scholarly journals The physiology of incompatibility in plants - I. The effect of temperature

1942 ◽  
Vol 131 (862) ◽  
pp. 13-26 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Total Growth ◽  
Main Action ◽  
Linum Grandiflorum ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Compatible Pollinations ◽  
Physiological Method

Two different genetic systems of incompatibility between pollen and style are known. One, heterogamety, depends upon the genotype of the individual pollen grain; the other, heterostyly, upon the genotype of its parent. We do not know whether the two types are physiologically related. The specificity of heterogamety indicates an immunity reaction. The effect of temperature on pollen-tube growth in the two systems was measured in order to discover their relationship. Compatible pollinations of both systems showed increased rate of growth with increased temperature until the lethal point was approached at about 35°C. Incompatible pollinations of both systems showed an optimum growth rate between 15 and 20°C. The physiological method of inhibition is therefore probably related although its genetic basis is different. The different rate of growth at different temperatures gives different total growth at in­hibition, and at the most favourable temperature there may be no inhibition at all. There is therefore no specific inhibitory zone in these plants, although elsewhere the top of the style may provide such a zone. Certain genotypes of Oenothera organensis show such powerful incompatibility that no temperature sensitivity can be discovered. This extreme modification is determined by the pollen parent’s genotype, like the main action in heterostyly. In heterostyled plants thrum pollen has to grow dowm the longer pin style; it is adapted to this in two ways. In Primula it is larger, in Linum grandiflorum it has a higher osmotic pressure. In either case, presumably, it has the higher dry weight. In two heterostyled Primula species thrum pollen grows faster dowm the long-pin style than pin pollen does down the short-thrum style. But in the illegitimate matings thrum pollen is more strongly inhibited. There is therefore a differentiation of the mechanism adapted to secure equal regularity of cross-fertilization of the two types.

Total growth of a black spruce (Picea mariana) tree at Chalk River, Ontario, Canada

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Fraser ◽  
D. McGuire
Keyword(s):  
Root Formation ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Grand Total ◽  
Total Growth ◽  
The Individual

Apical and radial growth in trunk, branches, and roots, together with needle and cone distribution, were studied in a black spruce tree 31 years old and [Formula: see text] high. Growth of aerial parts was summarized as follows: (1) according to years of formation (oblique summation); (2) transversely on trunk inter-nodes (horizontal summation); and (3) according to the position of the annual rings, and the branch internodes (and needles) in relation to the pith or trunk (vertical summation). Root segments were classified on the basis of their diameter and distance from the trunk. Calculated on a dry-weight basis, the trunk accounted for 37%, the branches for 24%, the roots for 21%, and the needles for 18% of the grand total of 81 kg.The tree had 7.8 million needles when sampled in the fall of 1963, one-quarter of which were formed during the last 2 years of growth. Dry weight of individual needles varied with both position and age. While needles of the same season from the lower part of the crown exceeded those from the upper part in length, the reverse was true for the individual dry-weight content.In black spruce, cone periodicity, while distinct, is not as pronounced as in white spruce. The productive capacity of one "average" needle was estimated in terms of apical growth, trunk wood, and needle and root formation.

Influence of thermal acclimation on glucose production and ketogenesis in isolated eel hepatocytes

1984 ◽  
Vol 246 (4) ◽  
pp. R471-R478 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Jankowsky ◽  
W. Hotopp ◽  
H. Seibert
Keyword(s):  
Relative Weight ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
Glucose Production ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Collagenase Perfusion

Hepatocytes were isolated by collagenase perfusion of the liver from adult eels (Anguilla anguilla L.) acclimated to different temperatures. Whereas the relative weight of the liver increased in cold-acclimated fish, hepatocytes from 10- and 20 degrees C-acclimated animals did not differ in cellular weight, dry weight, or protein content. Endogenous rates of oxygen consumption and respiratory control ratios were independent of acclimation temperature. There was no effect of temperature on triacylglycerol content, but glycogen concentration was significantly higher in hepatocytes of cold-acclimated fish. Liver cells from cold-acclimated eels exhibited higher rates of glucose release and ketogenesis than those from warm-acclimated animals. It is concluded that the increase in acetoacetate production induced by cold acclimation results primarily from a higher rate of lipolysis. Cellular interactions between ketogenesis and gluconeogenesis are demonstrated and discussed.

scholarly journals The Effect of Temperature on the Development of the Eggs and Larvae of the Cut-throat Trout (Salmo clarkii clarkii Richardson)

1935 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-305
Author(s):  
DANIEL MERRIMAN
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Increment Of Growth ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Maximum Increment ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Average Size

1. The eggs of the cut-throat trout (Salmo clarkii clarkii Richardson) were raised from fertilisation through hatching at constant temperatures of 11.3, 8.25 and 6.35°C. These temperatures are well within the limits of normal development of cut-throat trout. 2. The temperature is not the limiting factor in determining the length of the hatching period, because there are a number of other factors that may cause eggs to hatch either prematurely early or abnormally late, and thus the use of the hatching period as a comparable stage of development for eggs raised at different temperatures may result in error. 3. The average size of cut-throat trout embryos at the moment of hatching was smaller at the higher temperatures and larger at the lower temperatures. 4. The maximum increment of growth in the cut-throat trout occurred about the 41st day at 8.25°C. and about the 28th day at 11.3°C. 5. The percentage of dry weight of the cut-throat trout embryos showed a steady decrease from about 25 to 14 per cent., while that of the yolks showed an increase from about 46 to 55 per cent. 6. Cut-throat trout embryos absorbed water from the yolk and also, at a faster rate, from the environment, both somewhat before and after hatching, so that the percentage of wet weight of the larvae was steadily increasing up to the time the experiment was completed.

scholarly journals GERMINATION AND VIGOUR IN SEEDS OF THE COWPEA IN RESPONSE TO SALT AND HEAT STRESS

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luma Rayane de Lima Nunes ◽  
Paloma Rayane Pinheiro ◽  
Charles Lobo Pinheiro ◽  
Kelly Andressa Peres Lima ◽  
Alek Sandro Dutra
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Different Temperatures

ABSTRACT Salinity is prejudicial to plant development, causing different types of damage to species, or even between genotypes of the same species, with the effects being aggravated when combined with other types of stress, such as heat stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the tolerance of cowpea genotypes (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) to salt stress at different temperatures. Seeds of the Pujante, Epace 10 and Marataoã genotypes were placed on paper rolls (Germitest®) moistened with different salt concentrations of 0.0 (control), 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 dS m-1, and placed in a germination chamber (BOD) at temperatures of 20, 25, 30 and 35°C. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomised design, in a 3 × 4 × 5 scheme of subdivided plots, with four replications per treatment. The variables under analysis were germination percentage, first germination count, shoot and root length, and total seedling dry weight. At temperatures of 30 and 35°C, increases in the salt concentration were more damaging to germination in the Epace 10 and Pujante genotypes, while for the Marataoã genotype, damage occurred at the temperature of 20°C. At 25°C, germination and vigour in the genotypes were higher, with the Pujante genotype proving to be more tolerant to salt stress, whereas Epace 10 and Marataoã were more tolerant to high temperatures. Germination in the cowpea genotypes was more sensitive to salt stress when subjected to heat stress caused by the low temperature of 20°C or high temperature of 35°C.

scholarly journals The Respiration of some Planktonic copepods II. The Effect Of Temperature

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. T. Gauld ◽  
J. E. G. Raymont
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Acartia Clausi ◽  
Temora Longicornis ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Planktonic Copepods ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

The respiratory rates of three species of planktonic copepods, Acartia clausi, Centropages hamatus and Temora longicornis, were measured at four different temperatures.The relationship between respiratory rate and temperature was found to be similar to that previously found for Calanus, although the slope of the curves differed in the different species.The observations on Centropages at 13 and 170 C. can be divided into two groups and it is suggested that the differences are due to the use of copepods from two different generations.The relationship between the respiratory rates and lengths of Acartia and Centropages agreed very well with that previously found for other species. That for Temora was rather different: the difference is probably due to the distinct difference in the shape of the body of Temora from those of the other species.The application of these measurements to estimates of the food requirements of the copepods is discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of temperature, CO2 and O2 on motility and mobility of Anisakidae larvae

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aiyan Guan ◽  
Inge Van Damme ◽  
Frank Devlieghere ◽  
Sarah Gabriël
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Digestion ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Semi Solid ◽  
Zoonotic Parasites ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline

AbstractAnisakidae, marine nematodes, are underrecognized fish-borne zoonotic parasites. Studies on factors that could trigger parasites to actively migrate out of the fish are very limited. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of different environmental conditions (temperature, CO2 and O2) on larval motility (in situ movement) and mobility (migration) in vitro. Larvae were collected by candling or enzymatic digestion from infected fish, identified morphologically and confirmed molecularly. Individual larvae were transferred to a semi-solid Phosphate Buffered Saline agar, and subjected to different temperatures (6 ℃, 12 ℃, 22 ℃, 37 ℃) at air conditions. Moreover, different combinations of CO2 and O2 with N2 as filler were tested, at both 6 °C and 12 °C. Video recordings of larvae were translated into scores for larval motility and mobility. Results showed that temperature had significant influence on larval movements, with the highest motility and mobility observed at 22 ℃ for Anisakis spp. larvae and 37 ℃ for Pseudoterranova spp. larvae. During the first 10 min, the median migration of Anisakis spp. larvae was 10 cm at 22 ℃, and the median migration of Pseudoterranova spp. larvae was 3 cm at 37 ℃. Larval mobility was not significantly different under the different CO2 or O2 conditions at 6 °C and 12 ℃. It was concluded that temperature significantly facilitated larval movement with the optimum temperature being different for Anisakis spp. and Pseudoterranova spp., while CO2 and O2 did not on the short term. This should be further validated in parasite-infected/spiked fish fillets.

scholarly journals Effect of Temperature during Drying and Storage of Dried Figs on Growth, Gene Expression and Aflatoxin Production

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 134
Author(s):  
Ana Isabel Galván ◽  
Alicia Rodríguez ◽  
Alberto Martín ◽  
Manuel Joaquín Serradilla ◽  
Ana Martínez-Dorado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Mycotoxin Production ◽  
Industrial Processing ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Major Producer ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
And Storage

Dried fig is susceptible to infection by Aspergillus flavus, the major producer of the carcinogenic mycotoxins. This fruit may be contaminated by the fungus throughout the entire chain production, especially during natural sun-drying, post-harvest, industrial processing, storage, and fruit retailing. Correct management of such critical stages is necessary to prevent mould growth and mycotoxin accumulation, with temperature being one of the main factors associated with these problems. The effect of different temperatures (5, 16, 25, 30, and 37 °C) related to dried-fig processing on growth, one of the regulatory genes of aflatoxin pathway (aflR) and mycotoxin production by A. flavus, was assessed. Firstly, growth and aflatoxin production of 11 A. flavus strains were checked before selecting two strains (M30 and M144) for in-depth studies. Findings showed that there were enormous differences in aflatoxin amounts and related-gene expression between the two selected strains. Based on the results, mild temperatures, and changes in temperature during drying and storage of dried figs should be avoided. Drying should be conducted at temperatures >30 °C and close to 37 °C, while industry processing, storage, and retailing of dried figs are advisable to perform at refrigeration temperatures (<10 °C) to avoid mycotoxin production.

Modelling the individual cell lag phase: effect of temperature and pH on the individual cell lag distribution of

2005 ◽  
Vol 100 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 41-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
K FRANCOIS ◽  
F DEVLIEGHERE ◽  
K SMET ◽  
A STANDAERT ◽  
A GEERAERD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Cell ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Phase Effect ◽  
The Individual

scholarly journals III. Investigations of the specific heat of solid bodies

1865 ◽  
Vol 155 ◽  
pp. 71-202 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Heat ◽  
Thermal Action ◽  
General View ◽  
Specific Heats ◽  
General Law ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Solid Bodies

I. About the year 1780 it was distinctly proved that the same weights of different bodies require unequal quantities of heat to raise them through the same temperature, or on cooling through the same number of thermometric degrees, give out unequal quantities of heat. It was recognized that for different bodies the unequal quantities of heat, by which the same weights of different bodies are heated through the same range, must be determined as special constants, and considered as characteristic of the individual bodies. This newly discovered property of bodies Wilke designated as their specific heat , while Crawford described it as the comparative heat, or as the capacity of bodies for heat . I will not enter upon the earliest investigations of Black, Irvine, Crawford, and Wilke, with reference to which it may merely be mentioned that they depend essentially on the thermal action produced when bodies of different temperatures are mixed, and that Irvine appears to have been the first to state definitely and correctly in what manner this thermal action (that is, the temperature resulting from the mixture) depends on the original temperature, the weights, and the specific heats of the bodies used for the mixture. Lavoisier and Laplace soon introduced the use of the ice-calorimeter as a method for determining the specific heat of bodies; and J. T. Mayer showed subsequently that this determination can be based on the observation of the times in which different bodies placed under comparable conditions cool to the same extent by radiation. The knowledge of the specific heats of solid and liquid bodies gained during the last century, and in the first sixteen years of the present one, by these various methods, may be left unmentioned. The individual determinations then made were not so accurate that they could be compared with the present ones, nor was any general conclusion drawn in reference to the specific heats of the various bodies. 2. Dulong and Petit’s investigations, the publication of which commenced in 1818, brought into the field more accurate determinations, and a general law. The investigations of the relations between the specific heats of the elements and their atomic weights date from this time, and were afterwards followed by similar investigations into the relations of the specific heats of compound bodies to their composition. In order to give a general view of the results of these investigations, it is desirable to present, for the elements mentioned in the sequel, a synopsis of the atomic weights assumed at different times, and of certain numbers which stand in the closest connexion with these atomic weights.

scholarly journals Corrosion Behaviour of 316L Stainless Steel in CNTs–Water Nanofluid: Effect of Temperature

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Dana H. Abdeen ◽  
Muataz A. Atieh ◽  
Belabbes Merzougui
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
316L Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Behaviour ◽  
Gum Arabic ◽  
Steel Sample ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
In Series

The inhibition behavior of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and Gum Arabic (GA) on the corrosion of 316L stainless steel in CNTs–water nanofluid under the effect of different temperatures was investigated by electrochemical methods and surface analysis techniques. Thereby, 316L stainless steel samples were exposed to CNTs–water nanofluid under temperatures of 22, 40, 60 and 80 °C. Two concentrations of the CNTs (0.1 and 1.0 wt.% CNTs) were homogenously dispersed in deionized water using the surfactant GA and tested using three corrosion tests conducted in series: open circuit test, polarization resistance test, and potentiodynamic scans. These tests were also conducted on the same steel but in solutions of GA-deionized water only. Tests revealed that corrosion increases with temperature and concentration of the CNTs–water nanofluids, having the highest corrosion rate of 32.66 milli-mpy (milli-mil per year) for the 1.0 wt.% CNT nanofluid at 80 °C. In addition, SEM observations showed pits formation around areas of accumulated CNTs that added extra roughness to the steel sample. The activation energy analysis and optical surface observations have revealed that CNTs can desorb at higher temperatures, which makes the surface more vulnerable to corrosion attack.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document