114 Role of fiber in promoting health in nursery pigs

Abstract In swine production, use of feed antibiotics as antimicrobial growth promotant will be reduced; thus, feed alternatives to manage gut health are required to prevent post-weaning diarrhea. Dietary fiber, resistant starch, oligosaccharides, and exo-polysaccharides are carbohydrates are nutritional tools that may be part of managing gut health in pigs. Antibiotics are hypothesized to influence gut health via modulation of intestinal microbial profiles; fermentation and intestinal inflammation are considered important mechanisms. As alternative, dietary fiber sources differ in 2 key properties: fermentability and viscosity. Rapid fiber fermentation is associated with changes in microbial profiles and increased metabolite production. Recently, microbial composition was hypothesized to be less important, and it was thought that the focus should be on combined output of metabolites. Increased viscosity has been associated with increased gut content of virulence factors linked with diarrhea. Fiber properties may manipulate retention time and physico-chemical properties of the undigested residue. Starch is mostly digested and absorbed as glucose; however, resistant starch is not digested but fermented instead. Resistant starch acts as fermentable fiber but is unique, because it specifically increases digesta abundance of bifidobacteria that are associated with improved gut health. Oligosaccharides may be rapidly fermented and thereby influence intestinal microbial profiles and metabolite production. Raw materials and some feed additives both influence kinetics of fermentation and have prebiotic activity. Their kinetics of fermentation should be quantified so that it can be considered in feed formulation. Finally, exopolysaccharides from Lactobacillus reuteri and unique oligosaccharides may serve as scavenger molecules for pathogenic bacteria, e.g., enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), to bind to instead of adhering to the gut wall, thereby avoiding diarrhea initiation. In conclusion, dietary fiber and other carbohydrates may be important solutions to maintain gut health when antibiotics are removed as growth promotants from swine feeds.

Download Full-text

370 Awardee Talk: Role of feed enzymes in gut health and function

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.205 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 111-112

Author(s):

Charles Martin Nyachoti

Keyword(s):

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Production Systems ◽

Nutrient Utilization ◽

Gut Health ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Medication Costs ◽

Feed Enzymes ◽

Enzyme Supplementation ◽

And Function

Abstract Exogenous enzymes are routinely added to diets for non-ruminant animals, mainly to help enhance energy and nutrient utilization, thus contributing to efficient and sustainable production systems. Also, feed enzymes allow for effective utilization of non-traditional feedstuffs (e.g. co-products) in non-ruminant diets, with potential to mitigate feed cost. In addition to increased nutrient utilization, however, feed enzymes, through their impact on the gastrointestinal environment and microbial composition, can have a profound effect on indices of gut health and function. These effects may explain the reported reductions in medication costs and variability in animal performance and mortality rates observed with dietary enzyme supplementation. By acting on their target substrates, feed enzymes reduce the availability of non-digested substrates and in the case of carbohydrate-degrading enzymes can produce short-chain oligosaccharides with potential prebiotic effects. These changes are known to modulate the gut microbiome in favor of bacteria associated with a healthy gut, while reducing the population of pathogenic bacteria, which explains the reduced incidences of diarrhea that have been attributed to enzyme supplementation. Also, feed enzymes may reduce oxidative stress and enhance the functional capacity (e.g. maintaining barrier function) of the gastrointestinal tract. Feed enzymes by themselves may never be a single solution to mitigate gut health challenges in livestock production systems, but clearly there is a mounting body of evidence to support the role of feed enzymes in this regard. Therefore, their benefits will be maximized when used as part of an integrated solution approach for containing enteric pathogens of economic importance and eliminating the negative effects of dietary components with potential to compromise intestinal integrity.

Download Full-text

Butyric and Citric Acids and Their Salts in Poultry Nutrition: Effects on Gut Health and Intestinal Microbiota

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms221910392 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (19) ◽

pp. 10392

Author(s):

Mebratu Melaku ◽

Ruqing Zhong ◽

Hui Han ◽

Fan Wan ◽

Bao Yi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Organic Acids ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Intestinal Inflammation ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Gut Health ◽

Intestinal Health ◽

Poultry Products ◽

Poultry Nutrition

Intestinal dysfunction of farm animals, such as intestinal inflammation and altered gut microbiota, is the critical problem affecting animal welfare, performance and farm profitability. China has prohibited the use of antibiotics to improve feed efficiency and growth performance for farm animals, including poultry, in 2020. With the advantages of maintaining gut homeostasis, enhancing digestion, and absorption and modulating gut microbiota, organic acids are regarded as promising antibiotic alternatives. Butyric and citric acids as presentative organic acids positively impact growth performance, welfare, and intestinal health of livestock mainly by reducing pathogenic bacteria and maintaining the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) pH. This review summarizes the discovery of butyric acid (BA), citric acid (CA) and their salt forms, molecular structure and properties, metabolism, biological functions and their applications in poultry nutrition. The research findings about BA, CA and their salts on rats, pigs and humans are also briefly reviewed. Therefore, this review will fill the knowledge gaps of the scientific community and may be of great interest for poultry nutritionists, researchers and feed manufacturers about these two weak organic acids and their effects on intestinal health and gut microbiota community, with the hope of providing safe, healthy and nutrient-rich poultry products to consumers.

Download Full-text

Not All Fibers Are Born Equal; Variable Response to Dietary Fiber Subtypes in IBD

Frontiers in Pediatrics ◽

10.3389/fped.2020.620189 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Heather Armstrong ◽

Inderdeep Mander ◽

Zhengxiao Zhang ◽

David Armstrong ◽

Eytan Wine

Keyword(s):

Dietary Fiber ◽

Intestinal Inflammation ◽

Dietary Factors ◽

Attractive Alternative ◽

Dietary Fibers ◽

Gut Health ◽

Variable Response ◽

Potential Health ◽

Chemical Structures

Diet provides a safe and attractive alternative to available treatment options in a variety of diseases; however, research has only just begun to elucidate the role of diet in chronic diseases, such as the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The chronic and highly debilitating IBDs, Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis, are hallmarked by intestinal inflammation, immune dysregulation, and dysbiosis; and evidence supports a role for genetics, microbiota, and the environment, including diet, in disease pathogenesis. This is true especially in children with IBD, where diet-based treatments have shown excellent results. One interesting group of dietary factors that readily links microbiota to gut health is dietary fibers. Fibers are not digested by human cells, but rather fermented by the gut microbes within the bowel. Evidence has been mounting over the last decade in support of the importance of dietary fibers in the maintenance of gut health and in IBD; however, more recent studies highlight the complexity of this interaction and importance of understanding the role of each individual dietary fiber subtype, especially during disease. There are roughly ten subtypes of dietary fibers described to date, categorized as soluble or insoluble, with varying chemical structures, and large differences in their fermentation profiles. Many studies to date have described the benefits of the byproducts of fermentation in healthy individuals and the potential health benefits in select disease models. However, there remains a void in our understanding of how each of these individual fibers affect human health in dysbiotic settings where appropriate fermentation may not be achieved. This review highlights the possibilities for better defining the role of individual dietary fibers for use in regulating inflammation in IBD.

Download Full-text

Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus brevis Alleviate Intestinal Inflammation and Microbial Disorder Induced by ETEC in a Murine Model

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity ◽

10.1155/2021/6867962 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Xuebing Han ◽

Sujuan Ding ◽

Yong Ma ◽

Jun Fang ◽

Hongmei Jiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Microbial Community ◽

Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Intestinal Inflammation ◽

Lactobacillus Brevis ◽

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Junction Protein ◽

The Impact ◽

Proinflammatory Factors

The purpose of this research is to explore the positive effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus brevis on the tissue damage and microbial community in mice challenged by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Twenty-four mice were divided into four groups randomly: the CON group, ETEC group, LP-ETEC group and LB-ETEC group. Our results demonstrated that, compared with the ETEC group, the LP-ETEC and LB-ETEC groups experienced less weight loss and morphological damage of the jejunum. We measured proinflammatory factors of colonic tissue and found that L. plantarum and L. brevis inhibited the expression of proinflammatory factors such as IL-β, TNF-α, and IL-6 and promoted that of the tight junction protein such as claudin-1, occludin, and ZO-1. Additionally, L. plantarum and L. brevis altered the impact of ETEC on the intestinal microbial community of mice, significantly increased the abundance of probiotics such as Lactobacillus, and reduced that of pathogenic bacteria such as Proteobacteria, Clostridia, Epsilonproteobacteria, and Helicobacter. Therefore, we believe that L. plantarum and L. brevis can stabilize the intestinal microbiota and inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria, thus protecting mice from the gut inflammation induced by ETEC.

Download Full-text

Dietary administration of resistant starch improved caecal barrier function by enhancing intestinal morphology and modulating microbiota composition in meat duck

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114519002319 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 123 (2) ◽

pp. 172-181 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Simeng Qin ◽

Keying Zhang ◽

Todd J. Applegate ◽

Xuemei Ding ◽

Shiping Bai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Resistant Starch ◽

Barrier Function ◽

Potato Starch ◽

Control Diet ◽

Intestinal Morphology ◽

Microbiota Composition ◽

Gut Health ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

16S Rrna Sequence ◽

Meat Duck

AbstractResistant starch (RS) was recently approved to exert a powerful influence on gut health, but the effect of RS on the caecal barrier function in meat ducks has not been well defined. Thus, the effect of raw potato starch (RPS), a widely adopted RS material, on microbial composition and barrier function of caecum for meat ducks was determined. A total of 360 Cherry Valley male ducks of 1-d-old were randomly divided and fed diets with 0 (control), 12, or 24 % RPS for 35 d. Diets supplemented with RPS significantly elevated villus height and villus height:crypt depth ratio in the caecum. The 16S rRNA sequence analysis indicated that the diet with 12 % RPS had a higher relative abundance of Firmicutes and the butyrate-producing bacteria Faecalibacterium, Subdoligranulum, and Erysipelatoclostridium were enriched in all diets. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium were significantly increased in the 24 % RPS diet v. the control diet. When compared with the control diet, the diet with 12 % RPS was also found to notably increase acetate, propionate and butyrate contents and up-regulated barrier-related genes including claudin-1, zonula occludens-1, mucin-2 and proglucagon in the caecum. Furthermore, the addition of 12 % RPS significantly reduced plasma TNF-α, IL-1β and endotoxin concentrations. These data revealed that diets supplemented with 12 % RPS partially improved caecal barrier function in meat ducks by enhancing intestinal morphology and barrier markers expression, modulating the microbiota composition and attenuating inflammatory markers.

Download Full-text

A Multi Omics Approach Unravels Metagenomic and Metabolic Alterations of a Probiotic and Synbiotic Additive in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss)

10.21203/rs.3.rs-916019/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jacob Agerbo Rasmussen ◽

Kasper Rømer Villumsen ◽

Madeleine Ernst ◽

Martin Hansen ◽

Torunn Forberg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rainbow Trout ◽

Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Gut Health ◽

Gut Content ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽

Associated Functions ◽

Host Metabolism

Abstract BackgroundAnimal protein production is increasingly looking towards microbiome associated services such as the design of new and better probiotic solutions to further improve gut health and production sustainability. Here, we investigate the functional effects of bacteria based pro- and synbiotic feed additives on microbiome associated functions in relation to growth performance in the commercially important rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). We combine complementary insights from multiple omics datasets from gut content samples, including 16S bacterial profiling, whole metagenomes, and untargeted metabolomics, to investigate bacterial metagenomic assembled genomes (MAGs) and their molecular interactions with host metabolism.ResultsOur findings reveal, that (I) feed additives changed the microbiome and that rainbow trout reared with feed additives had a significantly reduced relative abundance of the salmonid related Candidatus Mycoplasma salmoninae in both the mid and distal gut content, (II) genome resolved metagenomics revealed that alterations of microbial arginine biosynthesis and terpenoid backbone synthesis pathways were directly associated with presence of Candidatus Mycoplasma salmoninae, (III) differences in the composition of intestinal microbiota among feed types were directly associated with significant changes of the metabolomic landscape, including lipids and lipid-like metabolites, amino acids, bile acids, and steroid-related metabolites.ConclusionOur results demonstrate how use of multi-omics to investigate complex host-microbiome interactions enable us to better evaluate the functional potential of probiotics compared to studies that only measure overall growth performance or that only characterise the microbial composition in intestinal environments.

Download Full-text

Resistant starch: Implications of dietary inclusion on gut health and growth in pigs: a review

Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology ◽

10.1186/s40104-021-00644-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Felina P. Y. Tan ◽

Eduardo Beltranena ◽

Ruurd T. Zijlstra

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Microbial Ecology ◽

Resistant Starch ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Well Being ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Energetic Efficiency ◽

Gut Health ◽

Distal Small Intestine

AbstractStarch from cereal grains, pulse grains, and tubers is a major energy substrate in swine rations constituting up to 55% of the diet. In pigs, starch digestion is initiated by salivary and then pancreatic α-amylase, and has as final step the digestion of disaccharides by the brush-border enzymes in the small intestine that produce monosaccharides (glucose) for absorption. Resistant starch (RS) is the proportion of starch that escapes the enzymatic digestion and absorption in the small intestine. The undigested starch reaches the distal small intestine and hindgut for microbial fermentation, which produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) for absorption. SCFA in turn, influence microbial ecology and gut health of pigs. These fermentative metabolites exert their benefits on gut health through promoting growth and proliferation of enterocytes, maintenance of intestinal integrity and thus immunity, and modulation of the microbial community in part by suppressing the growth of pathogenic bacteria while selectively enhancing beneficial microbes. Thus, RS has the potential to confer prebiotic effects and may contribute to the improvement of intestinal health in pigs during the post-weaning period. Despite these benefits to the well-being of pigs, RS has a contradictory effect due to lower energetic efficiency of fermented vs. digested starch absorption products. The varying amount and type of RS interact differently with the digestion process along the gastrointestinal tract affecting its energy efficiency and host physiological responses including feed intake, energy metabolism, and feed efficiency. Results of research indicate that the use of RS as prebiotic may improve gut health and thereby, reduce the incidence of post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) and associated mortality. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the effects of RS on microbial ecology, gut health and growth performance in pigs.

Download Full-text

Xylan alleviates dietary fiber deprivation-induced dysbiosis by selectively promoting Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum in pigs

Microbiome ◽

10.1186/s40168-021-01175-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zhenyu Wang ◽

Yu Bai ◽

Yu Pi ◽

Walter J. J. Gerrits ◽

Sonja de Vries ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Dietary Fiber ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Resistant Starch ◽

Positive Association ◽

Fecal Microbiota ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Gut Health ◽

Gut Dysbiosis

Abstract Background Low dietary fiber intake has been shown to disturb the gut microbiome community, damage the mucus barrier, and promote pathogen susceptibility. However, little is known about the temporal response of the gut microbiome to dietary fiber deprivation and the recovery induced by dietary fiber inclusion in pigs. Objective In the present study, temporal responses of ileal and fecal microbiota to dietary fiber deprivation were profiled using an ileum cannulated growing pig model. In addition, the potential of dietary-resistant starch, β-glucan, and xylan to alleviate gut dysbiosis throughout the gastrointestinal tract, as well as its possible mechanisms were investigated. Methods Six cannulated growing pigs were fed a fiber deprivation diet for 35 days. Ileal digesta and feces were collected at days 0, 7, 21, and 35 for 16S rRNA sequencing and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) determination. Another twenty-four healthy growing pigs were assigned to one of four dietary treatments including (1) fiber-free diet, (2) resistant starch diet, (3) β-glucan diet, and (4) xylan diet. These twenty-four pigs were fed a corresponding diet for 35 days and slaughtered. Gut microbiome and SCFA concentration were profiled along the gastrointestinal tract. Results Dietary fiber deprivation-induced consistent microbiota extinction, mainly Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, and decreased SCFA concentrations in both ileum and feces. The community structure partially recovered at day 35 compared with baseline while SCFA concentrations remained low. Xylan supplementation alleviated gut dysbiosis by selectively promoting Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum within the large intestine. SCFA concentration increased significantly after xylan supplementation and exhibited a positive association with B. pseudocatenulatum abundance. An elevated abundance of xylan degradation-related enzyme genes was also observed in the gut microbiome after xylan supplementation. In vitro growth assay further verified the xylan utilization capacity of B. pseudocatenulatum. Conclusions Dietary fiber deprivation could induce probiotic extinction and loss of the SCFA production while potential pathogen was promoted. Xylan intervention could partially restore dietary fiber deprivation-induced gut dysbiosis through selectively promoting B. pseudocatenulatum and therefore normalizing the gut environment. These findings collectively provide evidence that dietary fiber-driven microbiota metabolism bridges the interplay between microbiome and gut health.

Download Full-text

Periodontopathogens: a new view. Systematic review. Part 2

Стоматология детского возраста и профилактика ◽

10.33925/1683-3031-2020-20-2-160-167 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 160-167

Author(s):

E. S. Slazhneva ◽

E. A. Tikhomirova ◽

V. G. Atrushkevich

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Periodontal Disease ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Controlled Trials ◽

New Paradigm ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

The Past

Relevance. The modern view of periodontitis as a dysbiotic disease that occurs as a result of changes in the microbial composition of the subgingival region is considered in a systematic review.Purpose. To study a new paradigm of development of generalized periodontitis.Materials and methods. Randomized controlled trials (RCTS) were selected for the study, including cluster RCTS, controlled (non-randomized) microbiological and clinical studies of the oral microbiome in adult patients with generalized periodontitis over the past 10 years.Results. The transition from a symbiotic microflora to a dysbiotic pathogenic community triggers the host's inflammatory response, which contributes to the development of periodontal diseases. Modern ideas about periodontal pathogenic bacteria dictate new requirements for the treatment of periodontal diseases. The second part of the review examines the microbial profiles of periodontal disease in various nosological forms, the mechanisms of the immune response and approaches to the treatment of periodontal disease from the perspective of biofilm infection.Conclusions. As follows from modern literature periodontitis is to a certain extent caused by the transition from a harmonious symbiotic bacterial community to a dysbiotic one. Recent scientific studies have shown that not single microorganism is not able to cause disease but the microbial community as a whole leads to the development of pathology.

Download Full-text

Dietary resveratrol attenuation of intestinal inflammation and oxidative damage is linked to the alteration of gut microbiota and butyrate in piglets challenged with deoxynivalenol

Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology ◽

10.1186/s40104-021-00596-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yueqin Qiu ◽

Jun Yang ◽

Li Wang ◽

Xuefen Yang ◽

Kaiguo Gao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Oxidative Damage ◽

Protein Expression ◽

Intestinal Inflammation ◽

Control Diet ◽

Intestinal Barrier Function ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Gut Health ◽

Antioxidant Genes ◽

Mrna And Protein Expression

Abstract Background Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a widespread mycotoxin that induces intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress in humans and animals. Resveratrol (RES) effectively exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, the protective effects of RES on alleviating DON toxicity in piglets and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of RES on growth performance, gut health and the gut microbiota in DON-challenged piglets. A total of 64 weaned piglets [Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire), 21-d-old, 6.97 ± 0.10 kg body weight (BW)] were randomly allocated to 4 treatment groups (8 replicate pens per treatment, each pen containing 2 males; n = 16 per treatment) for 28 d. The piglets were fed a control diet (CON) or the CON diet supplemented with 300 mg RES/kg diet (RES group), 3.8 mg DON/kg diet (DON) or both (DON+RES) in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Results DON-challenged piglets fed the RES-supplemented diet had significantly decreased D-lactate concentrations and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) mRNA and protein expression, and increased zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) mRNA and protein expression compared with those of DON-challenged piglets fed the unsupplemented diet (P < 0.05). Compared with unsupplemented DON-challenged piglets, infected piglets fed a diet with RES showed significantly decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levelsand increased mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant genes (i.e., GCLC, GCLM, HO-1, SOD1 and NQO-1) and glutamate-cysteine-ligase modulatory subunit (GCLM) protein expression (P < 0.05). Moreover, RES supplementation significantly abrogated the increase in the proportion of TUNEL-positive cells and the protein expression of caspase3 in DON-challenged piglets (P < 0.05). Finally, RES supplementation significantly increased the abundance of Roseburia and butyrate concentrations, while decreasing the abundances of Bacteroides and unidentified-Enterobacteriaceae in DON-challenged piglets compared with DON-challenged piglets alone (P < 0.05). Conclusions RES supplementation improved gut health in DON-challenged piglets by strengthening intestinal barrier function, alleviating intestinal inflammation and oxidative damage, and positively modulating the gut microbiota. The protective effects of RES on gut health may be linked to increased Roseburia and butyrate concentrations, and decreased levels of Bacteroides and unidentified-Enterobacteriaceae.

Download Full-text