Factors governing the changes in strength of a partially inborn response, as shown by the mobbing behaviour of the chaffinch ( Fringilla coelehs ) II. The waning of the response

1954 ◽  
Vol 142 (908) ◽  
pp. 331-358 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rapid Recovery ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Slow Recovery ◽  
Recovery Interval ◽  
Artificial Nature ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Mobbing Behaviour

In part I a survey of the nature of the mobbing response made by chaffinches to stationary predators was given. The course of the response was also examined. The present paper is concerned with an investigation into the processes underlying the waning of the response. If the response is allowed to wane through the prolonged presentation of a predator, recovery takes place in two stages—a period of rapid recovery is followed by a period of very slow recovery. The effects of varying the lengths of the initial presentation and the recovery interval are examined. The waning of the response which occurs as a result of the prolonged presentation of one predator also involves a decreased responsiveness to other stimuli which evoke the same response. The waning of the response is thus at least partly due to a change which affects all mobbing responses, and is not specific to the stimulus. The recovery of responsiveness to a stoat after prolonged exposure to an owl takes the same form as the recovery of responsiveness to an owl. Individual variation occurs both in the responsiveness to predators in general, and in the susceptibility to particular predators. If a chaffinch is shown a predator on a number of fairly widely separated occasions (e.g. once per day), the response usually diminishes progressively. This long-term reduction in responsiveness may be referred to as * habituation ’. It occurs even when live owls are introduced into the aviary, and involves a general damping down of the response as a whole. In general, successive presentations of a predator, or of the model of a predator, may produce either an increased or decreased responsiveness on a later presentation; the actual effect depends on the precise circumstances. Habituation is more rapid with spaced trials than with massed ones. Habituation to one predator in one place involves some degree of habituation to the same predator in a different place and to a different predator in the same place. The latter effect was probably exaggerated in the experiments recorded here by the artificial nature of the circumstances. It is suggested that at least two different processes are involved in the waning of the response. One of these is specific to the response and subject to rapid recovery, while the other is specific to the stimulus and produces long-term effects.

scholarly journals Effects of Long-Term Antiglaucoma Eye Drops on Conjunctival Structures: An In Vivo Confocal Microscopy Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenqing Zhu ◽  
Xiangmei Kong ◽  
Jianjiang Xu ◽  
Xinghuai Sun
Keyword(s):  
Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Cell Density ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Ocular Surface Disease Index

Purpose. The study was aimed at comparing the long-term effects of different antiglaucoma eye drops on conjunctival structures using laser scanning confocal microscopy.Methods. Eighty patients diagnosed with primary open-angle glaucoma and twenty healthy volunteers were included in this study. The participants were divided into 5 groups according to the different medications. The lachrymal film break-up time, Schirmer’s I test, and Ocular Surface Disease Index Questionnaire were performed in all subjects. The confocal microscopy was used to observe the basal epithelial cell density (ECD), goblet cell density (GCD), dendritic cell density (DCD), and subepithelial collagen fiber diameter (SFD).Results. Statistically significant differences were found among the control group and the antiglaucoma therapy groups in the values of three clinical data (P<0.05). The GCD, DCD, and SFD showed significant differences in all glaucoma groups when compared to the control (P<0.001). Moreover, the prostaglandin group differed from the other antiglaucoma therapy groups in the GCD and SFD (P<0.05).Conclusions. Our study confirmed the significant differences in the conjunctival structures based on the effects of antiglaucoma medications. Less pronounced changes were found in the patients treated with prostaglandin analogue than in the other kinds of antiglaucoma therapies.

scholarly journals Perchance to Dream: Pathology, Pharmacology, and Politics in a 24-Hour Economy

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-305
Author(s):  
IAIN BRASSINGTON
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The Other ◽  
Share Price ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Health It ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Lack Of Sleep

Abstract:The lack of sleep is a significant problem in the modern world. The structure of the economy means that 24 hour working is required from some of us, sometimes because we are expected to be able to respond to share-price fluctuations on the other side of the planet, sometimes because we are expected to serve kebabs to people leaving nightclubs, and sometimes because lives depend on it. The immediate effect is that we feel groggy; but there may be much more sinister long-term effects of persistent sleep deprivation and disruption, the evidence for which is significant, and worth taking seriously. If sleeplessness has a serious impact on health, it represents a notable public health problem. In this article, I sketch that problem, and look at how exploiting the pharmacopoeia (or a possible future pharmacopoeia) might allow us to tackle it. I also suggest that using drugs to mitigate or militate against sleeplessness is potentially morally and politically fraught, with implications for social justice. Hence, whatever reasons we have to use drugs to deal with the problems of sleeplessness, we ought to be careful.

Long-term regulation of hexose uptake by isoproterenol in cultured 3T3 adipocytes

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (6) ◽  
pp. E706-E711 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. van Putten ◽  
H. M. Krans
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Hexose Uptake

Catecholamines are known to have short-term regulatory effects on fat cell hexose uptake. We examined the long-term effects of catecholamines on the insulin-sensitive 2-deoxyglucose (dGlc) uptake in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Prolonged exposure (48 h) to isoproterenol (beta-adrenergic agonist) stimulated the basal dGlc uptake up to 90%. The effect was specific, time, concentration, and protein synthesis dependent and reversible. The effect of insulin was unaltered and superimposed on the increase in basal dGlc uptake. The long-term effect of isoproterenol was mimicked by epinephrine, dibutyryl cAMP (DBcAMP), and 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine (IBMX). By contrast, short-term exposure to isoproterenol (and epinephrine) induced a protein synthesis-independent increase in basal dGlc uptake (30%) not accompanied by an increase in insulin responsiveness. Moreover, on short-term basis, DBcAMP and IBMX suppressed both the basal and insulin-stimulated uptake up to 50%. Determination of the intracellular nonphosphorylated dGlc during the uptake and of the hexokinase activity revealed that the long-term effect of isoproterenol was most likely due to alterations low in dGlc transport. In conclusion, long-term regulators of hexose uptake are in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes, isoproterenol, and other cAMP stimulators. The long-term effect is independent from the short-term regulatory effect of the agents and from the effect of insulin.

scholarly journals Effects on weight gain and gut microbiota in rats given bacterial supplements and a high-energy-dense diet from fetal life through to 6 months of age

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (6) ◽  
pp. 887-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline L. J. Karlsson ◽  
Göran Molin ◽  
Frida Fåk ◽  
Marie-Louise Johansson Hagslätt ◽  
Maja Jakesevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Viable Count ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Plasma Leptin

The aim of the present study was to assess the long-term effects of a high-energy-dense diet, supplemented with Lactobacillus plantarum (Lp) or Escherichiacoli (Ec), on weight gain, fattening and the gut microbiota in rats. Since the mother's dietary habits can influence offspring physiology, dietary regimens started with the dams at pregnancy and throughout lactation and continued with the offspring for 6 months. The weight gain of group Lp was lower than that of groups C (control) and Ec (P = 0·086). More retroperitoneal adipose tissue (P = 0·030) and higher plasma leptin (P = 0·035) were observed in group Ec compared with group Lp. The viable count of Enterobacteriaceae was higher in group Ec than in group Lp (P = 0·019), and when all animals were compared, Enterobacteriaceae correlated positively with body weight (r 0·428, P = 0·029). Bacterial diversity was lower in group Ec than in groups C (P ≤ 0·05) and Lp (P ≤ 0·05). Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia dominated in all groups, but Bacteroidetes were more prevalent in group C than in groups Lp (P = 0·036) and Ec (P = 0·056). The same five bacterial families dominated the microbiota of groups Ec and C, and four of these were also present in group Lp. The other five families dominating in group Lp were not found in any of the other groups. Multivariate data analysis pointed in the same directions as the univariate statistics. The present results suggest that supplementation of L. plantarum or E. coli can have long-term effects on the composition of the intestinal microbiota, as well as on weight gain and fattening.

Intelligence Test Scores from Infancy to Adulthood for a Craniopagus Twin Pair Neurosurgically Separated at 4 Months of Age

1999 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert Lansdell
Keyword(s):  
Test Scores ◽  
Twin Pair ◽  
Intelligence Test ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
Intelligence Test Scores ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Craniopagus Twins

Long-term effects in a neurosurgically separated twin pair were illuminated by standard psychological test scores obtained over a period from 2 to 38 years of age. Interdigitation of the gyri of their right frontal lobes had necessitated separation in two stages at 4 months of age. One twin clearly suffered some brain injury and showed some impairment during the testing at 5 years of age. The scores of both twins rose at the adult testing. The brighter twin has an IQ comparable to that of the mother. The unique data set is a kind of model for long-term assessment of early brain surgery, particularly with craniopagus twins.

Long-Term Employment Effects from Job Losses during the COVID-19 Crisis? A Comparison to the Great Recession and Its Slow Recovery

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 481-485
Author(s):  
Till von Wachter
Keyword(s):  
Great Recession ◽  
Job Loss ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Slow Recovery ◽  
Employment Effects ◽  
The Great Recession

This paper compares predictions for the long-term reductions in the employment-to-population (EPOP) ratio based on estimates of the overall job-loss rate and the long-term effects of job loss with the actual evolution of the EPOP ratio. It took about ten years after the end of the Great Recession for the EPOP ratio to recover from substantial reductions partly implied by job-loss effects. Based on job loss during the COVID-19 crisis through July, the prediction is that 15-37 percent of the reduction of the EPOP ratio in December 2020 is permanent.

Does Brood Size Manipulation Affect Later Competitive Behaviour of Offspring?

Behaviour ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 134 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 161-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.H. De Kogel
Keyword(s):  
Brood Size ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Food Competition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Competitive Behaviour

AbstractData from several field experiments support the existence of a trade-off between number and quality of offspring. However, long term effects of brood size on fitness related traits of offspring have been a relatively neglected area of research. In a laboratory experiment the effect of manipulated brood size on subsequent competitive ability of adult offspring was investigated. Zebra finches, Taeniopygia guttata, were reared in small or large broods and young were exchanged in such a way that natural siblings from different rearing conditions could be compared. Competitive behaviour was assessed in two different contexts: competition for food (both sexes tested) and competition for mates (only males tested). There was no significant difference between males from small and large broods in number of succesfull attacks (after which the other male moved away) during male-male aggressive interactions provoked by the presentation of a female in an adjacent cage. Nor did brood size affect latency to eat, time spent eating or success at displacing the other bird from the feeder during food competition tests. The results thus suggest consistently that later competitive ability of offspring is not affected by brood size in this species.

scholarly journals Long term effects of formaldehyde preservation on subsequent bone maceration procedures: a comparative study between cold and hot water maceration

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1000-1008
Author(s):  
Ayodeji S.O. Odukoya ◽  
Oluwaseun Ajani ◽  
Taiye S. Adelodun
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Small Bones

This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of cold and hot water maceration techniques for the development of bone specimens from cadavers. Three already dissected bodies of both sexes (two males and a female) obtained from the Department of Anatomy, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria were used. The male bodies were labelled as A and B and the female as C. Before maceration, the heights of the bodies were taken to be 165 cm, 170 cm and 160 cm for A, B and C respectively. The bodies were preserved in formalin for 4 years before being used. Hot water maceration involves cooking bones in water. Bodies A and C were used in this method. While cold water maceration is simply by soaking the body in water until all the remaining flesh was removed. Hot water maceration showed changes in color of the bones, shrinkage of the bones, oily substances were seen on the surface of the chloroform during degreasing and the bones were very soft after bleaching but got harder after drying with sunlight. Cold water maceration on the other hand kept the bones white and maintained their integrity though it required a lot of time. Small bones had their flesh removed quickly in few weeks, while larger and longer bones took months. We conclude that cold water maceration done properly, results in cleaner bones and better morphological outcomes than hot water method though it requires much time.KEYWORDS: Maceration, Formaldehyde, Comparative, Bones, Hot water, Cold water

scholarly journals Long-term effects of electromagnetic radiation of the mobile phone frequency on the morphofunctional state of the reproductive system of rats and males and their offspring

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-206
Author(s):  
N. V. Chueshova ◽  
F. I. Vismont
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Radiation ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Spermatogenic Epithelium

The experiment established the long-term effects of low-intensity electromagnetic radiation from a mobile phone (EMR MP 1745 MHz, xpd = 7.5 ± 0.3 μW/cm2) in the offspring of male rats from parents, one of which was either subjected to a prolonged exposure of the investigated factor. A change in the sex ratio of the born offspring and a decrease in their body weight have been established. The analysis of the reproductive system of the offspring of males when they reached the age of 2 and 4 months, revealed significant impairments, with the most pronounced changes found in the offspring obtained from both the irradiated parents or when only the male was irradiated. These changes are manifested in the disruption of the normal functioning of the spermatogenic epithelium, namely, an intensification of the initial stage of spermatogenesis is noted, with a significant inhibition at the stage of spermatid transformation. A decrease in the number of mature germ cells – spermatozoa and a pronounced deterioration of their viability, as well as an increase in testosterone secretion is established. The revealed violations in the morphofunctional state of the reproductive system of the offspring suggest that the trans-generation effect of EMR exposure generated by cellular sources can be considered as a factor affecting the decline in the male fertility.

Câteva considerații asupra portului popular la urmașii grănicerilor năsăudeni

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 73-80
Author(s):  
Dana Maria Rus ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Common Elements ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Mountain Climate ◽  
Local Traditions ◽  
The Military

The traditional folk costume of the Romanian peasant is one of the identity marks specific to us as a people. This costume has both common elements and elements of distinction from one geographical area to the other. Nasaud region has succeeded to preserve the traditional costume almost the same as a hundred years ago. The economic life in the villages around Nasaud, the specific life, the piedmont and mountain climate, the existence of the military border for almost a hundred of years and the material needs specific to the peasant-soldiers were the factors that influenced the way of making the traditional costume. The Austrian military border had long term effects on the inhabitants’ evolution, on their emancipation, and it imposed in the inhabitants’ conscience the preservation of local traditions and the assertion of the national identity at the linguistic, literary, social, cultural, folkloric level.

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