scholarly journals Defecation by the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi occurs with an ultradian rhythm through a single transient anal pore

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidney L. Tamm
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Mnemiopsis Leidyi ◽  
Ultradian Rhythm ◽  
Tissue Fusion ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Opening And Closing ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Permanent Structure ◽  
Gastrovascular System

AbstractDefecation in the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi is a stereotyped sequence of effector responses that occur with a regular ultradian rhythm. Time intervals between repeated defecations of individual animals depend on body size, ranging from ~10 min in small larvae to ~1 hr in large adults. New features and corrections of previous reports of the gastrovascular system during and between defecations are described in detail by video microscopy. Contrary to the scientific literature, the defecating organ of the excretory complex is just one of the two anal canals which possesses the animal’s only anal pore. The anal pore is not visible as a permanent structure as depicted in textbooks, but appears at defecation and disappears afterward. DIC microscopy reveals that opening and closing of the anal pore resemble a reversible ring of tissue fusion between apposed endodermal and ectodermal layers at the aboral end. Mnemiopsis thus appears to have an intermittent anus and therefore an intermittent through-gut that reoccur at regular intervals. The temporality of a visible anal pore in Mnemiopsis is novel, and may shed light on the evolution of a permanent anus and through-gut in animals. In addition, mirror image dimorphism of the diagonal anal complex occurs in larval ctenophores but not in adults, indicating developmental flexibility in diagonal symmetry of the anal complex.

scholarly journals Electrophysiological characterization of a diverse group of sugar transporters from Trichoderma reesei

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sami Havukainen ◽  
Jonai Pujol-Giménez ◽  
Mari Valkonen ◽  
Ann Westerholm-Parvinen ◽  
Matthias A. Hediger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trichoderma Reesei ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Transport Function ◽  
Sugar Transporters ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Electrophysiological Characterization ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractTrichoderma reesei is an ascomycete fungus known for its capability to secrete high amounts of extracellular cellulose- and hemicellulose-degrading enzymes. These enzymes are utilized in the production of second-generation biofuels and T. reesei is a well-established host for their production. Although this species has gained considerable interest in the scientific literature, the sugar transportome of T. reesei remains poorly characterized. Better understanding of the proteins involved in the transport of different sugars could be utilized for engineering better enzyme production strains. In this study we aimed to shed light on this matter by characterizing multiple T. reesei transporters capable of transporting various types of sugars. We used phylogenetics to select transporters for expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes to screen for transport activities. Of the 18 tested transporters, 8 were found to be functional in oocytes. 10 transporters in total were investigated in oocytes and in yeast, and for 3 of them no transport function had been described in literature. This comprehensive analysis provides a large body of new knowledge about T. reesei sugar transporters, and further establishes X. laevis oocytes as a valuable tool for studying fungal sugar transporters.

scholarly journals Gastronomy unravelled by physics: Gastrophysics

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mie Thorborg Pedersen ◽  
Per Lyngs Hansen ◽  
Mathias Porsmose Clausen
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Food Science ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Shed Light

Useful attempts to shed light on the nature of gastronomy from a scientific point of view and to unravel the crucial connection between food, eating and well-being are currently underrepresented in the scientific literature. However, several scientific disciplines ranging from the natural to the social sciences offer valuable new perspectives on gastronomy. As one of the key disciplines in natural science, physics offers original and rigorous perspectives on all processes and structures constrained by the laws of nature. The emerging discipline called gastrophysics employs the full range of concepts, techniques and methods from physics to generate useful scientific input to the complex and holistic reflections on gastronomy. Relying on a review of the existing literature, this article illustrates how a science-based gastrophysics emerges, to a large extent from the convoluted history of food science as well as from various recent – and often overlapping – attempts to combine modern scientific methodology to questions from gastronomy. However, the present review also insists on a physics-inspired methodology to handle scale and complexity in food preparation and consumption across length scales from sub-molecular to entire foods. We exemplify how gastrophysics directly helps to develop gastronomy and how it adds to current approaches in traditional food science. We also suggest that gastrophysics may prove relevant in the context of the ongoing food transformation, which focuses strongly on sustainability, but where the importance of gastronomic aspects in this transformation is greatly needed.

scholarly journals Recent applications of quantitative analytical FTIR spectroscopy in pharmaceutical, biomedical, and clinical fields: A brief review

2022 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-33
Author(s):  
Khairi Mustafa Fahelelbom ◽  
Abdullah Saleh ◽  
Moawia M. A. Al-Tabakha ◽  
Akram A. Ashames
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Ftir Spectroscopy ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Biomedical Sciences ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract Qualitative Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has long been established and implemented in a wide variety of fields including pharmaceutical, biomedical, and clinical fields. While the quantitative applications are yet to reach their full potential, this technique is flourishing. It is tempting to shed light on modern engaging and the applicability of analytical quantitative FTIR spectroscopy in the aforementioned fields. More importantly, the credibility, validity, and generality of the application will be thoroughly demonstrated by reviewing the latest published work in the scientific literature. Utilizing FTIR spectroscopy in a quantitative approach in pharmaceutical, biomedical, and interdisciplinary fields has many undeniable advantages over traditional procedures. An insightful account will be undertaken in this regard. The technique will be introduced as an appealing alternative to common methods such as high performance liquid chromatography. It is anticipated that the review will offer researchers an update of the current status and prospect on the subject among the pharmacy and biomedical sciences both in academic and industrial fields.

Our Big Hearts

2020 ◽  
pp. 150-174
Author(s):  
Iris Berent
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Opportunity To Learn ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
The Body ◽  
Affective Science ◽  
Innate Ideas ◽  
The Face

Can you tell what a stranger feels just by looking at their face? Could you distinguish fear from anger even in a person from an entirely unfamiliar culture (without having the opportunity to learn about it from experience)? Laypeople assume they can, because they believe that emotions are inborn, and they are universally imprinted on the body, both externally, on the face, and internally (I sense anxiety in the rumbling of my gut). In fact, people believe that emotions are innate precisely because they believe that emotions are “in the body.” So strong is their conviction that they will insist on their belief even when told that the emotions in question are in fact acquired. Our tendency to view “warm” feelings as embodied and innate is the exact mirror image of our tendency to view “cold” concepts as ephemeral and disembodied. A review of the scientific literature reveals that similar presumptions also plague the debate on universal emotions in affective science. Chapter 10 shows how Essentialism (a principle invoked to explain our aversion to innate ideas) also promotes the promiscuous presumption of innate emotions by laypeople and scientists alike.

Structural, chemical and spectroscopic re-examination of type uklonskovite leads to its redefinition

2017 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 1397-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Menchetti ◽  
L. Bindi ◽  
D. Belakovskiy ◽  
F. Zaccarini
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Chemical Formula ◽  
International Mineralogical Association ◽  
Mineralogical Association ◽  
Structural Details ◽  
First Time ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractThe crystal structure and the chemical composition of uklonskovite from the holotype material was reinvestigated to shed light on its correct chemical formula. On the basis of information gained from this characterization, we revised the formula from NaMg(SO4)OH·2H2O to NaMg(SO4)F·2H2O (F instead of OH). A careful analysis of the structural details together with a critical review of all the chemical data listed in the scientific literature for uklonskovite support our redefinition. We also present Raman data for the mineral for the first time. Our proposal was approved by the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification of the International Mineralogical Association (voting proposal 16-J).

A computational model of the flight dynamics and aerodynamics of a jellyfish-like flying machine

2017 ◽  
Vol 819 ◽  
pp. 621-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Fang ◽  
Kenneth L. Ho ◽  
Leif Ristroph ◽  
Michael J. Shelley
Keyword(s):  
Aerodynamic Force ◽  
Fast Multipole Method ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Ground Effect ◽  
Vortex Sheet ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Efficiency Increase ◽  
Wake Model ◽  
Opening And Closing

We explore theoretically the aerodynamics of a recently fabricated jellyfish-like flying machine (Ristroph & Childress, J. R. Soc. Interface, vol. 11 (92), 2014, 20130992). This experimental device achieves flight and hovering by opening and closing opposing sets of wings. It displays orientational or postural flight stability without additional control surfaces or feedback control. Our model ‘machine’ consists of two mirror-symmetric massless flapping wings connected to a volumeless body with mass and moment of inertia. A vortex sheet shedding and wake model is used for the flow simulation. Use of the fast multipole method allows us to simulate for long times and resolve complex wakes. We use our model to explore the design parameters that maintain body hovering and ascent, and investigate the performance of steady ascent states. We find that ascent speed and efficiency increase as the wings are brought closer, due to a mirror-image ‘ground-effect’ between the wings. Steady ascent is approached exponentially in time, which suggests a linear relationship between the aerodynamic force and ascent speed. We investigate the orientational stability of hovering and ascent states by examining the flyer’s free response to perturbation from a transitory external torque. Our results show that bottom-heavy flyers (centre of mass below the geometric centre) are capable of recovering from large tilts, whereas the orientation of the top-heavy flyers diverges. These results are consistent with the experimental observations in Ristroph & Childress (J. R. Soc. Interface, vol. 11 (92), 2014, 20130992), and shed light upon future designs of flapping-wing micro aerial vehicles that use jet-based mechanisms.

scholarly journals PSXI-1 Agent-based simulation model to evaluate the technical performance of reproductive programs in beef cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 385-385
Author(s):  
Oscar Alejandro Ojeda-Rojas ◽  
Angela M Gonella-Diaza ◽  
Daniel Bustos Coral ◽  
Gustavo L Sartorello ◽  
Thayla Reijers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
Reproductive Strategies ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Agent Based Simulation ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Technical Performance ◽  
Timed Artificial Insemination ◽  
Number Of Births

Abstract A stochastic, agent-based simulation model was created to compare the technical performance of reproductive strategies in beef cattle. The model was parameterized using field data and peer-reviewed scientific literature using AnyLogic software. Ten scenarios were evaluated: natural mating (NM) only (ONM); one timed artificial insemination (TAI) plus NM (1TAI+NM); two TAI plus NM, with 24, 32, and 40 days of interval between TAI (2TAI/24+NM, 2TAI/32+NM, and 2TAI/40+NM, respectively); three TAI without NM, with 24, 32, and 40 days of interval between TAI (3TAI/24, 3TAI/32, and 3TAI/40, respectively), and three TAI plus NM, with an interval between TAIs of 24 (3TAI/24+NM) and 32 days (3TAI/32+NM). The size of the female herd was up to 400 individuals. The bull population was 0, 7, or 15 bulls depending on the scenario used. The outcomes were assessed on 320 farms, using a 5,000-day time horizon at one-day time intervals and an animal-by-animal basis. The 3TAI/24+NM resulted in a higher number of births (293 births) and weaned calves (287 calves), while the ONM had the lowest number of births (207 births) as well as weaned calves (203 calves). The heaviest and lightest males at weaning belong to the 3TAI/24 (190.58 ± 0.77 kg) and ONM (166.59 ± 0.93 kg), respectively. The total pregnancy rate was highest in 3TAI/24+NM (0.90 ± 0.00) and lowest for ONM (0.61 ± 0.01). The ONM reach 50% of pregnancy 52.5 days longer when compared to the scenarios that included TAI. Our model accurately represents the main interactions of a real beef cattle herd, with all the advantages of a physical experiment without incurring significant money expenses or alterations to the system. This study suggests that scenarios with three TAI accompanied by early pregnancy diagnosis presented better technical performance and produced more and heavier calves.

Conjoined Twins with Mirror-Image Cleft Lip and Palate: Case Report in Brazil

2008 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisele da Silva Dalben ◽  
Mireile São Geraldo dos Santos Souza ◽  
Carlos Henrique Bettoni Cruz de Castro ◽  
Márcio Gonçalves ◽  
Cássio Roberto Rocha dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
Conjoined Twins ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
The World ◽  
Similar Information ◽  
The Right ◽  
Shed Light

The observation of mirror-image clefts in conjoined twins may suggest an influence from environmental factors (e.g., poor blood supply) on the appearance of clefts. The present paper reports on a pair of male thoracopagus twins born to a 20-year-old woman. The twins were stillborn. Both twins exhibited complete unilateral cleft lip and palate with mirror-image configuration, affecting the left side for twin A and the right side for twin B. The twins also shared some organs. The case is discussed with similar information in the literature, with reference to possible related etiologic factors. Reporting on such occurrences throughout the world is important to shed light on important aspects underlying the formation of clefts.

scholarly journals Modification of Рolymer Wastes and Obtaining Com Comрosites Based on Them Annotation

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1072-1076
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Melt Flow Index ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Flow Index ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Relative Extension ◽  
Polymer Alloy

The sources of scientific literature on the research have been investigated, various approaches to the processing and modification of polymers have been analyzed and the main direction of the study have been identified. The changes in the properties of thin layers of industrially produced low-density polyethylene (LDPE) grades 10803-20 and 16603-011 operating under different climatic conditions have been studied. It has been determined that changes with different intensities occur in the structure and in this connection in the physical and mechanical properties of LDPE that was in operation at different time intervals and in different climatic conditions of the Absheron Peninsula and the Aran region: melt flow index of polymer alloy, tensile strength at break, relative extension and values of other indicators are deteriorating. In polymer samples is formed 24,2 – 28,6% of insoluble phase and as a result of oxidation up to  12,3 – 16,8% carbonyl, hydroxyl and other functional groups.

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