3164.50 mm and an average rainy season period of 22.25 dasarian. This shows that altitude has an influence on rainfall and the rainy season period on Flores Island. Keywords: Rain patterns; rainfall, periods of the rainy season; Geographic Information System (GIS); Completely Randomized Design (CRD).

scholarly journals PENGARUH PEMBERIAN ARAS UREA PADA AMONIASI RUMPUT PALUNGPUNG (Phragmites karka) TERHADAP KANDUNGAN SERAT KASAR, PROTEIN KASAR, DAN LEMAK KASAR

2018 ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
Siti Choiriyah ◽  
Irene Ike Praptiwi ◽  
Dirwan Muchlis
Keyword(s):  
Heat Resistance ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Crude Fiber ◽  
Urea Level ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Phragmites Karka ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
The Right

Availability of forage in the dry season is less than the rainy season, one of the local grasses that has heat resistance, namely clumps of palungpung (Phragmites karka). This grass is hard textured so ammonia technology is carried out. This study was to determine the right concentration of urea in ammonia of palungpung grass (Phragmites karka), and to increase the nutritional value of palungpung grass (Phragmites karka) after ammoniation. The design in this study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). In this design there are four (4) treatments and three (3) replications. Treatment P1 = Palungpung Grass (Phragmites karka) + Urea 0%, P2 = Palungpung Grass (Phragmites karka + Urea 4%, P3 = Palungpung Grass (Phragmites karka) + Urea 8%, P4 = Palungpung Grass (Phragmites karka) + Urea 12 %. The parameters observed were crude fiber (SK), crude protein (PK), crude fat (LK). The results of variance analysis showed that the effect of urea level on ammoniation of palumpung grass (Phragmites karka) was not significantly different (P> 0.05 ) on crude fiber and crude fat content, while significantly affecting crude protein at 12% level of 17.10%.

scholarly journals Digestible lysine requirement for European laying quail

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e46070
Author(s):  
Teófilo Izidio de Morais Severo ◽  
Marco Aurélio Carneiro de Holanda ◽  
Mônica Calixto Ribeiro de Holanda ◽  
Leandro Ricardo Rodrigues de Lucena ◽  
Wilson Moreira Dutra Junior
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Coturnix Coturnix ◽  
Linear Behavior ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Inclusion Level ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Different Levels

The experiment was carried out to evaluate the productive performance of European quails (Coturnix coturnix) in the production phase, fed with diets containing different levels of digestible lysine. A total of 175 female quails, aged 65 days, were randomly distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments and five replicates per treatment. The animals were housed in 25 metal cages, and each cage represented an experimental parcel, with seven birds per parcel. The birds were fed the experimental rations containing 1.177, 1.217, 1.317, 1.417, and 1.517% digestible lysine. The parameters evaluated were: laying rate, mass of eggs produced, feed intake in the period, lysine intake, feed conversion per dozen and per mass. Significant differences were observed for posture rate with quadratic behavior, which indicated higher production for the level of 1.23% of digestible lysine. There was an increasing linear behavior for the feed and lysine intake, and for conversion feed per dozen and by mass, we observed quadratic behaviors. This indicates better feed conversion index when the optimal inclusion level was 1.33% and 1.404% of digestible lysine in the diet, respectively. The requirement of digestible lysine in diets for European quails is 1.404%, which corresponds to a daily intake of 421.20 milligrams of digestible lysine.

PSXIII-13 Feeding carbohydrases to grazing beef cattle under different nutritional strategies on dry season: feeding behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 466-467
Author(s):  
Anderson Acosta ◽  
Guilherme S Vasconcellos ◽  
Alexandre Perdigão ◽  
Victor Valério de Carvalho ◽  
Tiago S Acedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Beta Glucanase ◽  
Cattle Feed ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Automatic Scale ◽  
Quadratic Effects ◽  
Nutritional Strategies

Abstract The aim with this trial was to evaluate two nutritional plans with the addition of dosages of carbohydrases enzyme blend on feeding behavior of grazing Nellore bulls in rainy season. One hundred and two contemporary Nellore steers (BW = 294.10 ± 3.35 kg) were equally distributed in six paddocks (17 steers/paddock) following a completely randomized design in a 2x3 factorial arrangement, being the factors two nutritional plans: mineral-proteic supplementation (Fosbovi® Proteico 35; PS) offered at 0,1% BW or mineral-protein-energetic supplementation (Fosbovi® Proteico-Energético 25; PES) offered at 0.3% BW); and three levels of enzymatic carbohydrases blend (0, 4,75 or 9,50 g/animal/day). The enzymatic blend was mainly composed by beta-glucanase and xylanase enzymes (Ronozyme® VP and Ronozyme® WX); Both enzymes and supplemented were provided by DSM Nutritional Products Brasil S.A. Feeding behavior data were collected daily and individually by an automatic scale/feeder system installed in the paddocks. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Animals fed PES presented greater number of visits to the feed bunks (19.73 vs. 10.12 visits/day; P &lt; 0.0001), to the water fountains (2.95 vs. 2.32 visits/day; P &lt; 0.0001) and greater water intake (22.43 vs. 17.73 L/day; P &lt; 0.0001) in comparison with animals fed PS treatments. Also, animals receiving PES spent more time taking supplement (1.332 vs. 545 seconds/visit; P &lt; 0.0001) and water (203 vs. 153 seconds/visit; P &lt; 0.0001) then PS animals did. No linear and quadratic effects were observed for feeding behavior when including carbohydrases enzymes to PES or PS supplement. PSE nutritional plan positively influence feeding behavior of Nellore bulls in dry season, increasing cattle feed bunk access and water intake in a daily basis.

scholarly journals Digestible tryptophan levels for male broilers in pre-starter and starter diets

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4Supl1) ◽  
pp. 2529
Author(s):  
Bruno Samuel Borges ◽  
Romão Da Cunha Nunes ◽  
Jose Henrique Strighini ◽  
Alessandra Gimenez Mascarenhas ◽  
Heloísa Helena de Carvalho Mello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Galvanized Steel ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Polynomial Regression Models ◽  
Different Levels

The objective was to determine the digestible tryptophan requirements for male broilers in pre-starter and starter phases. Two experiments using 400 Cobb broilers were performed 200 males in the first experiment for the pre-starter phase (one to seven days old), and 200 males in the second experiment for the starter phase (eight to 21 days old). Chicks were housed in batter boxes made of galvanized steel as an experimental shed. The experiments were performed in a completely randomized design, with four treatments and five replicates, with ten birds each. In both experiments, the tryptophan requirement was determined using diets with different levels of digestible tryptophan. A tryptophan-deficient diet was formulated, as a basal diet, which was supplemented with increased levels of L-tryptophan in order to achieve the desirable digestible tryptophan levels. Treatments consisted of 0.209% (basal diet); 0.223%; 0.235% and 0.248% digestible tryptophan for the pre-starter phase (experiment 1) and 0.187% (basal diet); 0.200%, 0.211% and 0.223% digestible tryptophan for the starter phase (experiment 2). We evaluated feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion, as well as the metabolizability of feed nutrients. The performance and metabolic data were subjected to analysis of variance, and estimates of digestible tryptophan levels were made through polynomial regression models at 5% probability. There was no significant difference between the digestible tryptophan levels in the diet over performance and digestibility in both treatments. It is possible to conclude that the basal diet with 0.209% digestible tryptophan for the pre-starter phase and 0.187% for the starter phase, at a tryptophan: lysine ratio of 16%, as sufficient to meet the broilers requirements.

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