ADHD and reading disorder

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik G. Willcutt
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Reading Disorder ◽  
Community Studies ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Cognitive Processing Speed ◽  
Shared Genetic

This chapter provides an overview of current knowledge regarding the frequency, implications, and aetiology of comorbidity between ADHD and reading disorder (RD), a common childhood disorder that is defined by significant underachievement in reading. Results from community studies indicate that 20–50% of individuals with ADHD also meet criteria for RD, and the presence of comorbid RD is associated with increased functional impairment and less positive long-term outcomes. Family and twin studies indicate that RD and ADHD are both significantly familial and heritable, and multivariate analyses indicate that nearly all of the phenotypic covariance between RD and ADHD is due to shared genetic influences that are associated with slower and more variable cognitive processing speed. Key future directions include studies that incorporate a broader range of measures of reading and more sophisticated neuropsychological and neuroimaging phenotypes, along with studies of the treatment implications of comorbidity between ADHD and RD.

scholarly journals Deep Brain Stimulation for Tremor: Update on Long-Term Outcomes, Target Considerations and Future Directions

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (16) ◽  
pp. 3468
Author(s):  
Naomi I. Kremer ◽  
Rik W. J. Pauwels ◽  
Nicolò G. Pozzi ◽  
Florian Lange ◽  
Jonas Roothans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Focused Ultrasound ◽  
Neurosurgical Procedures ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Ventral Intermediate Nucleus ◽  
Deep Brain

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the thalamic ventral intermediate nucleus is one of the main advanced neurosurgical treatments for drug-resistant tremor. However, not every patient may be eligible for this procedure. Nowadays, various other functional neurosurgical procedures are available. In particular cases, radiofrequency thalamotomy, focused ultrasound and radiosurgery are proven alternatives to DBS. Besides, other DBS targets, such as the posterior subthalamic area (PSA) or the dentato-rubro-thalamic tract (DRT), may be appraised as well. In this review, the clinical characteristics and pathophysiology of tremor syndromes, as well as long-term outcomes of DBS in different targets, will be summarized. The effectiveness and safety of lesioning procedures will be discussed, and an evidence-based clinical treatment approach for patients with drug-resistant tremor will be presented. Lastly, the future directions in the treatment of severe tremor syndromes will be elaborated.

scholarly journals Sub-Phenotypes of Acute Kidney Injury: Do We Have Progress for Personalizing Care?

Nephron ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 144 (12) ◽  
pp. 677-679
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Thau ◽  
Pavan K. Bhatraju
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Current State ◽  
The One

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is the most common form of organ dysfunction occurring in patients admitted to the intensive care unit and contributes significantly to poor long-term outcomes. Despite this public health impact, no effective pharmacotherapy exists for AKI. One reason may be that heterogeneity is present within AKI as currently defined, thereby concealing unique pathophysiologic processes specific to certain AKI populations. Supporting this notion, we and others have shown that diversity within the AKI clinical syndrome exists, and the “one-size-fits-all” approach by current diagnostic guidelines may not be ideal. A “precision medicine” approach that exploits an individual’s genetic, biologic, and clinical characteristics to identify AKI sub-phenotypes may overcome such limitations. Identification of AKI sub-phenotypes may address a critical unmet clinical need in AKI by (1) improving risk prognostication, (2) identifying novel pathophysiology, and (3) informing a patient’s likelihood of responding to current therapeutics or establishing new therapeutic targets to prevent and treat AKI. This review discusses the current state of phenotyping AKI and future directions.

scholarly journals A Brief Review of Genetic Approaches to the Study of Food Preferences: Current Knowledge and Future Directions

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robino ◽  
Concas ◽  
Catamo ◽  
Gasparini
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Assessment Approach ◽  
Candidate Gene Studies

Genetic variation plays a crucial role in individual differences in food preferences which ultimately influence food selection and health. Our current understanding of this pathway has been informed through twin studies (to assess the heritability of food preferences), candidate gene studies, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS). However, most of this literature is mainly focused on genes previously identified as having taste or smell functions. New data suggests that genes not associated with taste or smell perception may be involved in food preferences and contribute to health outcomes. This review highlights these emerging findings and suggests a polygenic risk assessment approach to explore new relationships between food preferences and health risks.

scholarly journals Maintenance of Weight Loss in Adolescents: Current Status and Future Directions

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan L. Butryn ◽  
Thomas A. Wadden ◽  
Margaret R. Rukstalis ◽  
Chanelle Bishop-Gilyard ◽  
Melissa S. Xanthopoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Lifestyle Modification ◽  
Adolescent Obesity ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Length Of Treatment ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
Effectiveness Data

There is a dearth of research on the long-term efficacy and safety of treatments for adolescent obesity. This narrative review examined several approaches to treatment, focusing on long-term effectiveness data in adolescents, as well as relevant findings from studies of adults. The available research suggests that lifestyle modification has promise in obese adolescents, although it is not clear that any particular dietary or physical activity approach is more effective than another. Meal replacements are quite effective in adults and deserve further research in adolescents. Extending the length of treatment to teach weight loss maintenance skills is likely to improve long-term outcomes in adolescents, and delivering treatment via the Internet or telephone is a novel way of doing so. Treatment that combines lifestyle modification with the medication orlistat generally appears to be safe but only marginally superior to lifestyle modification alone. More research is needed on the management of adolescent obesity, which has been overlooked when compared with research on the treatment of obesity in children and adults.

scholarly journals Long-term outcomes after critical illness: recent insights

Critical Care ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Françoise Rousseau ◽  
Hallie C. Prescott ◽  
Stephen J. Brett ◽  
Björn Weiss ◽  
Elie Azoulay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Hospital Readmissions ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Post Intensive Care Syndrome

AbstractIntensive care survivors often experience post-intensive care sequelae, which are frequently gathered together under the term “post-intensive care syndrome” (PICS). The consequences of PICS on quality of life, health-related costs and hospital readmissions are real public health problems. In the present Viewpoint, we summarize current knowledge and gaps in our understanding of PICS and approaches to management.

Acute stress-induced (takotsubo) cardiomyopathy

Heart ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana K Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Acute Setting ◽  
Current State

Acute stress-induced (takotsubo) cardiomyopathy has a dramatic clinical presentation, mimicking an acute myocardial infarction and is triggered by intense emotional or physical stress. In this paper, we review the current state of knowledge of the mechanistic physiology underlying the left ventricular ballooning. The pathophysiology of the recovery from this acute heart failure syndrome is presented. The short-term and long-term outlook puts this new syndrome on a different perspective compared with recently held views. Current knowledge on susceptibility and predisposition already define distinctive characteristics of patients with takotsubo compared with myocardial infarction. Gaps in knowledge and future directions of research are identified in order to best direct efforts for identifying specific therapies for this condition, in the acute setting, to mitigate postacute symptoms or to prevent recurrences, none of which exist.

scholarly journals Immunomodulatory Effects of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Revisited in the Context of Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kapka Miteva ◽  
Sophie Van Linthout ◽  
Hans-Dieter Volk ◽  
Carsten Tschöpe
Keyword(s):  
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Paracrine Effects ◽  
Cellular Transplantation ◽  
The Impact

Myocarditis is a common inflammatory cardiomyopathy, associated with cardiomyocyte apoptosis, which can lead to chronic left ventricular dysfunction. Under conventional heart failure therapy, inflammatory cardiomyopathy typically has a progressive course, indicating a need for alternative therapeutic strategies to improve long-term outcomes. Experimental and clinical studies consistently support the application of cellular transplantation as a strategy to improve myocardial function. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) mediate distinct paracrine effects supporting endogenous regeneration, but most important are their remarkable immunoregulatory properties. In this review, an overview of current knowledge on immunopathology in myocarditis will be given. Furthermore, current research regarding the immunomodulatory properties of MSCs in the context of myocarditis will be discussed. Finally, the impact of MSC priming by the environment on their functionality and the advantages of systemic administration of MSCs under myocarditis are outlined.

scholarly journals Extracorporeal Support Prognostication—Time to Move the Goal Posts?

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 537
Author(s):  
Neel Shah ◽  
Ahmed S. Said
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Support ◽  
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ◽  
Decision Support Tools ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Support Tools ◽  
Extracorporeal Support ◽  
Improved Outcome

Advances in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) technology are associated with expanded indications, increased utilization and improved outcome. There is growing interest in developing ECMO prognostication scores to aid in bedside decision making. To date, the majority of available scores have been limited to mostly registry-based data and with mortality as the main outcome of interest. There continues to be a gap in clinically applicable decision support tools to aid in the timing of ECMO cannulation to improve patients’ long-term outcomes. We present a brief review of the commonly available adult and pediatric ECMO prognostication tools, their limitations, and future directions.

scholarly journals Neuroinflammation as a Therapeutic Target for Mitigating the Long-Term Consequences of Acute Organophosphate Intoxication

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Andrew ◽  
Pamela J. Lein
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Neurologic Outcomes ◽  
Neurologic Sequelae ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Acquired Epilepsy

Acute intoxication with organophosphates (OPs) can cause a potentially fatal cholinergic crisis characterized by peripheral parasympathomimetic symptoms and seizures that rapidly progress to status epilepticus (SE). While current therapeutic countermeasures for acute OP intoxication significantly improve the chances of survival when administered promptly, they are insufficient for protecting individuals from chronic neurologic outcomes such as cognitive deficits, affective disorders, and acquired epilepsy. Neuroinflammation is posited to contribute to the pathogenesis of these long-term neurologic sequelae. In this review, we summarize what is currently known regarding the progression of neuroinflammatory responses after acute OP intoxication, drawing parallels to other models of SE. We also discuss studies in which neuroinflammation was targeted following OP-induced SE, and explain possible reasons why such therapeutic interventions have inconsistently and only partially improved long-term outcomes. Finally, we suggest future directions for the development of therapeutic strategies that target neuroinflammation to mitigate the neurologic sequelae of acute OP intoxication.

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