What Is the Question? A Comment on "Investigating Treatment Mediators When Simple Random Assignment to a Control Group Is Not Possible"

2006 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-341
Author(s):  
Martin Franklin ◽  
Shawn P. Cahill ◽  
Scott N. Compton
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
Random Assignment ◽  
Treatment Mediators

Natural Experiments in Business Research Methods

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Withers ◽  
Chi Hon Li
Keyword(s):  
Study Design ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Causal Relationships ◽  
Random Assignment ◽  
Natural Experiments ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Viable Approach

Causal identification is an important consideration for organizational researchers as they attempt to develop a theoretical understanding of the causes and effects of organizational phenomena. Without valid causal identification, insights regarding organizational phenomena are challenging given their inherent complexity. In other words, organizational research will be limited in its scientific progression. Randomized controlled experiments are often suggested to provide the ideal study design necessary to address potential confounding effects and isolate true causal relationships. Nevertheless, only a few research questions lend themselves to this study design. In particular, the full randomization of subjects in the treatment and control group may not be possible due to the empirical constraints. Within the strategic management area, for example, scholars often use secondary data to examine research questions related to competitive advantage and firm performance. Natural experiments are increasingly recognized as a viable approach to identify causal relationships without true random assignment. Natural experiments leverage external sources of variation to isolate causal effects and avoid potentially confounding influences that often arise in observational data. Natural experiments require two key assumptions—the as-if random assignment assumption and the stable unit treatment value assumption. When these assumptions are met, natural experiments can be an important methodological approach for advancing causal understanding of organizational phenomena.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Teknik Relaksasi Guided Imagery Music terhadap Intensitas Nyeri pada Klien Post Operasi Apendicitis di Ruang Rawat Inap Bedah Rspad Gatot Soebroto Ditkesad Jakarta Tahun 2015

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Astrid Astrid ◽  
Memed Sena Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Guided Imagery ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Numeric Rating Scale ◽  
Pain Scale ◽  
T Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Random Assignment ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Numeric Rating

Apendicitis adalah peradangan dari apendiks vermiformis yang menyebabkan usus berhenti mengeluarkan sisa makanan yang tidak diserap oleh tubuh sehingga dilakukan Apendictomy dimana terjadi nyeri akut pada level severe. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh teknik relaksasi Guided Imagery Music terhadap intensitas nyeri post operasi apendicitis di ruang rawat inap bedah RSPAD Gatot Soebroto Ditkesad Jakarta. Desain penelitian menggunakan purposive sampling dengan rancangan random assignment pre test-post test with control group. Jumlah sampel adalah 36 orang (18 orang kelompok kontrol dan 18 orang kelompok intervensi). Nyeri diukur dengan menggunakan Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) dan Faces Pain Scale Resived (FPSR). Uji statistik menggunakan uji T test independen. Hasil uji menunjukkan ada pengaruh teknik relaksasi Guided Imagery Music terhadap intensitas nyeri pada klien post operasi Apendicitis. Perbedaan rata-rata intensitas nyeri pada kelompok kontrol sebesar 1,55 dan pada kelompok intervensi sebesar 3,17. Variabel confounding telah dilakukan uji normalitas didapatkan hasil tidak ada hubungan usia, jenis kelamin, koping, individu pendukung, lingkungan, pengalaman nyeri sebelumnya terhadap intensitas nyeri, ini dikarenakan klien tidak mampu mengalihkan perhatian dari rasa nyeri yang hebat post operasi apendicitis, sehingga hasil statistik nya tidak perlu dilakukan transformasi. Teknik relaksasi Guided Imagery Music dapat digunakan sebagai intervensi mandiri keperawatan untuk mengurangi intensitas nyeri klien post operasi apendicitis. Kata Kunci: Guided Imagery Music, Klien Post Operasi Apendicitis, Intensitas Nyeri

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Skimming and Scanning Techniques in Improving Student’s Reading Comprehension of Grade Eleven Students of SMA Negeri 1 Tana Toraja

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-99
Author(s):  
Yanti Mambua
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
T Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Random Assignment ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
And Control

This research aims at proving that the use of using Skimming and Scanning techniques are effective in improving reading comprehension of grade-eleven students of SMA Negeri 1 Tana Toraja. The method used in this research was true-experimental design random assignment pretest-posttest control group. The samples of this research were selected from the population of grade-eleven students of SMA Negeri 1 Tana Toraja by using random sampling technique. The instruments of data collection were observation checklist, questionnaire items and tests. The data were analyzed by using t-test statistical and descriptive methods. Based on the analysis, the result score of experimental class is 80.27 and control class is 67.02. By applying level of significance 0.05 and degree of freedom (df) 48, the t-counted value (4.3) is greater than t-table value (2013). Furthermore, based on the result of effectiveness indicators showed the score is 83% it means that the techniques are effective. In other words, applying skimming and scanning techniques are effective in improving students reading comprehension of the grade eleven students of SMA Negeri 1 Tana Toraja. Keywords: Reading Comprehension Skimming and Scanning

scholarly journals PENGARUH MODEL PBM BERBANTUAN MEDIA CERITA DIGITAL TERHADAP PRESTASI BELAJAR FISIKA

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Poni Ariramdani Fariansyah ◽  
I Wayan Santyasa ◽  
Ni Ketut Rapi
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Random Assignment ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Learning Achievement ◽  
Physics Learning ◽  
Digital Story

 Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Berbasis Masalah (MPBM) berbantuan media cerita digital terhadap prestasi belajar fisika. Penelitian ini termasuk jenis penelitian quasi eksperiment menggunakan desain one way non-equivalent pretest-posttest control group desain. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas X IPA di SMA Negeri 2 Singaraja dengan total populasi sebanyak 165 siswa. Pemilihan sampel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan random assignment. Terdapat 3 kelas sampel dari 5 kelas yang ada. X MIPA 2 sebagai kelas eksperimen 1, X MIPA 3 sebagai kelas eksperimen 2, dan X MIPA 4 sebagai kelas kontrol. Jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 100 siswa. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif dan ANAKOVA satu jalur. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan hasil rata-rata prestasi belajar fisika siswa yang belajar dengan MPBM berbantuan media cerita digital lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan siswa yang belajar dengan MPBM dan siswa yang belajar dengan MPK. Hal ini mengindikasikan model PBM berbantuan media cerita digital memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap prestasi belajar fisika siswa. IMPACTS OF DIGITAL STORY-BASED PROBLEM-SOLVING LEARNING MODEL ON STUDENTS’ LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT OF PHYSICSThis study is aimed at finding out the impacts of digital story-based problem-solving learning model (PSLM) on students’ learning achievement in physics learning. The study is a quasi-experiment research method using the one way non-equivalent pretest-posttest control group design. The population of the study consisted of 165 grade-X students of Physics of State Senior High School 2 Singaraja. A sample of 100 students were selected by way of random assignment. Class X Physics 2 was experiment group 1; class X Physics 3 was experiment group 2; and class X Physics 4 was the control group. Data were analysed by the descriptive analysis and one-way ANCOVA. Findings show that the mean average of the achievement scores of the students who attended the classes with PSLM is higher than that of students who attended the conventional class. This shows that the digital story-based problem-solving learning model has a positive impact on the students’ physics learning achievement.

scholarly journals Neurotracker Training to Improve The Archery Athlete Concentration

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
K Komarudin ◽  
S Sagitarius ◽  
Hadi Sartono ◽  
Patriana Nurmansyah Awaludin
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Random Assignment ◽  
Training Process ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Sport Training ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Better Than

Neurotracker is a 3D technology with Multiple Object Tracking (MOT). This technology has not been developed in Indonesia. Meanwhile, developed countries have implemented this technology in sport training, including in archery sport. In archery sport, the athletes are required to concentrate every time they perform a technique and to be fast and accurate in making a decision when aiming and releasing the arrows.  The problem usually occurs during shooting is that the athlete doubts in aiming and releasing the arrows, thus the shooting result does not hit the target. It is caused by the athlete’s doubt and the lack of concentration. To overcome the problem, a neurotracker training is important to be conducted in every training process to improve the athletes’ concentration. The method used in this study was an experimental method. The samples were 20 persons chosen in a non-random sampling. The subjects were divided into two groups through a random assignment, thus the number of subject in each group was ten persons. The instrument to measure the concentration was the Concentration Grid Test. The design of the study was pretest-posttest control group design. To analyze the data, t-test was used. The result of the study showed that (1) there was a significant effect of the NeuroTracker training on the improvement of the archery athlete’s concentration, (2) there was a significant effect of conventional training on the improvement of archery athlete’s concentration, (3) there was a significant difference of effect between the NeuroTracker training and conventional training in the improvement of the archery athlete’s concentration. The NeuroTracker training was better than a conventional training in increasing the archery athlete’s concentration. It is suggested that the archery trainers implement the NeuroTracker technology in the training process as it could improve the concentration of the archery athletes.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Pemberian Vitamin E terhadap Morfologi Testis Tikus Strain Wistar (Rattus novergicus) dengan Diabetes Melitus Tipe I

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-59
Author(s):  
T Ronasky ◽  
Jufriady Ismy ◽  
Dasrul Dasrul
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Random Assignment ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Diabetes Retinopathy ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Diabetes Melitus

Latar Belakang. Diabetes melitus (DM) adalah penyakit metabolik dengan karakteristik hiperglikemia yang terjadi karena kelainan sekresi insulin, kerja insulin, atau kedua-duanya. Penyakit ini dilaporkan terjadi pada 9% laki-laki dan 7,9% wanita. Laporan Center of disease control (CDC) menyebutkan tahun 2014 terdapat 8,1 juta orang tidak terdiagnosa DM dan 29,1 juta mengalami penyakit ini di Amerika Serikat. Pada penderita diabetes dapat terjadi kerusakan jangka panjang, disfungsi, dan kegagalan organ yang berbeda, terutama mata (diabetes retinopathy), ginjal (nefropati diabetik), saraf (neuropati diabetes), jantung (infark miokard) dan pembuluh darah (aterosklerosis) dan infertilitas. Laporan insiden infertilitas terkait DM terjadi pada 9% orang dewasa berusia >18 tahun mengalami akibat difungsi endokrin spermatogenesis. Vitamin E berperan sebagai antioksidan eksogen (non-enzimatis) yang dapat melindungi kerusakan membran biologis akibat radikal bebas. Vitamin E melindungi asam lemak tidak jenuh pada membran fosfolipid. Secara partikular, vitamin E juga penting dalam mencegah peroksidasi membran asam lemak tak jenuh. Metode. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimental dengan menggunakan rancangan post-test only control group design secara laboratorium eksperimental. Rancangan penelitian ini dipilih berdasarkan konsep bahwa setiap unit dari populasi adalah homogen dan memiliki karakteristik yang sama. Pembagian sampel dilakukan secaraacak (random assignment). Pada kelompok eksperimen perlakuanlangsung diberikan stimulus dan pengamatan akhir sementara pada kelompok kontrol digunakan sebagai pembanding dari kelompok perlakuan. Hasil. Rata-rata diamater tubulus seminiferus testes tikus pada masing-masing kelompok perlakuan menunjukkan angka yang bervariasi. Rata-rata diamater tubulus seminiferus testes tikus pada perlakuan kontrol negatif (KN) adalah 261,57± 5,72 μm, kemudian mengalami penurunan menjadi 241,18 ± 18,53 μm, pada perlakuan tikus DM yang  diinduksi aloksan (KP),  dan mengalami peningkatan kembali pada perlakuan tikus DM yang dinduksi aloksan dan vitamin E dengan dosis 100 mg/kgbb/hari (P1), dan 200 mg/kgbb/hari (P2), secara berturut-turut adalah 265,92 ± 15,97 μm dan 271,41 ± 24,79 μm. Kesimpulan. Berdasarkan uji statistik Analysis of variance (ANOVA) one way didapatkan nilai signifikannya p 0,039 <0,05, maka dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa perlakuan pemberian vitamin E (P1 dan P2) berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap diameter tubulus seminiferus testis tikus putih diabetes. Kata Kunci :  Vitamin E, Histomorfometri Testis Tikus Putih (strain wistar), Dm Tipe 1.

Effect of appeal orientation in sponsored ad forwarding on a microblog platform

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1835-1856
Author(s):  
Chenyan Gu ◽  
Yunjie Calvin Xu ◽  
Minghui Yao
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Main Experiment ◽  
Random Assignment ◽  
Message Content ◽  
Marketing Practice ◽  
Content Type ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Right ◽  
Content Design

PurposeThis study identifies a new type of advertising, sponsored ad forwarding, in microblog contexts. It tests the effectiveness of designs of a message with an ad with regard to receivers who are purely online friends or offline friends.Design/methodology/approachIn the main experiment, a three-by-two experimental design was employed. By random assignment, message senders forwarded an ad with either an other-oriented or a self-oriented message to a group of offline friends or purely online friends. In the control group, there was no message accompanying the ad. The data of 218 effective sender-receiver dyads were collected and compared.FindingsThe results show that a message with an other-oriented appeal is more effective than one with a self-oriented appeal for dyads with an offline relationship, and a message with a self-oriented appeal is more effective than one with an other-oriented appeal for dyads with a purely online relationship. Overall, the use of appeals significantly boosts ad effectiveness.Originality/valueThis study identifies a new type of marketing practice in social media, namely sponsored ad forwarding. It also proposes appeal orientation as a novel type of message content design. It shows how to apply the right appeal orientation to the right receiver groups, that is, offline or purely online friends.

scholarly journals Self-Instruction Technique in Group Counseling to Reduce Students’ Academic Procrastination Behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-55
Author(s):  
Rikas Saputra ◽  
Yenni Lidyawati
Keyword(s):  
Group Counseling ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Academic Procrastination ◽  
Random Assignment ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Self Instruction ◽  
Test Result

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of self-instruction technique in group counseling to reduce academic procrastination behavior. Purposive sampling technique was administered followed then by random assignment to determine the participants. The scale which is used 44 items from the Procrastination Assessment Scale for Students (PASS) that had previously been adapted and tested for the validity and reliability with Cronbach alpha 0.91. From the data, the score of academic procrastination behavior was obtained. Then it was categorized into three categories high, moderate, and low academic procrastination. The pre-test posttest control group design was applied to 14 students. Based on the independent t-test result, after being treated with self-instruction technique in group counseling, there were differences in the pretest mean of 84.00 and the posttest mean of 69.28. These results indicate a decrease in academic procrastination approximately 14.71, meaning that academic procrastination through the self-instruction technique decreased by 17.51%. Thus, this research shows that group counseling self-instruction technique effectively reduces academic procrastination behavior.

scholarly journals Using random assignment to measure court accessibility for low-income divorce seekers

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (14) ◽  
pp. e2009086118
Author(s):  
D. James Greiner ◽  
Ellen Lee Degnan ◽  
Thomas Ferriss ◽  
Roseanna Sommers
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Random Assignment ◽  
Legal Process ◽  
Court Records ◽  
The Us ◽  
Pro Bono ◽  
Us Constitution ◽  
To Receive

We conducted a field experiment in which 311 low-income individuals seeking a divorce were randomly assigned to receive access to a pro bono lawyer (versus minimal help) to assist with filing for divorce. Examining court records, we found that assignment to an attorney made a large difference in whether participants filed for and obtained a divorce. Three years after randomization, 46% of the treated group had terminated their marriages in the proper legal venue, compared to 9% of the control group. Among “compliers”—participants who obtained representation only if assigned to receive it—those with lawyers were far more likely to file for and obtain a divorce than those not assigned lawyers. Because divorce implicates fundamental constitutional interests and can be effectuated only by resort to the courts, the US Constitution requires that dissolution of marriage be made achievable regardless of ability to pay. Yet, we observed few low-income individuals who were able to initiate divorce suits on their own. Through interviews and archival research, we identified barriers that low-income litigants faced in navigating the divorce system, including mandatory wait times, limited hours at important facilities, and burdensome paperwork sometimes requiring access to photocopiers and typewriters. This study therefore documents a salient instance in which a civil legal process was inaccessible to those without lawyers, even though their legal issues were straightforward, involving few if any matters for courts to adjudicate.

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