South Stream Deepwater Pipeline System: A Case for Waiving the Hydrotest

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeroen Timmermans ◽  
Arjen Meijer ◽  
Sakir Ethembabaoglu
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
The South ◽  
Implementation Phase ◽  
Offshore Pipeline ◽  
South Stream ◽  
Internal Volume ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Stream Lines ◽  
Pipeline Design

The traditional scope of pre-commissioning for a pipeline system includes filling the pipeline with liquid (typically water) and pressure testing to confirm the integrity and leak-tightness of the system. This methodology is described in almost all design codes, and typically represents an important criterion for the acceptance of the completed system by the owner / operator. As the industry takes on offshore pipeline systems in deeper and deeper water, the relevance of this traditional approach has come into question. Specifically, it is not clear that the benefit of hydrotesting a deepwater pipeline system outweighs the costs, risks and potential environmental impact. For this reason DNV introduced the possibility of ‘waiving’ (= omitting) the hydrotest in OS-F101, its offshore standard for submarine pipeline design. In order to waive the system hydrotest, OS-F101 demands that specific, additional conditions be satisfied to ensure that the overall level of safety is maintained. To date, only two smaller pipeline projects have received such a hydrotest waiver. The South Stream Offshore Pipeline project, which is presently approaching its implementation phase, will be the third. South Stream comprises four 32-inch diameter pipelines each with a length of approximately 930 km and traversing water depths up to 2,200m. The South Stream project is re-defining the state-of-the-art in offshore pipelines. Due to the extreme water depth, harsh seabed and large internal volume of the South Stream lines, traditional hydrostatic testing would not be the most environmentally friendly and risk averse solution to ensure pipeline integrity and safety. This paper will present the main requirements and associated solutions for the South Stream pipelines in order to obtain a DNV OS-F101 hydrotest waiver, including: • Review of the benefits and challenges for deepwater pipeline hydrotest • Discussion of the DNV OS-F101 waiver requirements • Implementation of the waiver requirements on South Stream

Pregnancies and Pregnancy Desires at the State Level: Estimates for 2017 and Trends Since 2012

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Kost ◽  
◽  
Isaac Maddow-Zimet ◽  
Ashley C. Little
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Unwanted Pregnancy ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Clear Pattern ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Key Points ◽  
The Right ◽  
Almost All

Key Points In almost all U.S. states, pregnancies reported as occurring at the right time or being wanted sooner than they occurred comprised the largest share of pregnancies in 2017, though proportions varied widely by state. The proportion of pregnancies that were wanted later or unwanted was higher in the South and Northeast than in other regions, and the proportion of pregnancies that occurred at the right time or were wanted sooner was higher in the West and Midwest. From 2012 to 2017, the wanted-later-or-unwanted pregnancy rate fell in the majority of states. However, no clear pattern emerged for any changes in the rate of pregnancies that were reported as wanted then or sooner or in the rate of those for which individuals expressed uncertainty.

Case Studies Highlighting Rapid Repair Methods of Pressurised Pipelines Damaged by Anchors

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale Millward
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Subsea Pipeline ◽  
Damage Scenarios ◽  
Fail Safe ◽  
Subsea Pipelines ◽  
Marine Vessels ◽  
Pipeline Design

Effective pipeline design and regular maintenance can assist in prolonging the lifespan of subsea pipelines, however the presence of marine vessels can significantly increase the risk of pipeline damage from anchor hazards. As noted in the Health and Safety Executive – Guideline for Pipeline Operators on Pipeline Anchor Hazards 2009. “Anchor hazards can pose a significant threat to pipeline integrity. The consequences of damage to a pipeline could include loss of life, injury, fire, explosion, loss of buoyancy around a vessel and major pollution”. This paper will describe state of the art pipeline isolation tooling that enables safe modification of pressurised subsea pipelines. Double Block and Bleed (DBB) isolation tools have been utilised to greatly reduce downtime, increase safety and maximise unplanned maintenance, providing cost-effective solutions to the end user. High integrity isolation methods, in compliance with international subsea system intervention and isolation guidelines (IMCA D 044 / IMCA D 006), that enable piggable and unpiggable pipeline systems to be isolated before any breaking of containment, will also be explained. This paper will discuss subsea pipeline damage scenarios and repair options available to ensure a safe isolation of the pipeline and contents in the event of an incident DNV GL type approved isolation technology enables the installation of a fail-safe, DBB isolation in the event of a midline defect. The paper will conclude with case studies highlighting challenging subsea pipeline repair scenarios successfully executed, without depressurising the entire pipeline system, and in some cases without shutting down or interrupting production.

scholarly journals Descriptive Study of Physiotherapy Services Used in the South Kalimantan Region in 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maulida Wijaya Putri
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
The South ◽  
Care Facilities ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Therapy Manual

Health services, including physiotherapy services, are carried out in almost all health care facilities such as clinics, health centers, and hospitals. Physiotherapy services are one form of health services needed by the community. In order to provide physiotherapy services, physiotherapists can provide various types of modalities or physiotherapy services in the form of electro therapy, actino therapy, hydro therapy, manual therapy or exercise therapy. Almost all health care facilities in South Kalimantan have physiotherapy services, but there is no data on the number and types of physiotherapy services used by health care facilities in the South Kalimantan region. This study aims to determine the types of physiotherapy services that are widely used by health care facilities in South Kalimantan. This study uses a descriptive approach. Based on the results of the study, it was found that 35 respondents (67.3%) used electrotherapy very often and 30 respondents (57.7%) used actino therapy very often. These two types of physiotherapy services are the most widely used by health care facilities in the South Kalimantan region in 2020

Large Summer Rainfall Events and Their Importance in Mitigating Droughts over the South Western Cape, South Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 587-599
Author(s):  
W. M. De Kock ◽  
R. C. Blamey ◽  
C. J. C. Reason
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cape Town ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
The South ◽  
African Region ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Atmospheric Rivers ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Almost All

AbstractAlthough the south Western Cape receives most of its rainfall between May and September, there are substantial rainfall events in some summers. These events are of interest in themselves as well as for their possible role in mitigating the frequent winter droughts that the region suffers from. Most recently, greater Cape Town suffered a devastating drought during 2015–18 known as the Day Zero drought due to the high risk of urban areas running out of piped water supply. Estimated data from the city show that major dam levels in the south Western Cape increased more than 1% in some cases after large rainfall events (LREs) in the summer of 2018/19. This increase is significant as dam levels often decrease by several percent per month during the hot summer. In this study, LREs over the south Western Cape during the summer (October–March) are investigated together with dam level data. Most summer LREs result from atmospheric rivers (ARs) or cutoff lows (COLs). ARs have not been previously studied in the South African region except for one study for winter that showed they are responsible for almost all the heavy rainfall events in the Western Cape. Although COLs are most common in the transition months, they can also occur in midwinter and summer. COLs tend to last longer and cover larger areas than ARs, which typically yield relatively short bursts of intense rainfall mostly concentrated around greater Cape Town. After each summer LRE, average dam levels increase by up to 5%, suggesting they are very important for drought recovery. In particular, summer LREs following the anomalously dry winters of 1980, 1984, 2003, 2004, and 2015–18 played an important role in mitigating those droughts.

TurkStream as Russia’s Last Step in Diversification: A Win-Win Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (Winter 2021) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramazan Erdağ
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
International Politics ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Third Party ◽  
The South ◽  
Natural Gas Pipeline ◽  
The North ◽  
South Stream ◽  
The Eu

This article discusses why Russia replaced the South Stream project with the TurkStream by changing its route and name, and why Turkey is involved in a project on the North-South line although it plays a vital role in the Trans-Anatolia Natural Gas Pipeline (TANAP) project in the southern gas corridor. The article first examines the Russia-Ukraine natural gas crisis. It then moves to analyze the reasons behind Russia’s changing of the name and the route of the South Stream project. After exploring Turkey’s involvement in the project, the article concludes by arguing that both countries adopted a win-win approach toward the project that Russia has gained a significant tariff advantage and freedom from the EU third-party-access rule. The article claims that although both Russia and Turkey have different perspectives on some issues in international politics, they can develop their cooperation with a win-win approach in the TurkStream project.

The Bronze and Iron Ages in Jerusalem

2018 ◽  
pp. 11-62
Author(s):  
Kay Prag
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Settlement Pattern ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
The South ◽  
Iron Age I ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Pastoral Economy ◽  
The Bronze Age

Most evidence for the Bronze Age, Iron Age and Post-Exilic settlement of Jerusalem came from Site A on the south-east ridge, and Kenyon unearthed and dated material of almost all these periods, but very little of the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age I. This settlement pattern is reflected to a lesser extent on other sites, but elsewhere occupation of the region appears to continue, in a more dispersed fashion, perhaps partly related to diversification of the inhabitants to a more pastoral economy. Whether the centrality of Jerusalem is linked to its being an ancient place of burial is considered. Other evidence from the archive relates to the reigns of David, Solomon and Nehemiah. Specific issues are addressed, such as the location of the principal administrative buildings and fortifications, the use of volute capitals, the importance of water supply and drainage, and the problem of residuality affecting archaeological dating in Iron Age Jerusalem, which places the emphasis on C14 dating.

Recarved Kushite Head from the Tomb of Karakhamun? (Further Remarks on the Dating of the South Asasif Necropolis)1

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
Almost All

This chapter examines the remains of a modern sculptural workshop in the tomb of Karabasken in an attempt to identify a fragment of genuine Kushite sculpture. In May 2014, a small limestone head wearing a nemes was found in the court of the tomb of Karabasken. Referred to as a Kushite head, the object is made of pink-colored limestone. It is not its original color, but the result of extensive burning on the floor of the First and Second Pillared Halls in the tomb of Karakhamun. In contrast, almost all of the heads from Karabasken's workshop are carved out of the dense white limestone from Karakhamun's quarry area. The chapter considers a few facts and preliminary conclusions about the Kushite head as well as some of the questions it raises; for example, whether a royal statue could be part of the original decoration of the tomb of Karakhamun.

Economic and Financial Integration in South Asia

2016 ◽  
pp. 298-315
Author(s):  
Piyadasa Edirisuriya ◽  
Abeyratna Gunasekarage
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Financial Market ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Financial Integration ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
The South ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Financial Market Integration ◽  
Almost All

Many countries in the South Asia region are global players in many aspects due to the nature of emerging markets as well as being democratic countries irrespective of the fact that many people in the region are troubled by higher level of poverty. Many years of regulation in the South Asian region has hampered economic growth and reduced the level of efficiencies in almost all economic activities. However, implementation of market deregulations since the early 1980s in many sectors has benefited the majority of countries in the region in a number of ways. Among others, one of the most significant benefits is the integration of markets in the financial as well as other economic sectors generating better economic achievements. In this study, we examine the process of economic and financial market integration as well as cost/benefit of such a process. We find significant benefits of economic and financial market integration to the region.

scholarly journals Effect of Gain in Soil Friction on the Walking Rate of Subsea Pipelines

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaohui Hong ◽  
Dengfeng Fu ◽  
Wenbin Liu ◽  
Zefeng Zhou ◽  
Yue Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Steel Catenary Riser ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Offshore Oil And Gas ◽  
Subsea Pipelines ◽  
Offshore Oil ◽  
Pipeline Design

Subsea pipelines are commonly employed in the offshore oil and gas industry to transport high-pressure and high-temperature (HPHT) hydrocarbons. The phenomenon of pipeline walking is a topic that has drawn a great deal of attention, and is related to the on-bottom stability of the pipeline, such as directional accumulation with respect to axial movement, which can threaten the security of the entire pipeline system. An accurate assessment of pipeline walking is therefore necessary for offshore pipeline design. This paper reports a comprehensive suite of numerical analyses investigating the performance of pipeline walking, with a focus on the effect of increasing axial soil resistance on walking rates. Three walking-driven modes (steel catenary riser (SCR) tension, downslope, and thermal transient) are considered, covering a wide range of influential parameters. The variation in walking rate with respect to the effect of increased soil friction is well reflected in the development of the effective axial force (EAF) profile. A method based on the previous analytical solution is proposed for predicting the accumulated walking rates throughout the entire service life, where the concept of equivalent soil friction is adopted.

scholarly journals XIX. Abstract of a register of the barometer, thermometer, and rain, at Lyndon, in Rutland, 1794

1795 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 410-413
Keyword(s):  
Good Deal ◽  
The South ◽  
Great Abundance ◽  
Warm Weather ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Strong Winds ◽  
Calm Weather ◽  
Almost All

The year began with frost, but a broken one, neither severe nor settled, with much sun, calm weather and pleasant, yet the ice was scarce gone at the end of January ; in the latter part of the month there were some strong winds, which were more frequent afterward; showery, mild, almost without frost, plea­sant and forward. Several autumnal flowers continued in blow all winter; the winter ones were early, and the spring ones forward; many anemonies, which are properly a spring flower, were blowing all winter, but had not then their full colours which they have in their season. This open winter was not a wet one, which was verv convenient, as fodder was scarce, and turnips late and small, but were much mended by the mild autumn. The ground was green almost all winter; and there were very few NE winds in March and April, and there was pretty good grass in that last month, which was a great advantage when a colder season came on in May. Oaks be­gan to be cut soon after the 20th of April, and the hawthorns to blow before the end of the month. With May began a colder season, with frequent frosty mornings, blasting the fruit after it appeared set, and also the young leaves very much, and more northerly winds, espe­cially toward the end of the month, and the former part of June; for they seldom fail of coming sooner or later in the spring ; yet the weather was often fair, fine, and pleasant, but the ground getting too dry. The latter part of June and most of July was remarkably hot, and for the most part burning; but some single large rains in July, particularly toward the end of it, prevented its burning so much here as it did in the south of England, where the drought was greater, and lasted much longer : there they suffered very much by it; but from the forwardness of the beginning of spring we were never without grass, though it was burnt. There were good crops of hay on some of the low moist meadows, but the uplands and late laid were light. The heat of June and July, and middle of August, brought things very forward. Harvest began about July 20, and was nearly finished in August: the crops did not look much amiss upon the ground, but disappointed people, for they yielded badly, especially beans and pease, of which there were very few ; barley and oats were the best; but the scarcity of other things made them also dear. Myrtles flowered very fine this summer, because they began in July, which is sooner than usual; they are apt not to begin till the warm weather is almost over. The harvest was in general well got, but not so well at the end as at the beginning, for there were 18 inches of rain in five months, from July to November; great single rains in July, fits of wet in August and September, and almost daily in October and November, with floods and storms; this made great plenty of grass; but the ground became wet and soft, and much trodden, and the turnips were not so good as might have been expected. The crop of fruit was very uncertain ; in some places it was very scarce, in other places there was a good deal; but in most the apples rotted extremely. The hedge fruits were in great abundance, excepting ash-keys, of which most people said there were none at all.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document