Direct Ink Writing of Graphene Oxide Reinforced PDMS Matrix Composites for Improved Mechanical Properties

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Liu ◽  
Li Jiang ◽  
Junjun Ding
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Direct Ink Writing ◽  
Dog Bone ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Printing Processes ◽  
Design Freedom ◽  
Ideal Method

Recently, PDMS has been widely used because of its outstanding properties, such as its biocompatibility, moldability, and Mechanical Flexibility. However, the low mechanical strength hinders its ability for further applications. The Addition of graphene oxide (GO) into Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrices as a reinforcement is a reasonably simple way to improve its mechanical properties. Direct ink writing (DIW) is an ideal method for printing viscous materials which provides useful advantages for fabrication, such as higher design freedom, as well as having no requirement for a castable mold, compared to conventional PDMS processing methods. Herein, we demonstrate the DIW 3D printing of GO reinforced PDMS matrix composites. PDMS SE 1700 and Sylgard 184 were mixed in 4:1 and 7:3 ratios as matrix materials with controlled rheological properties. GO, synthesized by modified Hummer’s method, was loaded into PDMS at various weight ratios (0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 4%) to fabricate GO/PDMS composites. The GO dispersed uniformly throughout the PDMS matrix with no visible aggregation during the mixing and printing processes. Tensile tests were performed using 3D printed dog-bone shape GO/PDMS bars to evaluate the enhancement of the GO reinforcement. The results showed that the Young’s modulus of PDMS increased by 58.7% with 1% GO reinforcement.

Effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties of 3D printed polylactic acid parts

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
Pulkin Gupta ◽  
Sudha Kumari ◽  
Abhishek Gupta ◽  
Ankit Kumar Sinha ◽  
Prashant Jindal
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Recrystallization Temperature ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Dog Bone ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Maximum Decrease ◽  
3D Printed

Abstract Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is a layer-by-layer manufacturing process type of 3D-printing (3DP). Significant variation in the mechanical properties of 3D printed specimens is observed because of varied process parameters and interfacial bonding between consecutive layers. This study investigates the influence of heat treatment on the mechanical strength of FDM 3D printed Polylactic acid (PLA) parts with constant 3DP parameters and ambient conditions. To meet the objectives, 7 sets, each containing 5 dog-bone shaped samples, were fabricated from commercially available PLA filament. Each set was subjected to heat treatment at a particular temperature for 1 h and cooled in the furnace itself, while one set was left un-treated. The temperature for heat treatment (Th) varied from 30 °C to 130 °C with increments of 10 °C. The heat-treated samples were characterized under tensile loading of 400 N and mechanical properties like Young’s modulus (E), Strain % ( ε ) and Stiffness (k) were evaluated. On comparing the mechanical properties of heat-treated samples to un-treated samples, significant improvements were observed. Heat treatment also altered the geometries of the samples. Mechanical properties improved by 4.88 % to 10.26 % with the maximum being at Th of 110 °C and below recrystallization temperature (Tr) of 65 °C. Deformations also decreased significantly at higher temperatures above 100 °C, by a maximum of 36.06 %. The dimensions of samples showed a maximum decrease of 1.08 % in Tr range and a maximum decrease of 0.31 % in weight at the same temperature. This study aims to benefit the society by establishing suitable Th to recover the lost strength in PLA based FDM 3D printed parts.

3D printing of biofiber-reinforced composites and their mechanical properties: a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1113-1129
Author(s):  
Lai Jiang ◽  
Xiaobo Peng ◽  
Daniel Walczyk
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Reinforced Composites ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Reinforced Composite ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Printing Processes ◽  
Pure Resin

Purpose This paper aims to summarize the up-to-date research performed on combinations of various biofibers and resin systems used in different three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies, including powder-based, material extrusion, solid-sheet and liquid-based systems. Detailed information about each process, including materials used and process design, are described, with the resultant products’ mechanical properties compared with those of 3D-printed parts produced from pure resin or different material combinations. In most processes introduced in this paper, biofibers are beneficial in improving the mechanical properties of 3D-printed parts and the biodegradability of the parts made using these green materials is also greatly improved. However, research on 3D printing of biofiber-reinforced composites is still far from complete, and there are still many further studies and research areas that could be explored in the future. Design/methodology/approach The paper starts with an overview of the current scenario of the composite manufacturing industry and then the problems of advanced composite materials are pointed out, followed by an introduction of biocomposites. The main body of the paper covers literature reviews of recently emerged 3D printing technologies that were applied to biofiber-reinforced composite materials. This part is classified into subsections based on the form of the starting materials used in the 3D printing process. A comprehensive conclusion is drawn at the end of the paper summarizing the findings by the authors. Findings Most of the biofiber-reinforced 3D-printed products exhibited improved mechanical properties than products printed using pure resin, indicating that biofibers are good replacements for synthetic ones. However, synthetic fibers are far from being completely replaced by biofibers due to several of their disadvantages including higher moisture absorbance, lower thermal stability and mechanical properties. Many studies are being performed to solve these problems, yet there are still some 3D printing technologies in which research concerning biofiber-reinforced composite parts is quite limited. This paper unveils potential research directions that would further develop 3D printing in a sustainable manner. Originality/value This paper is a summary of attempts to use biofibers as reinforcements together with different resin systems as the starting material for 3D printing processes, and most of the currently available 3D printing techniques are included herein. All of these attempts are solutions to some principal problems with current 3D printing processes such as the limit in the variety of materials and the poor mechanical performance of 3D printed parts. Various types of biofibers are involved in these studies. This paper unveils potential research directions that would further widen the use of biofibers in 3D printing in a sustainable manner.

Effect of graphene oxide as a filler material on the mechanical properties of LLDPE nanocomposites

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (19) ◽  
pp. 2761-2773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juntao Li ◽  
Ebru Gunister ◽  
Imad Barsoum
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Polymer Matrix Composites ◽  
Thermal Characterization ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Filler Material ◽  
Fatigue Properties ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Melt Compounding ◽  
Aspect Ratios

Graphene oxide (GO) has high aspect ratios than many nanosize fillers such as carbon nanotubes and clay, besides its better mechanical properties than many polymers; so they are preferred as a filler material in polymer matrix composites. In this study, the effect of GO on the mechanical properties of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) were experimentally investigated. LLDPE-GO nanocomposites were prepared by melt compounding method, and the extruded nanocomposite was shaped by injection molding machine for the mechanical tests. The mechanical properties investigated included tensile properties, fatigue properties, as well as hardness properties. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was employed to study the thermal characterization of the composites. The results revealed that the addition of GO nanosheets indeed had a positive effect on the tensile, fatigue, and hardness properties. The tensile strength, Young's modulus, and Shore D hardness value were increased by 27.4%, 31.3%, and 9%, respectively, with a GO loading ranging from 0 wt.% to 2 wt.%. The addition of GO had a significant effect on the fatigue properties of the composites such as nearly exponential increment in the cyclic numbers. The samples with 2 wt.% of GO could endure up to 106 cycles during the tests, which is 100 times that of pure LLDPE. The morphological analysis via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that GO nanosheets were well exfoliated in the LLDPE matrix. However, there is no significant effect on the melting temperature, crystallization temperature and crystallinity of LLDPE based on DSC result.

scholarly journals Fabrication, Tensile Properties, and Photodecomposition of Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Cellulose Acetate Matrix Composites

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 3944
Author(s):  
Yuxi Shen ◽  
Alia Gallet-Pandellé ◽  
Hiroki Kurita ◽  
Fumio Narita
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Cellulose Acetate ◽  
Surface Active Agent ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Basalt Fiber ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Vertical Orientation

Cellulose acetate (CA) is widely used as an alternative to conventional plastics because of the minor environmental impact of its decomposition cycle. This study synthesized five-layer environmentally friendly composites from CA bioplastic and basalt fibers (BFs) to produce a high-strength marine-biodegradable polymer. Maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MAH) was mixed with CA as a surface-active agent (SAA) to understand the effect of surface treatment on the mechanical properties of the composite. Tensile tests and scanning electron microscopy were conducted to observe the fracture surfaces. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the BF/CA composite increased by approximately a factor of 4 after adding 11 vol.% unidirectional BF. When the SAA was added, the UTS of the composite with 11 vol.% BF was multiplied by a factor of about 7, which indicates that the surface treatment has a significant positive effect on the mechanical properties. However, the improvement is not apparent when the added BFs are in a plain weave with a vertical orientation. A photodecomposition experiment was then conducted by adding TiO2. Observing the UTS changes of the CA and BF/CA composites, the effect of the photocatalyst on the decomposition of the materials was explored.

scholarly journals The Reinforcement Mechanisms of Graphene Oxide in Laser Directed Energy Deposition Fabricated Metal and Ceramic Matrix Composites: A Comparison Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunze Li ◽  
Dongzhe Zhang ◽  
Zhipeng Ye ◽  
Gaihua Ye ◽  
Rui He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Metal Matrix ◽  
Energy Deposition ◽  
Ceramic Matrix Composites ◽  
Ceramic Matrix ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Directed Energy ◽  
Carbon Based Nanomaterials

Abstract Carbon-based nanomaterials mainly including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, and graphene oxide (GO) have superior properties of low density, outstanding strength, and high hardness. Compared with ceramic reinforcements, a small amount of carbon-based nanomaterials can significantly improve the mechanical properties of metal matrix composites (MMCs) and ceramic matrix composites (CMCs). However, CNTs and graphite always aggregate or degrade during the fabrication with a high temperature, especially in MMCs. GO has the advantages of easier to be dispersed in other materials and better high-temperature stability. Laser directed energy deposition (DED), has been used to fabricate GO-MMCs and GO-CMCs due to the unique capabilities of coating, remanufacturing, and producing functionally graded materials. Laser DED, as a fusion manufacturing process, could fully melt the material powders, which could refine the microstructure and increase the density and mechanical properties. However, GO could react with matrix materials at high temperatures. The survival, degradation, and reactions of GO in laser DED fabricated GO-MMCs and GO-CMCs are still unknown. There is also no investigation on the reinforcement mechanisms of GO in metal matrix materials and ceramic matrix materials in the laser DED process. In this study, GO reinforced Ti (GO-Ti) and GO reinforced zirconia toughened alumina (GO-ZTA) parts were fabricated by laser DED process. Raman spectrum, XRD analysis, and EDS analysis have been applied to investigate the forms of GO in both DED fabricated GO-MMCs and GO-CMCs. The reinforcement mechanisms of GO on microhardness and compressive properties of MMCs and CMCs have been analyzed.

Mechanical Properties of Steel Printed on Ceramics

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed M. Allameh ◽  
Miguel Ortiz Rejon
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Weld Bead ◽  
Cnc Machining ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Dog Bone

Abstract Construction industry is about to embrace 3D printing as a viable technology for fabricating structures that are not physically or commercially impractical. These include curved components that could be embedded in buildings. On the other hand, whole house building by 3D printing has been attempted around the world using giant concrete printers. The main question is how to integrate steel rebars in concrete by 3D welding and still maintain the structural integrity and reliability of the conventional rebars. To accomplish the incorporation of rebars in concrete, steel must be welded within concrete. Heat dissipation rates may be different in different directions when the 3D molten weld pool solidifies, especially when the substrate is concrete. This may affect the strength of the material along and across the weld bead. To investigate this effect, it is important to study the mechanical properties of 3D welded steel in the directions of length, thickness and width. Experiments conducted in this study include the 3D welding of steel on concrete tiles by attaching the torch of a MIG welder to a meter-scale 3D printer carriage. The weld beads were then cross sections in directions along the weld bead, across the bead and perpendicular to the ceramic substrate. Dog-bone shaped micro-scale samples were extracted along those direction by CNC machining and EDM milling. The specimens were then mounted on the grippers of a hybrid micro-tester and tensile tests were carried out. The results of the tests are reported, and the implications of the findings in terms of the feasibility of 3D printing of steel reinforced concrete are discussed.

scholarly journals 3D Printing of PLA/clay Nanocomposites: Influence of Printing Temperature on Printed Samples Properties

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bartolomeo Coppola ◽  
Nicola Cappetti ◽  
Luciano Di Maio ◽  
Paola Scarfato ◽  
Loredana Incarnato
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Layered Silicate ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Nucleating Agent ◽  
Clay Nanocomposites ◽  
Screw Extruder ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Dog Bone ◽  
3D Printed

In this study, the possibility of using a layered silicate-reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) in additive manufacturing applications was investigated. In particular, the aim of this work was to study the influence of printing temperature in the 3D printing process of PLA/clay nanocomposites. For this reason, two PLA grades (4032D and 2003D, D-isomer content 1.5 and 4, respectively) were melt-compounded by a twin screw extruder with a layered silicate (Cloisite 30B) at 4 wt %. Then, PLA and PLA/clay feedstock filaments (diameter 1.75 mm) were produced using a single screw extruder. Dog-bone and prismatic specimens were 3D printed using the FDM technique at three different temperatures, which were progressively increased from melting temperature (185–200–215 °C for PLA 4032D and 165–180–195 °C for PLA 2003D). PLA and PLA/clay specimens were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and tensile tests. Moreover, the morphology of the 3D printed specimens was investigated using optical microscopy and contact angle measurements. The different polymer matrix and the resulting nanocomposite morphology strongly influenced 3D printed specimen properties. DMA on PLA/clay filaments reported an increase in storage modulus both at ambient temperature and above the glass transition temperature in comparison to neat PLA filaments. Furthermore, the presence of nanoclay increased thermal stability, as demonstrated by TGA, and acted as a nucleating agent, as observed from the DSC measurements. Finally, for 3D printed samples, when increasing printing temperature, a different behavior was observed for the two PLA grades and their nanocomposites. In particular, 3D printed nanocomposite samples exhibited higher elastic modulus than neat PLA specimens, but for PLA 4032D+C30B, elastic modulus increased at increasing printing temperature while for PLA 2003D+C30B slightly decreased. Such different behavior can be explained considering the different polymer macromolecular structure and the different nanocomposite morphology (exfoliated in PLA 4032D matrix and intercalated in PLA 2003D matrix).

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