The Utilitarian Case against Iterated Bequests

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Halliday
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
John Stuart Mill ◽  
The Core ◽  
Inheritance Tax ◽  
Incentive Effects ◽  
The World ◽  
Core Idea ◽  
Over Time

This chapter focuses on the utilitarian preoccupation with regulating inheritance tax proposals according to their incentive effects. The chapter begins by extending the discussion of John Stuart Mill. Special attention is then paid to Eugenio Rignano’s proposal to make inheritance tax ‘progressive over time’. The core idea of the Rignano scheme is to impose higher tax liabilities on inheritance that comes from prior inheritance or, in other words, to tax second-generation inheritance at a higher rate than first-generation. The main aim in the chapter is to identify the extent to which this proposal draws strength from the utilitarian commitments that motivated it, while also having some independent appeal. This distinction is articulated partly through evaluating some criticisms of the Rignano scheme that proved influential between the world wars, when the proposal enjoyed some prominence.

In-itself for-itself: Towards second-generation neo-Marxist class theory

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Neilson
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Critical Realism ◽  
Communist Manifesto ◽  
Class Theory ◽  
The Core ◽  
Preceding Discussion ◽  
Social Scientific ◽  
Surplus Population ◽  
Mode Of Production

First-generation neo-Marxist class theorists advanced some way beyond the orthodox Marxist account that is grounded in a particular reading of the Communist Manifesto. However, capitalism’s changing reality since then has revealed the limited extent of their break with orthodoxy. With the support of Bhaskar’s critical realism and Gramsci’s philosophy of praxis, this article addresses these limitations to facilitate movement towards second-generation neo-Marxist class theory. Rather than following first-generation neo-Marxist Poulantzas who dismissed the ‘class-in-itself’/‘class-for-itself’ distinction as a non-Marxist Hegelian residue, this article treats it as the central problematic of Marx’s class theory. Bourdieu’s subjectivist reformulations of the distinction that resonates with Marxist interpretations that run counter to the neo-Marxist social scientific aspiration are also critically engaged. The innovative conceptual framework arising from the article’s critical engagement with these diverging intellectual trajectories is applied to sketch ‘class effects’ in-themselves especially around the theme of the ‘relative surplus population’. Expected class effects implied by the core dynamic of the capitalist mode of production, and then contemporary empirical effects generated by neoliberal-led global capitalism, are outlined. This re-conceptualisation is then supplemented by critically examining Beck’s argument that individualisation leads to capitalism without classes-for-themselves. The article concludes by reconsidering class-for-itself in the light of the preceding discussion.

Muslims and the Crisis of British National Identity

2019 ◽  
pp. 221-243
Author(s):  
Martin Pugh
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Gradual Process ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face ◽  
British Muslims ◽  
Secular Society ◽  
Mainstream Society

This chapter demonstrates how, despite their experience of prejudice, Muslims became involved in a gradual process of integration into mainstream society; in this period they largely thought of themselves as ‘black’ or as Asians, rather than as Muslims. First-generation British Muslims had been fairly relaxed about social behaviour and religious observation. Meanwhile, the second generation of Muslims were not in Britain as temporary economic migrants, and consequently were less passive than their predecessors, more confident and aware of their opportunities and rights in Britain. For them, integration into mainstream society went hand in hand with an increasing assertiveness in the face of prejudice and an awareness of their identity as Anglo-Asians. By the 1980s and 1990s, the younger generation were becoming alienated from their parents due to familiarity with a secular society; many regarded the world of the mosque as boring. Muslims also began to reflect mainstream practice in other ways: more women in their twenties remained unmarried and, with their better language skills and qualifications, they were more likely to be in paid employment.

The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dov Waxman
Keyword(s):  
First Century ◽  
Narrative History ◽  
The Core ◽  
The World ◽  
International Attention ◽  
Key Events ◽  
Core Issues ◽  
News Headlines ◽  
Answer Format ◽  
Over Time

No conflict in the world has lasted as long, generated as many news headlines, or incited as much controversy as the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Yet, despite, or perhaps because of, the degree of international attention it receives, the conflict is still widely misunderstood. While Israelis and Palestinians and their respective supporters trade accusations, many outside observers remain confused by the conflict's complexity and perplexed by the passion it arouses. The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: What Everyone Needs to Know® offers an even-handed and judicious guide to the world's most intractable dispute. Rather than presenting a traditional, narrative history, this book employs an accessible question-and-answer format. Writing in an engaging, jargon-free style, Dov Waxman, a leading expert on the Middle East, provides clear and concise answers to common questions, from the most basic to the most contentious. Covering the conflict from its nineteenth-century origins to the latest developments of the twenty-first century, this book explains the key events, examines the core issues, and presents the competing claims and narratives of both sides. Readers will learn what the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is all about, how it has evolved over time, and why it continues to defy diplomatic efforts at a resolution.

scholarly journals From a dictionary to an atlas: segmental mapping of the linguistic picture of the world

2014 ◽  
pp. 262-269
Author(s):  
S. N. Gagarin
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Political Discourse ◽  
English Language ◽  
Written Discourse ◽  
The Core ◽  
The World ◽  
Systemic Level ◽  
New Type ◽  
Over Time

'At the heart of any language lies a vision. It embraces the world around us in myriads of complex ways. It is the lifeblood of every people's identity. It is so essential and indispensable that few assets of humankind can rival it for value or timelessness. It is known as the linguistic picture of the world, and it is notorious for being among the knottiest study subjects of language science. No coherent methodology has been proposed to date as to how it should be consistently structured to result in a systemic and navigable map of its core words and concepts. This constitutes a conspicuous gap in contemporary linguistics, which the present article addresses from the perspective of cognitive lexicology and lexicography while engaging the linguistic picture of the world on a segment-by-segment basis. In keeping with the aforesaid approach, one segment at a time is selected, and the discourse that reflects it is analysed with a view to identifying transcendental notions contained therein. The latter are construed as a type of cognitive concepts which epitomise the core ideas inherent in a particular type of spoken or written discourse. Being verbalised by means of relevant verbal fields, these transcendental notions permeate the cognitive and textual fabric of the selected segment of a linguistic picture of the world. By way of demonstrating the feasibility of this approach, a new type of dictionary has been compiled by the author, which captures and reveals in a semantically structured way the verbal side of the transcendental notion "countering" in the socio-political discourse of English-language media. Along with other transcendental notions, such as "facilitation", "communication", "attitude", etc., it is viewed as part of a range of the cognitive pillars which are essential to a limited segment of a linguistic picture of the world, but are by no means reserved to it, stretching far beyond and reaching throughout the vision of the world enshrined in the English language. The present article asserts and demonstrates by example that by creating the described type of dictionaries a basis can be laid for engaging the broader linguistic picture of the world in a whole new way, as their structure enables the drawing of clear semantic boundaries between and within the verbal fields of major concepts. These, in turn, can be used for creating maps, or rather atlases, initially of the smaller segments of linguistic pictures of the world, which may over time, and with enough methodological evolution, transform into larger-scale projects covering different languages, which arguably contains a hitherto unexplored potential for comparing them at a new systemic level, that of the structure and internal semantic delimitation of linguistic pictures of the world.

scholarly journals How could we strengthen social support for food gardening?

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
George Kent
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Core ◽  
The World ◽  
Core Idea ◽  
Food Gardening

Widespread hunger in the world is due mainly to the fact that people don’t care enough about one another’s well-being. Caring can be increased by encouraging social interaction. This can be done in many different ways, but the core idea here is to help people produce food for themselves. Many people who produce food in their own gardens gladly share it with their neighbors. They also share their knowledge and enthusiasm for gardening. This is a huge underutilized resource. The project proposed here is intended to facilitate that sharing.  

Man, society, religion: spiritual transformations at the turn of the millennium

1998 ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
Oleh Buchma
Keyword(s):  
Turn Of The Millennium ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Core ◽  
The World ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
Core Idea

The universal concept, the logical center of understanding the problem of spirituality is man. Awareness of a person of his place in the world, the meaning of his being becomes the core idea of the era. At the same time in the public consciousness there is a significant qualitative shift in the direction of priority of humanistic values, when the priority is the question of moral comprehension of reality.

The Evolution of Cognitive Representational Decision Making

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armin W. Schulz
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Mental States ◽  
The State ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Efficiency Gains ◽  
Cognitive Efficiency ◽  
The Core ◽  
The World ◽  
Core Idea

This chapter develops a new account of the evolution of cognitive representational decision making—i.e. of decision making that relies on representations about the state of the world. The core idea behind this account is that cognitive representational decision making can—at times—be more cognitively efficient than non-cognitive representational decision making. In particular, cognitive representational decision making, by being able to draw on the inferential resources of higher-level mental states, can enable organisms to adjust more easily to changes in their environment and to streamline their neural decision making machinery (relative to non-representational decision makers). While these cognitive efficiency gains will sometimes be outweighed by the costs of this way of making decisions—i.e. the fact that representational decision making is generally slower and more concentration- and attention-hungry than non-representational decision making—this will not always be the case. Moreover, it is possible to say in more detail which kinds of circumstances will favor the evolution of cognitive representational decision making, and which do not.

Causal Process Theories

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil Dowe
Keyword(s):  
Process Theory ◽  
Causal Process ◽  
Causal Relations ◽  
The Core ◽  
Causal Processes ◽  
Process Theories ◽  
The World ◽  
Basic Facts ◽  
Core Idea

If the core idea of process theories of causation is that causation can be understood in terms of causal processes and interactions, then the approach should be attributed primarily to Wesley Salmon (1925–2001). Salmon takes causal processes and interactions as more fundamental than causal relations between events. To express this Salmon liked to quote John Venn: ‘Substitute for the time honoured “chain of causation”, so often introduced into discussions upon this subject, the phrase a “rope of causation”, and see what a very different aspect the question will wear’. According to the process theory, any facts about causation as a relation between events obtain only on account of more basic facts about causal processes and interactions. Causal processes are the world-lines of objects, exhibiting some characteristic essential for causation.

The future of non-Christian religions in Canada: Patterns of religious identification among recent immigrants and their second generation, 1981-2001

2005 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Beyer
Keyword(s):  
Religious Pluralism ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Cultural Pluralism ◽  
Recent Immigrants ◽  
Religious Identification ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Recent Immigration ◽  
Over Time

This paper addresses the question whether recent immigration to Canada from non-European and mostly non-Christian parts of the world is leading to increasing religious pluralism in Canada, rather than only enhanced ethno-cultural pluralism. Testing Reginald Bibby's hypothesis that, in spite of this immigration, Christianity will continue as the overwhelmingly dominant religious identification in Canada, this article analyzes data from the 1971-2001 decennial censuses. It finds that religious pluralism as measured by number and percent of adherents to major non-Christian religions is increasing and will likely continue to increase because of the composition of continuing immigration. There are, however, also countervailing trends that support continued Christian dominance as well as an increase in no religious identification. These trends include patterns in religious identification over time and the enigmatic effect of rising multiple ethnicity.

scholarly journals The Law of Non-Contradiction as a Metaphysical Principle

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuomas E. Tahko
Keyword(s):  
General Principle ◽  
The Core ◽  
The World ◽  
Logical Principle ◽  
The Law ◽  
Core Idea ◽  
Graham Priest ◽  
Metaphysical Principle

The goals of this paper are two-fold: I wish to clarify the Aristotelian conception of the law of non-contradiction as a metaphysical rather than a semantic or logical principle, and to defend the truth of the principle in this sense. First I will explain what it in fact means that the law of non-contradiction is a metaphysical principle. The core idea is that the law of non-contradiction is a general principle derived from how things are in the world. For example, there are certain constraints as to what kind of properties an object can have, and especially: some of these properties are mutually exclusive. Given this characterisation, I will advance to examine what kind of challenges the law of non-contradiction faces—the main opponent here is Graham Priest. I will consider these challenges and conclude that they do not threaten the truth of the law of non-contradiction understood as a metaphysical principle.

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