scholarly journals Assessment of COVID-19 risk and prevention effectiveness among spectators of mass gathering events

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuo Yasutaka ◽  
Michio Murakami ◽  
Yuichi Iwasaki ◽  
Wataru Naito ◽  
Masaki Onishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Face Mask ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
Exposure Model ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Mass Gathering ◽  
Local Infection ◽  
Need To Evaluate ◽  
The Face ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Individual

There is a need to evaluate and minimise the risk of novel coronavirus infections at mass gathering events, such as sports. In particular, to consider how to hold mass gathering events, it is important to clarify how the local infection prevalence, the number of spectators, the capacity proportion, and the implementation of preventions affect the infection risk. In this study, we used an environmental exposure model to analyse the relationship between infection risk and infection prevalence, the number of spectators, and the capacity proportion at mass gathering events in football and baseball games. In addition to assessing risk reduction through the implementation of various preventive measures, we assessed how face-mask-wearing proportion affects infection risk. Furthermore, the model was applied to estimate the number of infectors who entered the stadium and the number of newly infected individuals, and to compare them with actual reported cases. The model analysis revealed an 86%-95% reduction in the infection risk due to the implementation of face-mask wearing and hand washing. Among the individual measures, face-mask wearing was particularly effective, and the infection risk increased as the face-mask-wearing proportion decreased. A linear relationship was observed between infection risk at mass gathering events and the infection prevalence. Furthermore, the number of newly infected individuals was also dependent on the number of spectators and the capacity proportion independent of the infection prevalence, confirming the importance of considering spectator capacity in infection risk management. These results highlight that it is beneficial for organisers to ensure prevention compliance and to mitigate or limit the number of spectators according to the prevalence of local infection. Both the estimated and reported numbers of newly infected individuals after the events were small, below 10 per 3-4 million spectators, despite a small gap between these numbers.

scholarly journals Use of Artificial Intelligence for Face Detection with Face Mask in Real Time to Control the Entrance to an Entity

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 68-75
Author(s):  
Enrique Lee Huamaní ◽  
◽  
Lilian Ocares Cunyarachi
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Face Detection ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Facial Mask ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Individual ◽  
A Company ◽  
Selection Of

Due to the pandemic caused by Covid-19, daily life has changed significantly. For this reason, biosecurity measures have been implemented to prevent the spread of the virus as an effective way to reactivate economic activities. In this sense, the present paper focuses on real-time face detection as a measure of control at the entrance to an entity, thus avoiding the spread of the virus while recognizing the identity of workers despite the use of masks and thus reducing the risk of entry of individuals outside the organization. Therefore, the objective is to contribute to the security of a company through the application of machine learning methodology. The selection of methodology is justified due to the adaptation of the same according to the interests of this project. Consequently, algorithms were used in a progressive manner, obtaining as a result the control system that was intended, since each particularity of the face of the individual was recognized in relation to its corresponding identification. Finally, the results of this article benefit the security of organizations regardless of their field or sector. Keywords— Control, Detection, Facial Recognition, Facial Mask, Face recognition, Machine learning.

scholarly journals Detection of Hidden Facial Surface Masking in Stored and Real Time Captured Images: A Deep Learning Perspective in Covid Time

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1875-1885
Author(s):  
Ruchi Jayaswal ◽  
Manish Dixit
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Histogram Equalization ◽  
Test Accuracy ◽  
The Face ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Face Detector

A novel coronavirus has spread over the world and has become an outbreak. This, according to a WHO report, is an infectious disease that aims to spread. As a consequence, taking precautions is the only method to avoid catching this virus. The most important preventive measure against COVID-19 is to wear a mask. In this paper, a framework is designed for face mask detection using a deep learning approach. This paper aims to predict a person having a mask or unmask and also presents a proposed dataset named RTFMD (Real-Time Face Mask Dataset) to accomplish this objective. We have also taken the RFMD dataset from the internet to analyze the performance of system. Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) technique is applied at the time of pre-processing to enhance the visual quality of images. Subsequently, Inceptionv3 model used to train the face mask images and SSD face detector model has been used for face detection. Therefore, this paper proposed a model CLAHE-SSD_IV3 to classify the mask or without mask images. The system is also tested at VGG16, VGG19, Xception, MobilenetV2 models at different hyperparameters values and analyze them. Furthermore, compared the result of the proposed dataset RTFMD with the RFMD dataset. Additionally, proposed approach is compared with the existing approach on Face Mask dataset and RTFMD dataset. The outcomes have obtained 98% test accuracy on this proposed dataset RTFMD while 97% accuracy on the RFMD dataset in real-time.

Bargaining under social distancing requirements: Effects of face masks on socio-economic decision-making in the COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramzi Fatfouta ◽  
Yulia Oganian
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Exchange ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
The Face ◽  
Human Social Behavior ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Face masks play a pivotal role in the control and prevention of respiratory diseases, such as the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Despite their widespread use, it is not known how face masks affect human social interaction. In this behavioral economics study (N = 475), we examined how mask-wearing modulates individuals’ likelihood of acceptance of unfair monetary offers in an iterated social exchange. Overall, participants accepted more offers, including more unfair offers, from mask-wearing opponents than from opponents without a mask. This effect was enhanced when participants ascribed more altruistic motives to their interaction partner. Importantly, this pattern of results was only present for surgical face masks, but not when a non-medical cloth face covering was used. This is the first study to uncover a new phenomenon, the face-mask effect, in which face masks can alter human social behavior.

Graphene versus coronavirus: A study of the graphene properties that can help to combat coronavirus

Coronaviruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Guerra ◽  
I. O. Assis ◽  
A. B. Guerra
Keyword(s):  
Water Molecule ◽  
Graphene Sheet ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Spatial Dimension ◽  
Biological Phenomena ◽  
High Elasticity ◽  
The Face ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

: New and fascinating physical, chemical and biological phenomena arise in ultra-small materials, such as graphene. Graphene is a single layer formed only for carbon atoms, super-strong, 200 times stronger than steel and as much as 6 times lighter. It also has a high elasticity and density. Furthermore, it seems to be impermeable to almost everything, but it allows the passage of water and air. Due to its versatility, modern and urgent applications arise every day, one of the most necessary, currently, is the control of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2), the virus responsible for the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which has dimensions around 100 nm and has caused a worldwide public health emergency. Different ways to prevent coronavirus contagion has been proposed and one of them is through the use of masks. Here, we investigated some properties of graphene that can help combat COVID-19. A scale appropriate for comparison shows that the spatial dimension of a virus is much larger than the graphene sheet, making it a great candidate for manufacturing face masks, filters and respirators. We also make use of first-principles calculations, based on the density functional theory (DFT), to investigate the interaction between graphene and a water molecule. We observed that the water molecule undergoes a repulsion force when it is very close to the graphene sheet. The hydrophobicity of graphene can be important to prevent the face mask that doesn’t get wet when you breathe with it.

scholarly journals Artificial Intelligence Based Face Mask Detection System

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 467-470
Author(s):  
Vivek Kumar Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Computer Vision ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Recreational Activities ◽  
Human Tendency ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Day By Day ◽  
Made In

With the advent of COVID-19 pandemic, use of mask is mandatory as per WHO/ ICMR guidelines to avert spread of CORONA virus. The post lockdown period has seen increase in cases day by day as people have now stepped out of their home to resume their work and recreational activities. Wearing mask all the time has still not found an enduring place in our day to day routine practices. It is a natural human tendency to be complacent and to remove mask while talking, working or after prolong use just use to relax and breathe properly. Thus not only risking own life but also of others who might have come in contact with the person during the period when he/she was not wearing mask. Presently the inspection of people with/ without mask is being done manually and visually by sentries/ guards present at entry/ exit points. Guards/ Sentries cannot be stationed at every place to keep a check on such people who remove their mask and roam around without restraint once they have been scrutinized at the entry gate. In the proposed system, efforts have been made in inspecting people with/ without mask automatically with the help of Computer vision and Artificial Intelligence. This module detects the face of the individual, identifies whether he/she is wearing mask or not and raises an alarm if the person is detected without wearing mask.

Using the mask – Do’s and Don’ts in the COVID-19 scenario

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 901-906
Author(s):  
Sherly Deborah G ◽  
Archana R ◽  
Harini Narayanam
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Physical Barrier ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
The Face ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

A face mask is a loose-fitting, disposable outfit that acts as a physical barrier between the mouth and nose of an individual and the potential pollutants in the surrounding environment. COVID-19 which is also called as 2019-nCov is caused by the novel coronavirus and it is spread by the salivary droplets or nasal discharge released when an infected person coughs or sneezes. In the current COVID -19 scenario, the face mask is designed to ameliorate the prevention of airborne transmission of the novel coronavirus. The use of face mask is competent only when the other personal preventive measures are ideally pursued. The effectiveness of the use of face mask depends strongly on the do’s and don’ts which has to followed while wearing a face mask. The purpose of this study is to analyze and summarize the published literature associated with the types, usage, risks, limitations, disposal and reusability of face mask. The availability of medication and treatment options are sparse and the development of vaccines for COVID-19 is going to take a longer time. Hence the most effective strategy to curb the spread of the disease is by the judicious use of face mask along with other personal protective measures.

scholarly journals Mask associated dermatosis: unmasking the challenges- a cross sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 547
Author(s):  
Ketki . ◽  
Sonali Gupta ◽  
Vijay Paliwal ◽  
Rachita Mathur ◽  
Deepak K. Mathur
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The Face ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background: </strong>The novel coronavirus, referred to as SARS-COV 2 causing COVID 19, has become a great health challenge to the mankind. After its origin from Wuhan, China, it spread all over the globe within a short period of time. World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared COVID 19 as pandemic on 11th March, 2020. Aerosoles or droplets are the commonest mode of infection through respiratory tract making it mandatory to wear masks as a preventive measure.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods: </strong>It is a cross-sectional study conducted over patients attending the out patients department of Dermatology. They were observed for presence of dermatosis over the face and categorized according to nature of dermatoses.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> We observed 385 patients, 200 (52%) patients had new dermatoses and 185 (48%) patients noticed flare of existing dermatoses. The predominant new dermatoses were dermatophytosis, indentations, sweat induced dermatitis, urticaria, pressure urticaria developing with indentations, contact dermatitis to metal and other materials in 49 (24.5%%), 42 (21%), 42 (21%) ,38(19%), 19 (9.5%) and 10 (5%) cases respectively. The flared dermatoses were acne, rosacea , plane warts and molluscum contagiosum in 120 (64.8%), 24 (12.9%), 22 (11.9%) and 17 (9.2%) cases respectively. Koebnerisation of vitiligo and lichen planus was also seen in few subjects.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The prolonged use of face mask may cause various infective and non infective facial dermatoses. In the current scenario, it is mandatory to wear face mask as a preventive measure hence it is important to wear the mask properly. However, care of the mask as well as breaks from the mask are important factors to avoid the development of mask associated dermatosis.</p>

Married Life in the Middle Ages, 900-1300

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth van Houts
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Married Couple ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Emotional Life ◽  
Social And Emotional ◽  
Individual Agency ◽  
Married Life ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual

This book contains an analysis of the experience of married life by men and women in Christian medieval Europe c. 900–1300. The focus will be on the social and emotional life of the married couple rather than on the institutional history of marriage. The book consists of three parts: the first part (Getting Married) is devoted to the process of getting married and wedding celebrations, the second part (Married Life) discusses the married life of lay couples and clergy, their sexuality, and any remarriage, while the third part (Alternative Living) explores concubinage and polygyny as well as the single life in contrast to monogamous sexual unions. Four main themes are central to the book. First, the tension between patriarchal family strategies and the individual family member’s freedom of choice to marry and, if so, to what partner; second, the role played by the married priesthood in their quest to have individual agency and self-determination accepted in their own lives in the face of the growing imposition of clerical celibacy; third, the role played by women in helping society accept some degree of gender equality and self-determination to marry and in shaping the norms for married life incorporating these principles; fourth, the role played by emotion in the establishment of marriage and in married life at a time when sexual and spiritual love feature prominently in medieval literature.

Dilemmas of nudging in public health: an ethical analysis of a Danish pamphlet

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Busch ◽  
Emilie Kirstine Madsen ◽  
Antoinette Mary Fage-Butler ◽  
Marianne Kjær ◽  
Loni Ledderer
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Screening Programme ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Ethical Analysis ◽  
Choice Making ◽  
The Face ◽  
Information Materials ◽  
The Individual ◽  
To Receive

Summary Nudging has been discussed in the context of public health, and ethical issues raised by nudging in public health contexts have been highlighted. In this article, we first identify types of nudging approaches and techniques that have been used in screening programmes, and ethical issues that have been associated with nudging: paternalism, limited autonomy and manipulation. We then identify nudging techniques used in a pamphlet developed for the Danish National Screening Program for Colorectal Cancer. These include framing, default nudge, use of hassle bias, authority nudge and priming. The pamphlet and the very offering of a screening programme can in themselves be considered nudges. Whether nudging strategies are ethically problematic depend on whether they are categorized as educative- or non-educative nudges. Educative nudges seek to affect people’s choice making by engaging their reflective capabilities. Non-educative nudges work by circumventing people’s reflective capabilities. Information materials are, on the face of it, meant to engage citizens’ reflective capacities. Recipients are likely to receive information materials with this expectation, and thus not expect to be affected in other ways. Non-educative nudges may therefore be particularly problematic in the context of information on screening, also as participating in screening does not always benefit the individual.

scholarly journals Antiviral Activity of the PropylamylatinTM Formula against the Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 In Vitro Using Direct Injection and Gas Assays in Virus Suspensions

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 415
Author(s):  
Ashley N. Brown ◽  
Gary Strobel ◽  
Kaley C. Hanrahan ◽  
Joe Sears
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Infectious Virus ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Individual

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has become a severe threat to global public health. There are currently no antiviral therapies approved for the treatment or prevention of mild to moderate COVID-19 as remdesivir is only approved for severe COVID-19 cases. Here, we evaluated the antiviral potential of a Propylamylatin formula, which is a mixture of propionic acid and isoamyl hexanoates. The Propylamylatin formula was investigated in gaseous and liquid phases against 1 mL viral suspensions containing 105 PFU of SARS-CoV-2. Viral suspensions were sampled at various times post-exposure and infectious virus was quantified by plaque assay on Vero E6 cells. Propylamylatin formula vapors were effective at inactivating infectious SARS-CoV-2 to undetectable levels at room temperature and body temperature, but the decline in virus was substantially faster at the higher temperature (15 min versus 24 h). The direct injection of liquid Propylamylatin formula into viral suspensions also completely inactivated SARS-CoV-2 and the rapidity of inactivation occurred in an exposure dependent manner. The overall volume that resulted in 90% viral inactivation over the course of the direct injection experiment (EC90) was 4.28 µls. Further investigation revealed that the majority of the antiviral effect was attributed to the propionic acid which yielded an overall EC90 value of 11.50 µls whereas the isoamyl hexanoates provided at most a 10-fold reduction in infectious virus. The combination of propionic acid and isoamyl hexanoates was much more potent than the individual components alone, suggesting synergy between these components. These findings illustrate the therapeutic promise of the Propylamylatin formula as a potential treatment strategy for COVID-19 and future studies are warranted.

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