scholarly journals Evidence for convergent evolution of host parasitic manipulation in response to environmental conditions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel G. Loreto ◽  
João P.M. Araújo ◽  
Ryan M. Kepler ◽  
Kimberly R. Fleming ◽  
Corrie S. Moreau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Temperate Forest ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Model System ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Parasitic Fungi ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Parasitic Manipulation

AbstractEnvironmental conditions exert strong selection on animal behavior. We tested the hypothesis that the altered behavior of hosts due to parasitic manipulation is also subject to selection imposed by changes in environmental conditions over time. Our model system is ants manipulated by parasitic fungi to bite onto vegetation. We analyzed the correlation between forest type (tropical vs. temperate) and biting substrate (leaf vs. twigs), the time required for the fungi to reach reproductive maturity, and the phylogenetic relationship among specimens from tropical and temperate forests in different parts of the globe. We show that the fungal development in temperate forest is longer than the period of time leaves are present and the ants are manipulated to bite twigs. When biting twigs, 90% of the we examined dead ants had their legs wrapped around twigs, which appears to provide better attachment to the plant. Ancestral state character reconstruction suggests that the leaf biting is the ancestral trait and that twig biting is a convergent trait in temperate regions of the globe. These three lines of evidence suggest that changes in environmental conditions have shaped the manipulative behavior of the host by its parasite.

scholarly journals Carbonic Anhydrases in Photosynthesizing Cells of C3 Higher Plants

Metabolites ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyudmila Ignatova ◽  
Natalia Rudenko ◽  
Elena Zhurikova ◽  
Maria Borisova-Mubarakshina ◽  
Boris Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Organic Molecules ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
C3 Plants ◽  
Coherent System ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrases ◽  
Chloroplast Stroma ◽  
Different Parts

The review presents data on the location, nature, properties, number, and expression of carbonic anhydrase genes in the photosynthesizing cells of C3 plants. The available data about the presence of carbonic anhydrases in plasma membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplast stroma and thylakoids are scrutinized. Special attention was paid to the presence of carbonic anhydrase activities in the different parts of thylakoids, and on collation of sources of these activities with enzymes encoded by the established genes of carbonic anhydrases. The data are presented to show that the consistent incorporation of carbonic anhydrases belonging to different families of these enzymes forms a coherent system of CO2 molecules transport from air to chloroplasts in photosynthesizing cells, where they are included in organic molecules in the carboxylation reaction. It is discussed that the manifestation of the activity of a certain carbonic anhydrase depends on environmental conditions and the stage of ontogenesis.

Ecological relationships of a guild of tropical beetles breeding in Cecropia petioles in Costa Rica

1998 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
BJARTE H. JORDAL ◽  
LAWRENCE R. KIRKENDALL
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Ecological Relationships ◽  
Wood Boring ◽  
Different Parts

Petioles are not usually thought of as a habitat for wood-boring insects. The large, woody leaf petioles of Neotropical Cecropia trees, however, have a diverse coleopterous fauna: 36 beetle species in three subfamilies of Cerambycidae and Curculionidae were recorded from Cecropia leafstalks in Costa Rica. A high percentage of the petioles were colonized by beetles in many patches, though fewer were colonized in sun-exposed sites. Community composition was dependent on forest type, petiole moisture and geographical location, but not on the species of Cecropia. Species of Scolytinae were most abundant though species of Zygopinae and Lamiinae were found regularly. The host-specific scolytine genus Scolytodes dominated in most localities, although species of Hypothenemus, Coccotrypes and Xylosandrus morigerus occurred frequently. Sympatric species of Scolytodes clearly used different parts of the petioles. Brood sizes of scolytine beetles were extremely low, ranging from two to ten offspring on average. However, mortality due to parasitoid wasps or predators was low, and since fresh leaves fall close to the previously fallen ones, mortality due to dispersal may also be low. Thus, large beetle populations can exist despite extremely low brood sizes.

scholarly journals The Fumigation of Ships with Liston's Cyanide Fumigator

1923 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-219
Author(s):  
W. Glen Liston ◽  
S. N. Goré
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Ventilation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
At Will

(1) These experiments prove that the fumigator is safer to use than the dumping fixture, because high concentrations of the poison gas are avoided, so that dangerous pockets are not developed.(2) The poison gas is more evenly distributed over the different parts of the section of the ship under treatment.(3) High concentrations, however, can be developed^ at will in any part which requires special attention.(4) The maximum concentrations of the poison gas were obtained in every part of the section in a shorter time, when the fumigator was used, than when the dumping fixture was employed.(5) The artificial ventilation caused by the fan, which is capable of blowing into the section 500 to 1000 cubic feet of fresh air per minute, according to the speed of the motor, materially assists the rapid clearing of the poison gas from the ship, after it has accomplished its work. It is thus possible to complete the fumigation and ventilation of a ship in 3 hours using the cyanide fumigator, while more than 4 hours are required for the dumping fixture.(6) Even more important is the fact that smaller quantities of cyanide can be used with greater efficiency in the fumigator, than larger quantities, with less efficiency in the dumping fixture.(7) The general conclusion is arrived at, that, from the point of view of efficiency, safety and economy, the fumigator is superior to the dumping fixture. Creel has shown that, in respect to the time required for completing the fumigation, and in respect to the thoroughness of the process, both in killing rats and insects, the dumping fixture is superior to the Clayton gas machine. It follows, therefore, that the cyanide fumigator is very much superior in these respects to the Clayton gas machine.

scholarly journals Impact of Microorganisms and Parasites on Neuronally Controlled Drosophila Behaviours

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 2350
Author(s):  
Martina Montanari ◽  
Julien Royet
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Model System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Drosophila Model

Like all invertebrates, flies such as Drosophila lack an adaptive immune system and depend on their innate immune system to protect them against pathogenic microorganisms and parasites. In recent years, it appears that the nervous systems of eucaryotes not only control animal behavior but also cooperate and synergize very strongly with the animals’ immune systems to detect and fight potential pathogenic threats, and allow them to adapt their behavior to the presence of microorganisms and parasites that coexist with them. This review puts into perspective the latest progress made using the Drosophila model system, in this field of research, which remains in its infancy.

scholarly journals Design and Analysis of Ejection Pin System for 1500T Press

2019 ◽  
pp. 181-187
Author(s):  
V R Sawant ◽  
K S Ugale ◽  
R D Aher ◽  
S S Gulve ◽  
R S Ostwal
Keyword(s):  
Production Rate ◽  
Hydraulic System ◽  
Hydraulic Press ◽  
Manufacturing Industries ◽  
Ansys Software ◽  
System A ◽  
Stamping Process ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Different Parts

In manufacturing industries hydraulic press are used to produce different parts required for automobile and other industries. To produce different parts by stamping process dies and position patterns of cushion pins are changed. Depending upon the shape of part to be produced respective die and the position pattern of cushion pins in the bolster plate is selected. Before the production starts position of this cushion pins is tasted to secure the safety of die and parts to be produced. But the testing consumes more time and effects production rate. In this project the time required for the testing is reduced by automating the cushion pin ejection system. A separate hydraulic system is used for the required automation in order to reduce the idle of the hydraulic press. AUTOCAD and ANSYS software are used for design and analysis of the automation.

scholarly journals Disinfectant Spraying Robot to Prevent the Transmission of the Covid-19 Virus Based on the Internet of Things (IoT)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
Indah Sulistiyowati ◽  
Moh Imam Muhyiddin
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Personal Protective Equipment ◽  
Lag Time ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Environmental Hygiene ◽  
Time Required ◽  
The Internet Of Things

One way to prevent the transmission and spread of Covid-19 is to always keep ourselves and our environment clean. Maintaining personal and environmental hygiene can be done by using antiseptics and disinfectants. Disinfectants that are not used properly will be bad for humans. That is why so far the spraying of disinfectants for the prevention of COVID-19 has been carried out by human workers who are dressed in complete Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) using manual sprayers. This is certainly very risky to humans who do the spraying manually. The objective of this research is to minimize the risk of spraying disinfectants, by using a robotic power to spray disinfectant based on the Internet of Things (IoT) and a camera. This robot is operated by using a smartphone while to determine the environmental conditions around it is used a camera. From the test results, it obtained data that the robot works well and is quite reliable due to the wider scope limit because it uses an IoT connection to communicate with smartphones. The results of camera readings on laptops are also quite clear, although the higher the resolution on the display, the lag time required to transfer images to the laptop affects.

scholarly journals Variation in Bird Eggs—Does Female Factor, Season, and Laying Order Impact the Egg Size, Pigmentation, and Eggshell Thickness of the Eggs of Capercaillie?

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3454
Author(s):  
Joanna Rosenbeger ◽  
Kamil Pytlak ◽  
Ewa Łukaszewicz ◽  
Artur Kowalczyk
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Eggshell Thickness ◽  
Adequate Supply ◽  
Laying Order ◽  
Visual Identification ◽  
Bird Eggs ◽  
Different Parts

Despite numerous studies, intra-species variation in bird eggs is still not well explained. In the presented studies, we investigated the possible sources of this variation: female factor, laying order, and season, using the following traits of Capercaillie eggs as an example: egg size and shape, eggshell lightness, and thickness. Samples were collected for three years from three Capercaillie breeding centres located in different parts of Poland, where birds are kept in conditions close to their natural habitat and have a similar diet. The obtained results showed no significant impact of laying order on egg size, shape, pigmentation, nor eggshell thickness. This indicates that the provided nutrition ensures an adequate supply of minerals for the entire laying period. Most results did not show statistically significant differences between eggs from different breeding centres, but in one breeding centre, eggshells had lighter pigmentation. We assume the observed differences may result from females’ individual features or local environmental conditions. Egg traits were highly consistent for individual females, proving that visual identification can be useful in identifying the eggs of different females.

scholarly journals The Expression Patterns of Genes Encoding Visual Components and Animal Behavior-The Analysis with Honeybees as a Model System.

2003 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 359-365
Author(s):  
Hiromi SASAGAWA ◽  
Tatsuhiko KADOWAKI
Keyword(s):  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Model System ◽  
Genes Encoding

FOREST REGENERATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT BY ASTA SYSTEM

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karlis DUMINS ◽  
Toms STALS ◽  
Dagnija LAZDINA
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Forest Regeneration ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Monitoring Methods ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Soil Preparation ◽  
Micro Topography

In Latvia one third of the total forest area is regenerated by planting tree seedlings and therefore it is important to choose the appropriate soil preparation method and the right type of regeneration material for each forest type. Usually the success of afforestation is evaluated by how high is the average seedling survival rate and growth parameters like height, annual increment, diameter at breast height while the location of the seedling is disregarded. This may be of great importance since in such stands the environmental conditions typically are not entirely homogenous. Micro topography differences impact seedling growth, because it modifies water regime, temperature, micronutrient availability, sun radiation and other factors. Therefore, aim of this work is to improve monitoring methods and determine the most efficient soil preparation and seedling preparation combination to improve the quality of forest regeneration. That could be done using ASTA documentation system originally developed to show seedling and mound location and density in planting area during mechanic planting. But it also allows to link the precise location of the seedling and growing conditions with its growing rate and survival and therefore it is easier to exclude seedlings that are affected by other factors than those that you are interested in, so you can gain more representative results. This also could be used in forest management. When using ASTA system it is also possible to display how different tree disease are distributed in the stand, if they have spread eventually or localized only in some parts of the stand, also it can be used for browsing and other tree damage monitoring in the stand. In conclusion: in harsh environmental conditions on unprepared forest soil and soil prepared in furrows made by disc trench larger seedlings show better survival rate. Survival of seedlings is significantly impacted by micro topography, whereas mounded micro sites equalize local environmental conditions that reduce impact of micro topography.

Using Online Content to Study Animal Behavior

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paige Littman ◽  
Janice Moore
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Critical Thinking Skills ◽  
High School Biology ◽  
Undergraduate Biology ◽  
Online Videos ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Time Required

Viewing animal behavior in the wild is time consuming, can be costly, and often yields few results compared to the time required. This assignment encourages students to explore animal behavior through online videos while developing research and critical-thinking skills. The approach allows students to get a field-like experience from a lecture-based class and enhances knowledge about behavior of animals beyond the students’ geographic area. In addition, this assignment is consistent with the AAAS's vision of change in undergraduate biology teaching. This assignment is appropriate for both college and high school biology classes that cover animal behavior, ecology, or conservation.

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