Intergenerational Mobility

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liana Fox ◽  
Florencia Torche ◽  
Jane Waldfogel
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Intergenerational Transmission ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Intergenerational Mobility ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Origins ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

This article reviews current research on intergenerational mobility, which indicates opportunity for children to move beyond their social origins and obtain a status not dictated by that of their parents. Mobility tends to be measured by the extent of association between parents’ and adult children’s socioeconomic status (measured by social class, occupation, earnings, or family income). Stronger associations mean more intergenerational transmission of advantage (often referred to as persistence) and less mobility, whereas weaker associations indicate less persistence and more mobility. The article begins with a discussion of theoretical and methodological approaches to measuring intergenerational mobility. Drawing on research in economics and sociology, it then examines the evidence on the degree of mobility and persistence as well as possible underlying mechanisms. Finally, it compares mobility in wealthy and developing countries and suggests directions for future research.

scholarly journals Advancing the Science on Unexpected Episodes of Clarity and Lucidity in People With Dementia

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 47-47
Author(s):  
Joan Griffin ◽  
Basil Eldadah
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Understanding ◽  
Care Recipient ◽  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Transient Nature ◽  
People With Dementia ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Scientific Attention

Abstract People with late-stage Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) have been reported, largely by way of anecdote, to exhibit unexpected episodes of spontaneous, meaningful, and relevant communication or behavior. These episodes of lucidity (EL) are characterized by spontaneous mental clarity in people living with dementia (PLWD) who are assumed to have lost coherent cognitive capacity. Given the transient nature and limited understanding of underlying mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon, these episodes are frequently overlooked and have received little scientific attention. Few studies have documented EL among PLWD with precision; scientific understanding is limited to anecdotes and case studies, which have not operationalized EL. Thus, there is a critical need for an evidence-based understanding and systematic operationalization of EL. Precise and robust operationalizations of EL will allow future research to assess if EL has different effects on ADRD prognosis or alters how family members manage and adapt to ADRD progression in their care recipient. The National Institute on Aging (NIA) has funded six studies to advance the scientific understanding of EL in dementia. These studies use a variety of methodological approaches to capture EL experiences, and together, they will provide evidence-based operational definitions of EL, novel approaches for measurement of this phenomenon, and estimates of its prevalence. This symposium will provide an overview of the funded studies and three different methodological approaches that are being used to better operationalize and understand EL.

scholarly journals Childhood health and social class reproduction in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanbi Hong ◽  
Jingming Liu
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Status Attainment ◽  
Childhood Health ◽  
Class Reproduction ◽  
Social Class Reproduction ◽  
First Job

AbstractIn previous studies on social stratification and mobility in China, education is considered as the core mediatory factor in social reproduction and mobility. This paper, however, investigates how childhood health affects social stratification. Using data from Urbanization and Labor Migrant National Survey (2012), this study examines the effects of nutrition, hygiene, and health before age 14 on adult socioeconomic status attainment, including education,  the international socioeconomic indexes of first job and current job, and family income per head. The structural equation model  results show that the nutrition intake (whether one experienced starvation and the frequency of fish and meat intake) and hygiene (indicated by the source of drinking water and the toilet type) have significant effect on adult socioeconomic status attainment. However, the effects change at different life course stages. Moreover, childhood health (indicated by adult height) has significant impact on adult socioeconomic status attainment, but no significant impact on the international socioeconomic indexes of first job and current job. We conclude that investment in childhood health is an important mechanism affecting social class reproduction and mobility. Therefore, health intervention for children from poor and disadvantaged families are necessary. It will benefit children’s education and encourage upward mobility.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of the Dominant Themes in CSR Reporting Discourse in Bangladesh: A Structured Literature Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melita Mehjabeen ◽  
Tanisha Bukth
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Csr Reporting ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Structured Literature Review

Objective – The objective of this paper is to provide a structured literature review of CSR reporting discourse in the context of a developing country, namely Bangladesh, with a focus on three dominant themes: i) the driving forces for CSR reporting, ii) the methodological approaches employed by researchers while studying CSR disclosures, and iii) the theoretical frameworks utilized in explaining the same. Methodology/Technique – In this paper we have employed a structured literature review (SLR) approach and reviewed more than 60 articles from highly ranked accounting and business, ethics and management journals, published over the past two decades. By opting for the SLR approach, we intend to contribute to the extant literature from a methodological perspective since SLR has been relatively underutilized in accounting research. Findings – The paper reveals that while some determinants of CSR disclosure are ubiquitous in both developed and developing countries, the motivation for disclosing social and environmental information is, to a considerable extent, context specific. Specifically, for developing countries like Bangladesh, CSR reporting is driven by survival concerns, emanating from pressure created by global stakeholders, competitive dynamics and sometimes, the ‘shadow of the state’. The paper also finds CSR to be under-theorized in Bangladesh, with too much reliance on the legitimacy framework. Given the socio-economic context of Bangladesh, future research should make use of alternative theories drawn from the social and political domain to enable deeper understanding of CSR reporting. Novelty – This paper is one of the first attempts to review CSR literature in the specific context of Bangladesh, which offers an interesting case to study owing to the dual influence of export-led growth on one hand and elements of traditionalism, on the other. The novelty of this paper lies in its attempt to study three dimensions, viz. determinants, theoretical perspectives and methodological approaches in coalition, and thus offer an integrated perspective, which is missing in previous studies. Type of Paper: Empirical Keywords: CSR Reporting; Motivations; Theoretical Frameworks; CSR in Bangladesh; Literature Review. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Mehjabeen, M; Bukth, T; 2020. Comparative Analysis of the Dominant Themes in CSR Reporting Discourse in Bangladesh: A Structured Literature Review, Acc. Fin. Review 5 (1): 01 – 14. https://doi.org/10.35609/afr.2020.5.1(1) JEL Classification: M14. M9,

Directions for Future Research

2018 ◽  
pp. 369-375
Author(s):  
Gary S. Fields
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Income Mobility ◽  
Market Models ◽  
The Third ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

Part VII concludes by laying out directions for future research, focusing on three areas. The first is the empirical analysis of the link between growth, employment, and poverty in developing countries. The second is the comparison of methodological approaches to analyze changes in income mobility. And finally, the third area is the challenge of developing better multisector labor market models of developing countries.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic status inequalities in low-grade inflammation during childhood

2016 ◽  
Vol 101 (11) ◽  
pp. 1043-1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kammi K Schmeer ◽  
Aimee Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Tobit Regression ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
Child Age ◽  
Family Ses

BackgroundFamily socioeconomic status (SES) is an important source of child health disparities in the USA. Chronic stress is one way SES may impact children's physiology with implications for later health inequalities. These processes may work differently across childhood due to differences in exposure and susceptibility to stressors at different ages. We assess associations between family SES and one biomarker of chronic stress exposure—low-grade inflammation detected by elevated C reactive protein (CRP)—and evaluate differences in the associations by child age.MethodsWe used nationally representative data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and Tobit regression models to estimate SES associations with CRP and the moderating effects of age for children age 2–18 years. Our sample was limited to CRP ≤10 mg/l to focus on low-grade inflammation (N=13 165).ResultsChildren whose parent had less than a high school degree had 35% higher CRP than those with a college graduate parent; and, poor children had 24% higher CRP than those with high family income, net of controls. When children's body mass index was accounted for, low education and poverty associations were reduced to 19% and 15%, respectively. Child age interactions were negative and significant for both parental education and family income.ConclusionsThis study provides new evidence that SES is associated with low-grade inflammation in children, and that these associations may be particularly strong during early and mid-childhood. Future research should further our understanding of stressors related to low family SES that may lead to immune system dysregulation during childhood.

scholarly journals Are Working Children in Developing Countries Hidden Victims of Pandemics?

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 321
Author(s):  
Polyxeni Kechagia ◽  
Theodore Metaxas
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Working Children ◽  
Economic Exploitation ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Research And Policy

The consequences of the recent pandemic have been disproportionately disruptive to several social groups, including children. As developing economies have been firefighting the recent pandemic, the welfare of minors could be affected and children’s economic exploitation and abuse could increase. Therefore, the present research aims to shed light on and to investigate the association between child labour in developing countries and pandemics, including the coronavirus, through conducting a systematic literature review on previous empirical studies. The present research concludes that previous studies on non-COVID-19 pandemics have mainly focused on the African economies, while studies on the recent pandemic have focused on Asian countries. In addition, differences were observed in relation to the methodological approaches and the characteristics of minor employees and the protection services in certain countries have proven to be insufficient. Suggestions for future research and policy implications are presented.

Sociocultural Correlates of Physical Activity in Adolescents

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lennart Raudsepp ◽  
Roomet Viira
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Significant Others ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Best Friend ◽  
The Family ◽  
Physical Activity Recall

This study examined the relative contributions of sex, social class, socioeconomic status of the family, and exercise behavior of significant others (father, mother, sister, brother, best friend) to the variability of physical activities of 13–15-year-old urban adolescents (N = 475). Physical activity was measured using 7-day physical activity recall. Family income was negatively correlated with physical activity of adolescents. Physical activity of the father, older brother, and best friend was associated with a higher activity level of adolescents (r = 0.24–0.33). Sex and social class of the families accounted for 18% of the variance of the adolescents’ physical activity. When the physical activity of the father, older brother, and best friend were entered into regression analysis, a total of 32% of the variation in adolescents’ physical activity was explained. Physical activity of adolescents is associated with sex, activity levels of significant others, and socioeconomic status of the family.

scholarly journals Pursuing Frugal Innovation for Sustainability at the Grassroots Level

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Mokter Hossain ◽  
Jarkko Levänen ◽  
Marleen Wierenga
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Frugal Innovation ◽  
New Business ◽  
Grassroots Level ◽  
Societal Problems ◽  
New Business Models

ABSTRACT Firms are often criticized for their reluctance to embrace sustainability in their business strategies. Frugal innovation is a recent concept that represents a new way for firms to serve underserved customers in developing countries while also promoting sustainability. Based on three cases of frugal innovation at the grassroots level in India, this article demonstrates how frugal innovation presents a promising way to tackle some of today's pressing societal problems with new business models. We use a range of parameters for economic, social, and environmental sustainability to strengthen the case for frugal innovation. This article attempts to inspire scholars to consider frugal innovation further in their future research endeavors and encourage firms to integrate it into their existing business models.

scholarly journals Structural and Functional Remodeling of Mitochondria in Cardiac Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 4167
Author(s):  
Xiaonan Sun ◽  
Jalen Alford ◽  
Hongyu Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Network ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cardiac Diseases ◽  
Functional Remodeling ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Mitochondrial Remodeling ◽  
Normal Cellular Function

Mitochondria undergo structural and functional remodeling to meet the cell demand in response to the intracellular and extracellular stimulations, playing an essential role in maintaining normal cellular function. Merging evidence demonstrated that dysregulation of mitochondrial remodeling is a fundamental driving force of complex human diseases, highlighting its crucial pathophysiological roles and therapeutic potential. In this review, we outlined the progress of the molecular basis of mitochondrial structural and functional remodeling and their regulatory network. In particular, we summarized the latest evidence of the fundamental association of impaired mitochondrial remodeling in developing diverse cardiac diseases and the underlying mechanisms. We also explored the therapeutic potential related to mitochondrial remodeling and future research direction. This updated information would improve our knowledge of mitochondrial biology and cardiac diseases’ pathogenesis, which would inspire new potential strategies for treating these diseases by targeting mitochondria remodeling.

A Mixed‐Methods Examination of Counselors' Social Class and Socioeconomic Status Perceptions

2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-136
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Cook ◽  
Lee Za Ong ◽  
Olga Zavgorodnya
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Social Class
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