scholarly journals Species-specific content of thiamin (vitamin B1) in phytoplankton and the transfer to copepods

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-285
Author(s):  
Emil Fridolfsson ◽  
Elin Lindehoff ◽  
Catherine Legrand ◽  
Samuel Hylander
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin B1 ◽  
Prey Type ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Specific Content ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Aquatic Food ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Important Building Block

Abstract Thiamin (vitamin B1) is primarily produced by bacteria and phytoplankton in aquatic food webs and transferred by ingestion to higher trophic levels. However, much remains unknown regarding production, content and transfer of this water-soluble, essential micronutrient. Hence, the thiamin content of six phytoplankton species from different taxa was investigated, along with the effect of thiamin amendment on thiamin content. Furthermore, thiamin transfer to copepods was estimated in feeding experiments. Prey type, not phytoplankton thiamin content per se, was the most important factor for the transfer of thiamin, as it was lowest from filamentous Cyanophyceae and highest from more easily ingested prey like Dunaliella tertiolecta and Rhodomonas salina. Cyanophyceae had the highest thiamin content of the investigated species, eightfold higher than the lowest. Phytoplankton varied in thiamin content related to the supply of thiamin, where thiamin addition enabled higher thiamin content in some species, while copepod thiamin content was less variable. In all, thiamin transfer is not only dependent on the prey thiamin content, but also the edibility and/or digestibility is of importance. Thiamin is essential for all organisms, and this study constitutes an important building block to understanding the dynamics and transfer of thiamin in the aquatic food web.

Initial Studies of a Potent Antiheparin Agent (Ubiquin®)

1968 ◽  
Vol 20 (03/04) ◽  
pp. 588-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. B Goodsell ◽  
R. A Krause ◽  
E. T Kimura
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Propylene Oxide ◽  
Toluidine Blue ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Per Se

SummaryUbiquin (oligo-3-(N-methylmorpholinium)-l,2-propylene oxide chloride) is a stable, water soluble, active heparin antagonist producing prompt neutralization when administered in a 1:1 ratio to rats and dogs. Initial studies indicate that it is devoid of any effect on coagulation per se; nor are there any obvious side effects manifested during the process of neutralization. The acute toxicity is less than that of other compounds in use: toluidine blue, protamine and hexadimethrine.

Effects Attributed to Maleic Hydrazide when used for Chemical Sucker Control on Bright Tobacco

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinz Seltmann
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Maleic Hydrazide ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Total Alkaloids ◽  
Group I ◽  
Excellent Control ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Group Ii

AbstractThe effect of maleic hydrazide (MH) per se on bright tobacco was determined by comparing plants treated with MH to those without MH under conditions of good chemical sucker control. Sequential applications of each of five contact-type agents with MH one week later (Group I) were compared to dual applications of each of the same contact agents (Group II). In Group II suckers missed during applications were individually wetted to ensure excellent control. Sucker control was measured as 95 % for Group I and assumed to be 99 % for Group II. There were no agronomic differences between Groups I and II. In the visual warehouse appraisal, there was only a statistical difference for thin-bodied tobaccos between the two groups and a trend for slightly more heavy-bodied tobaccos in Group I. The chemical and physical analyses showed that filling value at 13 % moisture and equilibrium moisture content (EMC) measured at 60 % relative humidity were significantly lower in Group I than Group II. The result for EMC was questioned. Actual values for total alkaloids, total volatile bases minus nicotine, total ash, and alkalinity number of water-soluble ash were lower and reducing sugars were higher where MH was used. Except for EMC, the findings in this study reflected those established in studies where MH-treated and normally hand-suckered tobaccos were compared, but the differences here were generally not as great.

scholarly journals Elevated temperature and browning increase dietary methylmercury, but decrease essential fatty acids at the base of lake food webs

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pianpian Wu ◽  
Martin J. Kainz ◽  
Fernando Valdés ◽  
Siwen Zheng ◽  
Katharina Winter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Food Webs ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Essential Nutrients ◽  
Aquatic Food Webs ◽  
Aquatic Food

AbstractClimate change scenarios predict increases in temperature and organic matter supply from land to water, which affect trophic transfer of nutrients and contaminants in aquatic food webs. How essential nutrients, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and potentially toxic contaminants, such as methylmercury (MeHg), at the base of aquatic food webs will be affected under climate change scenarios, remains unclear. The objective of this outdoor mesocosm study was to examine how increased water temperature and terrestrially-derived dissolved organic matter supply (tDOM; i.e., lake browning), and the interaction of both, will influence MeHg and PUFA in organisms at the base of food webs (i.e. seston; the most edible plankton size for zooplankton) in subalpine lake ecosystems. The interaction of higher temperature and tDOM increased the burden of MeHg in seston (< 40 μm) and larger sized plankton (microplankton; 40–200 μm), while the MeHg content per unit biomass remained stable. However, PUFA decreased in seston, but increased in microplankton, consisting mainly of filamentous algae, which are less readily bioavailable to zooplankton. We revealed elevated dietary exposure to MeHg, yet decreased supply of dietary PUFA to aquatic consumers with increasing temperature and tDOM supply. This experimental study provides evidence that the overall food quality at the base of aquatic food webs deteriorates during ongoing climate change scenarios by increasing the supply of toxic MeHg and lowering the dietary access to essential nutrients of consumers at higher trophic levels.

scholarly journals Variability in nitrogen-derived trophic levels of Arctic marine biota

Polar Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renske P. J. Hoondert ◽  
Nico W. van den Brink ◽  
Martine J. van den Heuvel-Greve ◽  
Ad M. J. Ragas ◽  
A. Jan Hendriks
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Enrichment Factors ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Marine Biota ◽  
Arctic Ecosystems ◽  
Arctic Species ◽  
Single Region ◽  
Benthic Food ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractStable isotopes are often used to provide an indication of the trophic level (TL) of species. TLs may be derived by using food-web-specific enrichment factors in combination with a representative baseline species. It is challenging to sample stable isotopes for all species, regions and seasons in Arctic ecosystems, e.g. because of practical constraints. Species-specific TLs derived from a single region may be used as a proxy for TLs for the Arctic as a whole. However, its suitability is hampered by incomplete knowledge on the variation in TLs. We quantified variation in TLs of Arctic species by collating data on stable isotopes across the Arctic, including corresponding fractionation factors and baseline species. These were used to generate TL distributions for species in both pelagic and benthic food webs for four Arctic areas, which were then used to determine intra-sample, intra-study, intra-region and inter-region variation in TLs. Considerable variation in TLs of species between areas was observed. This is likely due to differences in parameter choice in estimating TLs (e.g. choice of baseline species) and seasonal, temporal and spatial influences. TLs between regions were higher than the variance observed within regions, studies or samples. This implies that TLs derived within one region may not be suitable as a proxy for the Arctic as a whole. The TL distributions derived in this study may be useful in bioaccumulation and climate change studies, as these provide insight in the variability of trophic levels of Arctic species.

scholarly journals Enzymatic identification of the load-bearing boundary lubricant in the joint.

Rheumatology ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
B A Hills ◽  
M K Monds
Keyword(s):  
Water Soluble ◽  
Surprising Result ◽  
Lubrication System ◽  
Load Bearing ◽  
Bovine Articular Cartilage ◽  
Boundary Lubricant ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Wear Tests

Abstract Bovine articular cartilage and synovial fluid (SF) were co-incubated with one of three enzymes selected to destroy each of the three major contenders for the active ingredient imparting such remarkable load-bearing lubrication to the normal joint. Destroying hyaluronic acid (HA), alias hyaluronan, with hyaluronidase, both frictional and wear tests displayed no significant change in accordance with most previous studies of SF alone. Destroying surface-active phospholipid (SAPL) with phospholipase A2, there was a highly significant dose-dependent compromise of lubrication as recorded on both tests. Trypsin produced a somewhat surprising result in that lubrication of the cartilage actually improved. This result can be interpreted as indicating that lubricin is not the lubricant per se, but, as a water-soluble, macromolecular, proteinaceous carrier for phospholipid, its destruction caused more SAPL to be deposited as the true load-bearing lubricant. These results are discussed in the context that SAPL, lubricin and HA each have specific roles in a comprehensive lubrication system.

scholarly journals Modeling vitamin B1 transfer to consumers in the aquatic food web

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Ejsmond ◽  
N. Blackburn ◽  
E. Fridolfsson ◽  
P. Haecky ◽  
A. Andersson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Web ◽  
Vitamin B1 ◽  
Aquatic Food Web ◽  
Aquatic Food

scholarly journals Comparative genomic analyses of Streptococcus mutans provide insights into chromosomal shuffling and species-specific content

BMC Genomics ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumito Maruyama ◽  
Mitsuhiko Kobata ◽  
Ken Kurokawa ◽  
Keishin Nishida ◽  
Atsuo Sakurai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Specific Content ◽  
Genomic Analyses ◽  
Species Specific

scholarly journals Evolutionary diversification of tiny ocean predators

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Latorre ◽  
Ina M. Deutschmann ◽  
Aurelie Labarre ◽  
Aleix Obiol ◽  
Anders Krabberød ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Cells ◽  
Prey Type ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Glycoside Hydrolases ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Heterotrophic Flagellates ◽  
Evolutionary Diversification ◽  
Niche Adaptation ◽  
Different Temperatures

ABSTRACTUnicellular eukaryotic predators have a crucial role in the functioning of the ocean ecosystem by recycling nutrients and energy that are channeled to upper trophic levels. Traditionally, these evolutionary-diverse organisms have been combined into a single functional group (Heterotrophic flagellates), overlooking their organismal differences. Here we investigate four evolutionary related species belonging to one cosmopolitan family of uncultured marine picoeukaryotic predators: MAST-4 (species A, B, C, and E). Co-occurrence and distribution analyses in the global surface ocean indicated contrasting patterns in MAST-4A & C, suggesting adaptation to different temperatures. We then investigated whether these spatial distribution patterns were mirrored by MAST-4 genomic content using Single-Cell Genomics. Analyses of 69 single-cells recovered 66-83% of the MAST-4A/B/C/E genomes, which displayed substantial inter-species divergence. MAST-4 genomes were similar in terms of broad gene functional categories, but they differed in enzymes of ecological relevance, such as glycoside hydrolases (GHs), which are part of the food degradation machinery in MAST-4. Interestingly, MAST-4 species featuring a similar GH composition co-excluded each other (A & C) in the surface global ocean, while species with a different set of GHs appeared to be able to co-exist (species B & C) suggesting further niche diversification associated to prey digestion. We propose that differential niche adaptation to temperature and prey type has promoted adaptive evolutionary diversification in MAST-4. Altogether, we show that minute ocean predators from the same family may have different biogeography and genomic content, which need to be accounted to better comprehend marine food webs.

Feeding experiments of the seep-associated foraminifer Nonionellina labradorica with a marine methanotroph from the Arctic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christiane Schmidt ◽  
Geslin Emmanuelle ◽  
Bernhard Joan M. ◽  
LeKieffre Charlotte ◽  
Roberge Helene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Barents Sea ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Type I ◽  
Intracytoplasmic Membrane ◽  
Organic Detritus ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Food Vacuoles ◽  
Species Specific

&lt;p&gt;Foraminifera on the seafloor are known to have species-specific feeding habits. Among those are deposit feeders, eating organic detritus and bacteria. Little is known about the feeding habits of foraminifera from Arctic seep environments. That is, in particular, of interest as variable &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C values in the tests of foraminifera have been suggested to be partly linked with a diet rich in bacteria, themselves lighter in &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C values. As there is little information on the ecology of the foraminifer &lt;em&gt;Nonionellina labradorica&lt;/em&gt; (Dawson, 1860), this study examined feeding habits on bacteria and compared them to in situ collected specimens, using Transmission Electron microscopy (TEM). As bacterial food, the marine methane-oxidizing bacterium &lt;em&gt;Methyloprofundus sedimenti&lt;/em&gt; was chosen, which is an important representative of methanotrophs in the marine environment near methane seeps. Sediment samples containing living N. labradorica specimens collected in close vicinity(approx. 5 m) from an active methane seep in Storfjordrenna, Barents Sea (382-m water depth).&amp;#160; We performed a feeding experiment on &lt;em&gt;N. labradorica &lt;/em&gt;(n=17 specimen), which were incubated in the dark at in situ temperature. Specimens were fed at the beginning of the experiment, except the un-fed controls, and incubations terminated after 4, 8 and 20 h. After fixation in epoxy resin the ultrastructure of all specimens and their food vacuoles was observed and compared using a TEM. All examined specimens were living at the time of fixation, based on observation of intact mitochondrial membranes. In all specimens, inorganic detritus was preserved inside food vacuoles. Closer observation of food vacuoles also revealed that in addition to inorganic debris, such as clay, occasionally bacteria were visible. This led us to conclude that our &lt;em&gt;N. labradorica &lt;/em&gt;can&amp;#160; generally be classified as a deposit feeder, which is rather a generalist than a specialist. Regarding uptake of &lt;em&gt;M. sedimenti&lt;/em&gt;, the timing of the experimentation seemed to be critical. We did not observe methanotrophs preserved in the resin at the 4 and 8 h incubations, but found two putative methanotrophs near the apertural region after the 20-h incubation. After closer observation, we could identify one of those two putative specimen as the menthanothroph &lt;em&gt;M. sedimenti&lt;/em&gt; near the foraminiferal aperture, based on presence of a typical type I stacked intracytoplasmic membrane (ICM) and storage granules (SC). We concluded that &lt;em&gt;N. labradorica&lt;/em&gt; may ingest &lt;em&gt;M. sedimenti&lt;/em&gt; via &amp;#8220;untargeted grazing&amp;#8221; in seeps. Further studies must examine the exact relationship between diet and &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C in foraminiferal test on several different paleo-oceanographically relevant species.&lt;/p&gt;

INFLUENCE OF TAP WATER CONTAMINANTS ON THE COMPONENTS OF REDUCED WHEY

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.К. ГОРЕЛКИНА ◽  
И.В. ТИМОЩУК ◽  
Н.С. БАГДОНАС
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Vitamin B6 ◽  
Vitamin B1 ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Vitamin B2 ◽  
Water Contaminants ◽  
Whey Beverages ◽  
Control Samples

Изучена стойкость нутриентов молокосырья – белков, лактозы, витаминов С и группы В, используемого в производстве сывороточных напитков в присутствии приоритетных органических контаминантов – трихлорэтилена, хлороформа и дихлорэтана, которые обладают токсическим и канцерогенным действием и образуются при хлорировании в процессе водоподготовки в воде, применяемой для производства восстановленных и рекомбинированных молочных продуктов. Содержание белков, лактозы в восстановленной сыворотке определяли методом рефрактометрии; водорастворимых витаминов – методом капиллярного электрофореза; хлороформа, трихлорэтилена и дихлорэтана – методом газожидкостной хроматографии. Установлено, что хлороформ в воде не оказывает влияния на сохранность лактозы, белков и витаминов при приготовлении восстановленной сыворотки. Отмечено снижение содержания белков сыворотки, приготовленной на воде в присутствии трихлорэтилена и дихлорэтана, на 11%, лактозы – на 32% в сравнении с контрольными образцами, произведенными на воде без органических контаминантов. Содержание витаминов в восстановленной молочной сыворотке в присутствии трихлорэтилена снизилось: С – на 19%, В1 – на 28%, В2 – на 53%, В6 – на 8%; для дихлорэтана содержание витаминов снизилось: С – на 17%, В1 – на 36%, В2 – на 38%, В6 – на 36% в сравнении с контрольными образцами без органических примесей. Теоретически обоснован механизм взаимодействия белков, лактозы, витаминов восстановленной сыворотки с трихлорэтиленом и дихлорэтаном. Предложено для предотвращения снижения качества готового продукта воду, используемую для производства сывороточных напитков, подвергать дополнительной очистке от галогенорганических контаминантов. The stability of milk raw materials’ nutrients – proteins, lactose, vitamins C and B used in the production of whey beverages in the presence of priority organic contaminants – trichloroethylene, chloroform and dichloroethane, which have a toxic and carcinogenic effect and are formed during chlorination during water treatment in water used for the production of reduced and recombined dairy products was studied. The content of proteins and lactose in the reduced serum was determined by refractometry; water-soluble vitamins – by capillary electrophoresis; chloroform, trichloroethylene and dichloroethane – by gas-liquid chromatography. It was found that chloroform in water does not affect the safety of lactose, proteins and vitamins in the preparation of reduced whey. There was a decrease in the content of serum proteins prepared in water in the presence of trichloroethylene and dichloroethane by 11%, and lactose – by 32% in comparison with control samples produced in water without organic contaminants. Vitamin C content in the recovered whey in the presence of trichloroethylene has declined by 19%, vitamin B1 – 28%, vitamin B2 – 53%, vitamin B6 – 8%; for dichloroethane content of vitamin C decreased by 17%, vitamin B1 – 36%, vitamin B2 – 38%, vitamin B6 – 36% in comparison with control samples without organic impurity. The mechanism of interaction of proteins, lactose, and reduced serum vitamins with trichloroethylene and dichloroethane is theoretically justified. Therefore, to prevent a decrease in the quality of the finished product, the water used for the production of whey beverages must first be subjected to additional purification from organohalogen contaminants.

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